Physical Self-Perception Profile Research Articles

Physical activity and psychological well-being in children with Type 1 diabetes

Physical activity and psychological well-being contribute to positive lifestyle and well-being in youngsters who have Type 1 diabetes. The aims of this study were to objectively assess the physical activity levels of children with Type 1 diabetes, and investigate associations between physical activity levels, psychological well-being and HbA1c. Thirty-six children, mean age 12.8 years, participated in the investigation. Physical activity was assessed using heart rate monitoring over four days. Children further completed the Diabetes Quality of Life for Youths Questionnaire, the Physical Self-Perception Profile for Children and the Self-Efficacy for Diabetes Scale. Routine outpatient HbA1c measurements were recorded. There were no significant associations between psychological well-being and physical activity, or HbA1c and physical activity, thus suggesting physical activity does not directly relate to psychological well-being in children with Type 1 diabetes. It may be that the effect of physical activity differs from that in children without Type 1 diabetes because of the place of physical activity within diabetes management and the need to balance this with insulin dosage and dietary intake to maintain blood glucose levels.

Evaluation of the Exercise and Self Esteem Model using the Physical Self Description Questionnaire in Older Adults

Self-esteem is a central tenant of psychological well being with the maintenance of such fundamental to emotional fulfillment. Physical activity has been widely researched as a contributor to positive views of the physical self, and ultimately, to global self-esteem. The Exercise and Self-Esteem Model (EXSEM; Sonstroem & Morgan, 1989) provides a hierarchical framework to describe the effect of physical activity on self-esteem. However, research concerning the EXSEM has been conducted primarily in children, young and middle aged adults. Additionally, the limited amount of research with older adults has predominantly utilized an abbreviated version of the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP; Fox & Corbin, 1989) which assesses physical self-worth and three physical subdomains, which potential limits the interpretation of the EXSEM in older adults who might hold other subdomains salient as compared to younger adults. Therefore it is important to consider other measurement instruments which assess a greater breadth of physical subdomains in older adults. PURPOSE: To evaluate the EXSEM with the Physical Self Description Questionnaire (PSDQ; Marsh et al., 1994) in older adults. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty two community dwelling adults provided responses on a measure of physical activity, self-efficacy, and the PSDQ, which assesses self-esteem, physical self-worth, and 9 physical subdomains. RESULTS: The extended EXSEM measurement model provided an acceptable fit using structural equation modeling (X2 (17) = 36.90, p < .01, NNFI = .97, CFI= .99, SRMR = .038, RMSEA = .073) CONCLUSIONS: The EXSEM measured with the PSDQ is a viable model for the investigation of hierarchical relationships between physical activity, physical self-perceptions, and self-esteem in older adults.

The Physical Self-Attribute Questionnaire: Development and Initial Validation

The Physical Self-attribute Questionnaire was developed for use in conjunction with the Physical Self-perception Profile to model cognitive facets of perceived competence, certainty, importance, and discrepancy from ideal to each of the physical subdomains measured by the latter (Strength, Attractive Body, Condition, and Sport). To this end, two studies were conducted. Study 1 examined the factor structure, test-retest reliability, and validity of the questionnaire in a sample of 154 (28 men, 126 women) undergraduate health students. Reliability and validity were acceptable, and confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit for a four-factor solution. In Study 2, the reliability, validity, and factor structure was again confirmed in a sample of 120 (83 men, 37 women) undergraduate students recruited from exercise classes. Results of these two studies suggest that the Physical Self-attribute Questionnaire is a viable tool to measure the underlying cognitive facets of subdomain-specific physical self-esteem.

Validation of a Shortened Assessment of Physical Self in Adults

The purpose was to adapt a brief tool, the Physical Self Inventory-Version b, for the assessment of physical self in adults. The inventory is a refined version of the previously validated version, which was derived from the Physical Self Inventory (25 items). This French validation of the Physical Self-Perception Profile of Fox and Corbin includes a global self-esteem scale. As in the earlier version the current one has 6 single items to assess dimensions of global self-esteem, physical selfworth, sport competence, physical condition, attractive body, and physical strength. Rating is performed on a visual analog scale. Items in the new inventory were stated in the first person and in more general terms to be acceptable to a wider range of subjects. An item of measurement error was added. Analysis of responses of 185 men and 148 women to the new version supported the hierarchical structure. Significant correlations between the scores and constructs like masculinity, neuroticism, and depression indicated external validity. The new inventory showed acceptable psychometric properties for use in idiographic studies.

