Physical Values Research Articles

Removal of pruned vine biomass (PVB) from vineyards – Examining the impact of not incorporating PVB into vineyard soils

The wine industry worldwide faces increasing challenges to achieve sustainable levels of carbon emission mitigation. This study seeks to establish the feasibility of harvesting winter pruned vineyard biomass (PVB) for potential use in carbon footprint reduction as a renewable biofuel for energy production. Of particular interest is the role PVB plays as a carbon source in vineyard soils and what effect annual removal might have on soil carbon. An investigation was carried out in the Coombe vineyard, Waite Campus (University of Adelaide), Australia. Vines are grown in a Vertic clay loam soil with well-managed mid-row swards in a temperate zone. A comparison was undertaken of two mid-row treatments after 13 years of consistent management: 1) the deliberate exclusion of PVB from every third row, and 2) in the remaining rows PVB was incorporated at an average of 3.4 and 5.5 t/ha in two 0.25 ha blocks containing Shiraz and Semillon respectively. In both 0-10 cm and 10-30 cm soil core sample depths, combined soil carbon % values in the desired range of 1.80 to 3.50 were not significantly different between treatments or cultivars and yielded an estimated 42 t/ha of soil carbon. Other key physical and chemical values were likewise not significantly different between treatments. Results suggest that in a temperate zone vineyard, managed such as the one used in this study, there is no long-term negative impact on soil carbon sequestration through removing PVB. This implies that growers could confidently harvest PVB for use in biofuel production.

Thin-shell wormholes with electromagnetic effects in f(R,T) gravity

The purpose of this paper is to study the feasibility and the appearance of charged thin-shell wormholes using generalized Chaplygin gas under the influence of minimally coupled [Formula: see text] gravitational theory. Here, [Formula: see text] is a generic function of the scalar curvature [Formula: see text] and the trace of stress-energy tensor [Formula: see text]. We explore different components of Lanczos equations in the context of a specific [Formula: see text] functional form, i.e. [Formula: see text], by applying junction conditions on field equations. We study static stable solutions using radial perturbation and the generalized Chaplygin gas equation of state (EoS) with the isotropic environment. We investigate the stable (unstable) static wormhole solutions for various physical parametric values and illustrate them graphically.

Volcanic ash from La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) as Portland cement constituent

The last volcanic eruption on the island of La Palma (Spain) took place in 2021. Significant activity started in September of that year with the vigorous emission of volcanic gases and ash and lasted for three months. It is estimated that the Cumbre Vieja volcano emitted more than ten million cubic meters of ash comprising pyroclastic materials like those found in many parts of the world. Some of these volcanic ash deposits are untapped, despite their potential construction industry applications. Since the chemical composition and mineralogy of the ash depends on the type of magma from it originates, this paper characterizes this material and evaluates its suitability as a major constituent of Portland cement. This volcanic ash is rich in silica (45%) and alumina (15%), meaning it reacts with portlandite. The blended cements with up to 40% replacement content meet the standardized chemical, physical, and mechanical requirements and present good intrinsic durability values (resistivity and capillary absorption), making them viable for the manufacture of low-carbon-footprint eco-cements. This paper seeks to provide society with lasting technical, environmental, and social benefits through recovery of this ash.

Bifurcation of traveling wave solutions of the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation

In this paper, the traveling wave solutions of perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation in nanofibers are studied by using the bifurcation theory of dynamic systems. The phase portrait and orbit analysis of perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation are given in the form of graph, and the traveling wave solutions corresponding to perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation under different conditions are derived and analyzed. Moreover, periodic wave solutions and periodic singular wave solutions are obtained by using Jacobian elliptic function on the basis of predecessors. And it was found that the limit of periodic wave solutions is solitary wave solutions. The limit of periodic singular wave solutions is singular wave solutions. These results provide convenience for scholars to study the physical value of this equation and allow for a deeper understanding of nonlinear phenomena and their physical essence in nanofibers.

Magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effects of the graphullerene-like 4-(Mg4C60) nanostructure: A Monte Carlo study

This work presents a study of the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of mixed spins ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) in a Graphullerene-like nanostructure. Monte Carlo simulations (MCs) were conducted using the Metropolis algorithm in the Blume–Capel model. The ground state phase diagrams were established and illustrated for different physical parameters. Additionally, the corresponding magnetizations, susceptibilities, specific heat, Binder cumulant, magnetic and change entropies were examined versus temperature. The critical temperature was determined, and hysteresis cycles were presented for specific physical parameter values. The results suggest that the structure shows potential as a candidate for magnetic refrigeration.

Physiochemical and sensorial characteristics of biscuits from flour blends of germinated wheat and pigeon pea

The physiochemical and sensory characteristics of biscuits made from flour blends of germinated wheat and germinated pigeon pea were studied. The wheat and pigeon pea grains were germinated and processed into flours. Six blends were obtained with different proportions of germinated wheat and germinated pigeon pea flours designated as GWGP1 (90% germinated wheat flour and 10% germinated pigeon pea flour), GWGP2 (80% germinated wheat flour and 20% germinated pigeon pea flour), GWGP3 (70% germinated wheat flour and 30% germinated pigeon pea flour), GWGP4 (60% germinated wheat flour and 40% germinated pigeon pea flour), GWGP4 (50% germinated wheat flour and 50% germinated pigeon pea flour) and GWGP0 (100% germinated wheat flour which served as control). Functional properties of the processed flour samples were analyzed. The biscuits produced were analyzed for proximate, physical and sensory properties. The functional properties of the flour blends showed significant (p<0.05) differences. The proximate composition mean values portrayed increased moisture, fat, ash, fibre, protein and decrease in carbohydrate contents as the supplementation of the flours of wheat with pigeon pea increased. The physical attributes mean values showed significant differences (p<0.05) in weight, thickness, diameter, spread ratio and breaking strength. The sensory evaluation mean score ranged from 5.45 to 6.75 appearance, 5.15 to 7.15 taste, 5.00 to 6.30 texture, 5.35 to 6.85 aroma and 5.16 to 7.30 general acceptability. Acceptable biscuits with improved nutritive values can be produced from flour blends of germinated wheat and germinated pigeon pea, hence should be encouraged in the food industry.

Dynamic Change of Forest Ecological Benefit of the Natural Forest Protection Project in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River

The Natural Forest Protection Project (NFPP) is an ecological restoration project aimed at safeguarding natural forests, and is one of China’s six main forestry initiatives. The upper reaches of the Yangtze River represent the main distribution area of natural forests in China, and are an important area for the implementation of the NFPP. A systematic assessment of forest ecosystem changes in the upper Yangtze River region before and after implementation of the NFPP is of great scientific significance for the improvement of the project implementation effect, regional ecological protection, and further protection and restoration of natural forest resources. This study uses the NFPP area in the Yangtze River’s upper reaches as the study area; the data are primarily derived from the 1998 and 2020 forest resources category II survey data, long-term monitoring data from forest ecological stations, and public social data published by authoritative Chinese organizations. Based on the above data, we used the full index system of forest ecosystem services, continuous observation, and inventory system with the distributed measurement method to analyze the dynamic changes in forest ecosystem services in the study area in terms of three aspects: physical quality, value quality, and dominant function. The results of the study show that: (1) over the studied time scale, compared to the 1998 baseline, the physical quantities (soil erosion control, water regulation, and PM10 retention) and value of each service function of the forest ecosystem in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River project area in 2020 showed a significant increasing trend; (2) at the spatial scale, changes in forest ecosystem service functions in the upper reaches of Yangtze River under the NFPP showed significant spatial heterogeneity from 1998 to 2020; (3) in 2020, the total value of forest ecosystem services in the study area was 3,261,161,000,000 yuan/a, of which the functional value of biodiversity conservation was 1,294,426,000,000 yuan/a and the functional value of water conservation was 841,069,000,000 yuan/a, indicating that the forest ecosystem of the study area plays an important role as a “green gene pool” and “green water reservoir”; (4) the forest ecosystem service functions of the NFPP in the upper reaches of Yangtze River are intricately tied to forest resource features such as forest area, forest volume, age-group structure of arbor forest, etc., which influence the physical quantity and value of each forest ecosystem service function to varying degrees. In addition to illustrating the amazing efficiency of the natural forest preservation initiative, this study provides a scientific foundation for future natural forest resource conservation and restoration. It can serve as a reference for the project’s subsequent development as well to provide scientific foundations and guidance for the development of the natural forest protection and restoration program and to promote the protection and restoration of more natural forest resources.