L’activité physique et sportive et l’estime de soi chez les adolescents handicapés : le cas de la pathologie du pied bot

People with a disability are often perceived by the “non disabled” as a disadvantaged minority and are the subjects of generalisations and stereotypes. These stigmatisations reinforce the feeling of incapacity and differences on the physical and psychological plans. Moreover the body perception plays an important role in the construction of self-esteem. Sports programs of (re)adaptation are employed in order to help physically disabled people. But beyond this work of self-awareness on the purely functional plan, sport and/or leisure activities could be a support for a better psychosocial integration of these persons, thanks to a more positive perception of their self-value and image. We have thus examined the concept of self-esteem through the practice of a physical activity in a sample of young people suffering from a congenital foot malformation: idiopathic clubfoot, knowing that self esteem is a major preoccupation during adolescence. The population consisted of two groups of disabled adolescents treated at the American Memorial Hospital (Reims, France): Group 1, non sport group, N = 9; M age = 12.44 years old; S.D. = 1.51, sex ratio 4G/5B; and Group 2, sport group, N = 10, M age = 12.30 years old; S.D. = 1.33, sex ratio 4G/6B. The French translation of the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale and of the Physical Self-Perception Profile were given to each participant after an individual explanation of the protocol. The results of the study show that adolescents practicing a physical activity have higher self-esteem and better self-perception than the adolescents who do not practice any sport. Moreover, it has already been shown that a low self-esteem is associated with depressive troubles. These relationships are really important especially for people who suffer from a physical deficiency. Thus, the practice of a physical activity could be a way to enhance self-esteem and self-perception, and may have a positive effect on depressive disorders.

Effects of a 6-week aerobic dance intervention on body image and physical self-perceptions in adolescent girls

Research examining the impact of physical activity on body image dissatisfaction and physical self-perceptions has been both limited and equivocal. The current research investigated the effects of 6-week aerobic dance on these variables with 50 British schoolgirls aged 13–14 years. A cross-over design was used with two equivalent groups taught normal physical education and aerobic dance in a different order. The Body Attitude Questionnaire (BAQ) and Children and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile (CY-PSPP) were administered as pre, mid and post-test to each participant in each group before the first intervention, at the change over and after 12 weeks. The results of this study revealed that participation in 6 weeks of aerobic dance significantly reduced body image dissatisfaction (Attractiveness, Feeling Fat, Salience and Strength and Fitness) and enhanced physical self-perceptions (Body Attractiveness and Physical Self-Worth), although these improvements were not sustained. The implications and future research directions are discussed.

Comparison of Changes in Physical Self-Concept, Global Self-Esteem, Depression and Anxiety following Two Different Psychomotor Therapy Programs in Nonpsychotic Psychiatric Inpatients

Background: The first objective of this study was to compare the changes in physical self-concept, global self-esteem, depression and anxiety after participation in one of two 16-week psychomotor therapy programs for nonpsychotic psychiatric inpatients. The second objective was to study the relationship between changes in these variables. Methods: One hundred and ninety-nine inpatients were randomly assigned to either a personalized psychomotor fitness program, consisting of aerobic exercise and weight training, or a general program of psychomotor therapy, consisting of different forms of physical exercises and relaxation training. Physical self-con cept was evaluated using the Dutch version of the Physical Self-Perception Profile at baseline, after 8 weeks, and after completion of the 16-week interventions. At the same time points, additional variables of global self-esteem, depression and anxiety were assessed by means of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Trait Anxiety Inventory, respectively. Results: After 16 weeks, both groups showed significant improvements in all outcome measures (p values ranged from 0.01 to < 0.0001), with no between-group differences. In both groups, the improvement in physical self-concept was correlated with increased global self-esteem and decreased depression and anxiety levels (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The results suggest that both psychomotor therapy programs are equally effective in enhancing physical self-concept. The relationship between improvements in physical self-concept and enhancements in global self-esteem, depression and anxiety supports the potential role of the physical self-concept in the recovery process of depressed and anxious psychiatric inpatients.

Examination of the Hierarchical Self-Esteem Model in Adults with Physical Disability

The primary purpose of this research was to examine the validity of the hierarchical physical self-perceptions model developed by Fox and Corbin (1989) within a population of physically disabled individuals. The secondary purpose was to compare the physical self-perceptions of those who were physically active and physically inactive. 97 adults with physical disabilities completed a self-esteem scale and the Physical Self-perception Profile, Japanese short version to assess General Physical Self-worth and its subdomains of Perceived Sports Competence, Physical Condition, Attractive Body, and Physical Strength. Path analysis showed adequate fit of the data to the hierarchical physical self-perception model. In general, physical self-perceptions were rated more favorably by physically active participants.

Effect Of 8-week Weight Training Class On PSPP Among Weight-preoccupied College Age Women

PURPOSE The college years represent an ideal time to instill healthful lifestyle practices such as regular physical activity, however effective strategies for doing so have not yet been identified. Physical activity levels have been shown to be related to Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) scores, but little is known about how PSPP changes in response to exercise and whether this survey can be used to assess program effectiveness. Weight training (WT) has many health benefits for women, yet women are less likely to engage in strength building exercise than men, perhaps because of misconceptions about the effect of WT on body size. Thus, one of the objectives of the current pilot study was to assess the effect of engaging in a formal WT program on PSPP scores in young women who have heightened concerns about body appearance and thus might be averse to engaging in WT. METHODS Subjects consisted of college age women who met the criteria of no regular WT within the last 12 mths and increased preoccupation with body weight. Subjects enrolled in an activity course and received comprehensive instruction on proper technique prior to beginning an 8-wk progressive program targeting all major muscle groups. They completed the PSPP and other surveys before and after the program. RESULTS WT significantly increased 1RM strength (bench press, p<0.001; leg press, p=0.001) and body weight (p<0.001). WT significantly increased (p<0.005) PSPP physical self-worth, indicating that the subjects felt happier overall in regards to their physical self. All other PSPP subscale scores increased, but not significantly. However, positive changes in the PSPP conditioning score (perceptions of physical conditioning) was significantly related to improved feelings assessed by the Eating Disorders Inventory, such as decreased drive for thinness (DT, p<0.05) and body dissatisfaction (BD, p<0.005). Also, improvements in the PSPP strength score (perceived strength and muscular development) was related to decreased DT (p<0.01) and BD (p=0.078). Positive change in the PSPP conditioning score was also significantly correlated to positive changes in global self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965) and self-concept clarity (Campbell, 1996). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a brief, progressive WT program that improves muscular strength leads to improved feelings about the self in young women. Follow-up is needed to determine if immediate changes in PSPP predict long-term physical activity behavior and feelings about the self. These preliminary findings also suggest that college campuses are ideally suited to promote positive attitudes and behaviors that have significant health impact.

Effect Of 8-week Weight Training Class On PSPP Among Weight-preoccupied College Age Women

PURPOSE The college years represent an ideal time to instill healthful lifestyle practices such as regular physical activity, however effective strategies for doing so have not yet been identified. Physical activity levels have been shown to be related to Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) scores, but little is known about how PSPP changes in response to exercise and whether this survey can be used to assess program effectiveness. Weight training (WT) has many health benefits for women, yet women are less likely to engage in strength building exercise than men, perhaps because of misconceptions about the effect of WT on body size. Thus, one of the objectives of the current pilot study was to assess the effect of engaging in a formal WT program on PSPP scores in young women who have heightened concerns about body appearance and thus might be averse to engaging in WT. METHODS Subjects consisted of college age women who met the criteria of no regular WT within the last 12 mths and increased preoccupation with body weight. Subjects enrolled in an activity course and received comprehensive instruction on proper technique prior to beginning an 8-wk progressive program targeting all major muscle groups. They completed the PSPP and other surveys before and after the program. RESULTS WT significantly increased 1RM strength (bench press, p<0.001; leg press, p=0.001) and body weight (p<0.001). WT significantly increased (p<0.005) PSPP physical self-worth, indicating that the subjects felt happier overall in regards to their physical self. All other PSPP subscale scores increased, but not significantly. However, positive changes in the PSPP conditioning score (perceptions of physical conditioning) was significantly related to improved feelings assessed by the Eating Disorders Inventory, such as decreased drive for thinness (DT, p<0.05) and body dissatisfaction (BD, p<0.005). Also, improvements in the PSPP strength score (perceived strength and muscular development) was related to decreased DT (p<0.01) and BD (p=0.078). Positive change in the PSPP conditioning score was also significantly correlated to positive changes in global self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965) and self-concept clarity (Campbell, 1996). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a brief, progressive WT program that improves muscular strength leads to improved feelings about the self in young women. Follow-up is needed to determine if immediate changes in PSPP predict long-term physical activity behavior and feelings about the self. These preliminary findings also suggest that college campuses are ideally suited to promote positive attitudes and behaviors that have significant health impact.