Assessment of psychological and physical stressors among nurses in different functional areas before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) pandemic placed a great burden on all health-care resources, especially nurses. The prevalence and underlying risk factors of affective symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic have been studied primarily among nurses in intensive care units (ICU) and emergency departments. The aim of this study was to identify at-risk nursing areas by examining the psychological and physical stress values of nurses in different functional areas.MethodsA questionnaire with standardized items was developed to assess psychological and physical stress values. At least 50 nurses with a minimum work experience of 3 years were recruited from the ward, outpatient clinic (OC), intermediate care (IMC) unit, and operating room (OR) of the University Hospital RWTH Aachen. The participants answered the questionnaire by referring to their perceptions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Absolute differences and relative trends in psychological and physical stress values were compared within and across functional areas.ResultsThe ward and OR nurses experienced significant increases in workload (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively) and time stressors (p < 0.001 and p = 0.043, respectively) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regardless of functional area, the nurses showed strong tendencies toward increases in subclinical affective symptoms. After adjustments for age, sex, working in a shift system, the treatment of patients with COVID-19, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on personal life, the values for working with pleasure decreased significantly among the ward (p = 0.001) and OR nurses (p = 0.009) compared with the OC nurses. In addition, the ward (p < 0.001) and OR nurses (p = 0.024) were significantly more likely to express intent to leave their profession than OC nurses.ConclusionsThe IMC nurses showed good adaptation to the exacerbated situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The ward nurses, followed by the OR nurses, were the most vulnerable to mental and physical exhaustion, which threatened the nurses’ resilience and retention in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, intervention programs must specifically address the professional and emotional needs of ward and OR nurses to prepare the health-care system for future crises.

Optimal Control Design and Online Controller-Area-Network Bus Data Analysis for a Light Commercial Hybrid Electric Vehicle

In this article, a hybrid powertrain for the Volkswagen (VW) Crafter is designed using the Model-In-The-Loop (MIL) method. An enhanced Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique based on integral cost functions is developed by carrying out a time-based simulation in MATLAB/Simulink software to realize the optimal fuel economy of the vehicle. Moreover, a comparative study is conducted between the vehicle’s hybrid and pure electric versions to assess the optimal battery energy consumption per unit distance traveled. Communication within our vehicles’ Electronic Control Units (ECUs) is facilitated by a message-based protocol called a Controller Area Network (CAN). Consequently, this paper presents an online CAN Bus data analysis using the Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) method. This method uses a standard frame, J1939 CAN protocol, implemented with Net CAN Plus 110 hardware. A graphical user interface is developed on a host Personal Computer (PC) using LabVIEW for decoding the acquired raw CAN data to physical values. The simulation results reveal that the proposed controller is promising and suitable for realizing optimal performance over the HIL method.

A calibration method for contact parameters of agricultural particle mixtures inspired by the Brazil nut effect (BNE): The case of tiger nut tuber-stem-soil mixture

The lack of calibration methods for the contact parameters of agricultural particle mixtures limits the numerical simulation optimization of agricultural equipment. In this study, a novel method for calibrating contact parameters in agricultural particle mixtures inspired by the Brazil nut effect was proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated using a case study of a tiger nut tuber-stem-soil mixture. The intrinsic and contact parameters of monomaterials were first determined by conventional tests to provide data for vibration simulation tests. Vibration segregation tests were then performed on binary mixtures. The determination coefficient R2 between the physical and simulation data of the target particle volume concentration in the mixture was used as a response indicator. The second-order response surface regression model between the contact parameters and R2 was fitted by response surface methodology (RSM). The significance of the effect of the contact parameters on the indicator was quantified, and the optimal values of each parameter were determined. Finally, the applicability and accuracy of the calibrated parameters were verified using the self-flow sieving test. The results showed that the distribution of the mixture on the sieving surface and in the receiving box obtained from the calibrated test best matched the physical test results; at this time, the maximum relative errors of the physical and simulated values of the mass percentages of the tuber, stem and soil in the bin were 8.2%, 7.6%, and 6.5%, respectively, indicating that the calibrated parameters have good applicability and accuracy. The calibration test method can guide the calibration of contact parameters for other agricultural particle mixtures.

Are attentional templates based on physical feature values or perceptual interpretations?

Are attentional templates based on physical feature values or perceptual interpretations?

On Secular Gravitational Instability in Vertically Stratified Disks

Secular gravitational instability (GI) is one promising mechanism for explaining planetesimal formation. Previous studies of secular GI utilized a razor-thin disk model and derived the growth condition in terms of vertically integrated physical values such as dust-to-gas surface density ratio. However, in weakly turbulent disks where secular GI can operate, a dust disk can be orders of magnitude thinner than a gas disk, and analyses treating the vertical structures are necessary to clarify the interplay of the midplane dust motion and the upper gas motion. In this work, we perform vertically global linear analyses of secular GI with a vertical domain size of a few gas scale heights. We find that dust grains accumulate radially around the midplane while gas circulates over the whole vertical region. We obtain well-converged growth rates when the outer gas boundary is above two gas scale heights. The growth rates are underestimated if we assume the upper gas to be steady and regard it just as the source of external pressure to the dusty lower layer. Therefore, treating the upper gas motion is important even when the dust disk is much thinner than the gas disk. Conducting a parameter survey, we represent the growth condition in terms of the Toomre Q value for dust and dust-to-gas surface density ratio. The critical dust disk mass for secular GI is ∼10−4 M * for a dust-to-gas surface density ratio of 0.01, a Stokes number of 0.1, and a radial dust diffusivity of 10−4 c s H, where c s is the gas sound speed, and H is the gas scale height.

Pengaruh Binder Akrilik terhadap Sifat Fisik dan Mekanik Mortar Polimer

Initial damage to the structure occurs in the outer layers of the affected surface exposure to the peat environment and the static and dynamic movement of the structure. To prevent structural damage, the latest technological innovations are needed in the use of mortar constituent materials to increase the strength of the mortar. Polymer mortar is a composite material formed from a mixture of fine aggregates, cement, water and polymer binders or binders with a certain level. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the use of acrylic binders on the physical and mechanical properties of polymer mortars and the influence of peat water on the future of the mortar. The substitution of acrylic binders with water consists of 3 substitutions, namely 20%, 30% and 40% and 0% as controls. The results of the search for acrylic binders on the mortar mixture obtained a minimum physical property value at 30% acrylic use in the 28-day test, namely. The porosity value of the mortar is 9.80%, the waterabsorption value of the mortar is 4.67% and 4.72%, and the sorptivity value of the mortar is 0.70. From the value of physical properties obtained the degree of tightness of the polymer mortar well with the use of acrylic binders in the mixture. For the mechanical properties of polymer mortar, compressive strength testing is carried out with optimum compressive strength at the use of 30% acrylic. The value of the compressive strength of the mortar is 33 Mpa.

Physical Stability, Photostability, and Sunscreen Effectiveness of Combination Cream of Arabica Green Coffee Bean Extract (Coffea arabica) and Octyl Methoxycinnamate

Arabica green coffee beans (AGCB) have antioxidant compounds as photo protectors. It’s used to stabilize and increase the SPF value of octyl methoxycinnamate in sunscreen because its effectiveness will be decreased when exposed to UV light. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a combination of various concentrations of arabica green coffee bean (AGCB) extract and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) on the physical properties and SPF value of sunscreen cream. AGCB extract with concentrations (F1) 0%; (F2) 2.5%; (F3) 5%; (F4) 7.5% (with the addition of OMC concentration of 7.5%), and (F5) 7.5% (without the addition of OMC). The formulas were tested for physical properties to determine stability in 4 weeks of storage, cycling test for 4 cycles, and photostability to determine the SPF value and irritation test on the best formula. The results of the physical stability test on the five formulas showed a sig value &gt; 0.05 which means the preparation is stable. Formulas F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5 with exposure of 1 hour, 5 hours, and 10 hours obtained a significance value &gt; 0.05, which means that the presence of UV light exposure in the AGCB extract combination cream can stabilize the decrease in SPF value. Formula 4, which is stable without separation during the cycling test and the stability of the SPF value of 41, then in the irritation test does not cause irritation so it can be concluded that formula 4 is the optimum formula.

Unified digital image correlation under meshfree framework

AbstractThe implementation of digital image correlation (DIC) involves several different problems, such as image prefiltering, image intensity gradient calculation, image intensity interpolation at subpixel positions, shape function construction and strain calculation. This paper offers a unified insight into the nature of several key problems in DIC technique. We treat all the problems involved in the former mentioned key steps as fundamentally the same problem, that is, reconstructing an analytical description from a discrete and noisy sampling of a signal, such as discrete image intensity and displacement at some scattered nodes. From the reconstructed analytical description, the gradient and physical value at subpixel or integral pixel position can be analytically calculated without extra error. Here, we solve all these problems using the same mathematical tool, the meshfree method, leading to a unified DIC (U‐DIC) method. This method introduces errors solely during the steps involving the determination of the continuous description. However, it effectively avoids errors in the remaining steps. It holds the best balance between spatial resolution and measurement resolution for both displacement and strain measurements compared to 28 state‐of‐the‐art DIC algorithms based on the benchmark tests on DIC Challenge 2.0. It also holds all the unique advantages of the advanced meshfree DIC (MF‐DIC) compared to conventional local DIC and global DIC. The novel concept and excellent balance between spatial resolution and measurement resolution make U‐DIC an attractive replacement for conventional DIC methods. Additionally, the consistency of the implementation procedures in U‐DIC can simplify the parameter selection in DIC, which is of potential for the standardization of DIC technique.

Machine learning for predicting diabetes risk in western China adults

ObjectiveDiabetes mellitus is a global epidemic disease. Long-time exposure of patients to hyperglycemia can lead to various type of chronic tissue damage. Early diagnosis of and screening for diabetes are crucial to population health.MethodsWe collected the national physical examination data in Xinjiang, China, in 2020 (a total of more than 4 million people). Three types of physical examination indices were analyzed: questionnaire, routine physical examination and laboratory values. Integrated learning, deep learning and logistic regression methods were used to establish a risk model for type-2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, to improve the convenience and flexibility of the model, a diabetes risk score card was established based on logistic regression to assess the risk of the population.ResultsAn XGBoost-based risk prediction model outperformed the other five risk assessment algorithms. The AUC of the model was 0.9122. Based on the feature importance ranking map, we found that hypertension, fasting blood glucose, age, coronary heart disease, ethnicity, parental diabetes mellitus, triglycerides, waist circumference, total cholesterol, and body mass index were the most important features of the risk prediction model for type-2 diabetes.ConclusionsThis study established a diabetes risk assessment model based on multiple ethnicities, a large sample and many indices, and classified the diabetes risk of the population, thus providing a new forecast tool for the screening of patients and providing information on diabetes prevention for healthy populations.

Vibrational characteristics of attached hemispherical-cylindrical ocean shell-structure reinforced by CNT nanocomposite with graded pores on two-parameter elastic foundations applicable in offshore components

One of the essential simulations of offshore components of ocean and marine structures can be counted as a modeling of the interaction between the systems and soil's behavior on the dynamic of the offshore systems. Based on this, for the first time, the fundamental frequencies of the porous nanocomposite attached hemisphere-cylinder shell system (AHCSS), counted as ocean and marine offshore structures, reinforced by carbon nanotube (CNT) rested on the Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundations, added up as soil's behavior simulation, are investigated in this paper. In detail, to expand the effectiveness of the CNT along the matrix, eight distinct functionally graded (FG) forms besides uniform distributions are prepared. Also, two forms of porosity which are FG distributed along the FG-CNT nanocomposite, are realized to add the effect of the porosity on the nanocomposite. Addedly, the first shear deformation theory and Donnell's scheme are coupled to arrange the affiliations of the AHCSS. In addition, Hamilton's principle gets the central motion equations (CMEs) of the AHCSS. Then, the half-analytical procedure, named the generalized differential quadrature method, discretizes the CMEs. Finally, the eigenvalue method finds the frequencies of the porous nanocomposite AHCSS. Remarkably, various numerical samples are prepared and solved to indicate the effects of the Winkler-Pasternak foundations, boundary cases, porosity forms, FG-CNT models, and physical values on the frequencies of the porous nanocomposite AHCSS.

THE MAINTENANCE SYSTEM FOR A SMART BUILDING IN INDUSTRY 4.0 ENVIRONMENT

Buildings, where we spend the majority of our time, have been quickly altering in recent years. Building systems powering integrate consumer-grade Internet of things (IoT) sensors such as cameras with operational technology controllers and actuators to accommodate the increased complexity of building operations. This study discussed the idea of “smart buildings” and the comparison along with the technologies being developed for these structures and the implications for libraries and specialized smart building technology using various IoT approaches used in smart building categories. The research goal is to improve approaches which active in recent years and the gaps researchers have found in their investigations. As a result, smart buildings provide physical value by generating data intelligently to enhance operations and customer skills. Recent breakthroughs in IoT have piqued experts and engineers across the world. However, improvements are only possible if we consider the numerous flaws and mistakes in the present technology. IoT developers might consider many challenges and hurdles while designing a better model in this survey article. Significant IoT technology sectors in which IoT developers and academics are interested are frequently addressed. In addition to providing services, IoT captures a vast amount of data. Therefore, big data analytics is essential, trustworthy judgments can be made, and a more robust IoT framework can be created. This study compares the previous studies that focused on characteristics that a controlling and advanced approach to making buildings smarter with Maintenance to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance the world's environment at a lower cost.

Effect of partial replacement of wheat flour with flour/starch containing resistant starch on macaroni quality

The present study aimed to add high resistant starch (RS) flours including black beans, mung beans, green bananas and purple sweet potatoes as well as potato starch starches into the macaroni formulation. The RS of the materials used was analyzed. The physical, chemical, textural, qualitative and organoleptic values of macaroni products were measured and determined. A significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in RS content of food ingredients was obtained, in which potato starch was the highest at 56.43% and black turtle beans powder was at least 16.59%. Swelling and water absorption showed an inverse relationship with RS content. The RS content of macaroni increased significantly with the replacement of wheat flour with flours and starches of high RS content in their formulation. The L* lightness and yellowness b*(+) of the macaroni were significantly reduced with the high RS flours/starch in the formulation. Scanning electron microscopy images showed an increase in pore sizes in macaroni with high RS flour in comparison with the control sample. Analysing of sensory values by principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the sample from formulation M2 with 19.2% powder containing RS substitute was a highly accepted product by the panellists with desirable properties. Food processors have incorporated various highly nutritious foods in many conventional foods, therefore, high RS flours and starch in macaroni have been shown to improve RS consumption, which essentially has many health benefits.

Mathematical analysis for energy transfer of micropolar magnetic viscous nanofluid flow on permeable inclined surface and Dufour impact

This study examined the flow of nanoliquid over an extendible surface in a micro-rotational manner. Nanotechnology recently prioritized nanoparticle dispersion in liquids. Nanoparticles increase the thermal conductivity of conventional liquids, which helps generate and transmit energy. The movement of energy has been chosen as a primary area of study in this examination via permeable oblique surface. Dufour impacts and thermal radiation have both been used in this investigation. Moreover, the viscous dissipative and magnetism force influences are considered on the porous medium. This work makes use of the popular bvp4c computational technique. A proper similarity conversion is managed to convert the flow expressions into nonlinearly differential equations. In the appearance of charts and tables, the physical values are depicted along with various consequences of material limitations. Based on the findings, we were able to determine that the Dufour and Eckert effects are responsible for the increase in the temperature profile contrary to the permeability of the inclined surface also Because of the angle of the surface, the velocity curve is found to be lower. This fundamental finding will help engineers and scientists manage the fluid flow and enhance sophisticated systems that employ it.