Social Physique Anxiety, Physical Self-perceptions And Eating Disorder Risk

Purpose To ascertain if a previous unpublished study–(Bratrud, 1998) in which physical self-perceptions and social physique anxiety substantially and independently predicted eating disorder risk in a convenience sample of female college athletes–could be cross validated. METHOD Fifty eight female college athletes from five sports completed the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP), the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), and the Drive For Thinness (THIN), Bulimia (BUL), and Body Dissatisfaction (BDIS) subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory. They also completed two scales designed to measure socially desirable (SD) response tendencies (Paulhus, 1991). As in the initial study, and in line with extant literature (e.g., Williamson et al., 1994), it was assumed that BDIS mediates the risk and development of eating disorders. Thus, the data were analyzed to assess the unique contribution of BDIS to risk prediction (THIN and BUL) after SD, SPAS and PSPP had been statistically controlled for. RESULTS Analysis of the data from the cross validation study gave results that were conceptually and substantively similar to the earlier study in terms of the pattern of associations between variables, and in the levels of predictive contributions of PSPP, SPAS, and BDIS to eating disorder risk as measured by THIN. However, the results of the two studies were dissimilar with regard to prediction of risk as measured by BUL. Specifically, after controlling for SD, PSPP explained 25% of the variance in THIN, followed by substantial unique contributions from SPAS (15%) and BDIS (18%) respectively. In the overall hierarchical analyses, 62% of the variance in THIN was explained (compared to 66% previously), but only 20% of the variance in BUL was explained (compared to 31% previously). The degree of R2 shrinkage between studies suggests that the samples could be combined for an overall data analysis with respect to predicting THIN, but such a combination might be problematic for further study of the contribution of PSPP, and SPAS to the prediction of BUL (Pehazur, 1982). CONCLUSION These data add support to the hypothesis that PSPP and SPAS may make important and unique contributions to predicting eating disorder risk as measured by THIN, but the previous findings with respect to predictions of BUL were not substantively replicated. Overall, this attempt to cross validate the results of an earlier study was partially successful, and further study of the contributions of PSPP and SPAS to eating disorder risk seems to be warranted.

Short-term changes in sedentary behaviour during adolescence: Project STIL (Sedentary Teenagers and Inactive Lifestyles)

Hypothesis: Changes in body composition and body image during puberty will impact on sedentary behavioural choices.Aim: The study aimed to investigate the effects of changes in pubertal status, body composition and body image on changes in time spent being sedentary.Participants and methods: Eighty-three school students aged 10–15 years were studied at 6-month intervals. BMI and percentage body fat (%BF) were calculated from anthropometric measures. Sedentary behaviour and sleep time were computed for weekday and weekend days using momentary-time-sampling diaries. Body image was measured using the Physical Self-Perception Profile for Children. Pubertal status was assessed from self-reported secondary sexual characteristics.Results: During weekdays, boys’ sedentary behaviour increased by a significantly greater amount for those who increased pubertal level compared with those who did not. No significant correlations were found between changing pubertal status, body composition, and body image for either gender. For girls, but not boys, a significant amount of the variance of the change in weekend day sedentary behaviour was explained by changing %BF, independent of changing pubertal status.Conclusion: Only a part of the hypothesis was supported by these data. Changes in sedentary behaviour were not associated with behavioural choices triggered by body compositional changes.

The construct validity of two physical self-concept measures: An example from Turkey

Abstract Objective The study was intended to investigate the construct validity of two well accepted physical self-instruments -PSPP and PSDQ- for non-English speaking university students. Method 217 volunteered (98 males; Mage=22.7±2.12 and 119 females; Mage=21.6±1.42) university students completed The Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) (Fox, K.R., & Corbin, C.B. (1989). The physical self-perception profile: Development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 408–430), Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) (Marsh, H.W., Richards, G.E., Johnson, S., Roche, L. & Tremayne, P. (1994). Physical Self-Description Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and an multitrait-multimethod analysis of relations to existing instruments. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 270–305), and Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire (Karaca, A., Ergen, E. & Koruc, Z. (2000). The reliability and validity of Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire (PAAQ). Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 11 17–28). Body composition, cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength and flexibility were assessed as physical fitness measures in this study. Zero order and partial correlation analyses were used to examine the construct validity. Results PSPP and PSDQ scales were correlated with corresponding physical fitness measures. The correlations were moderate and supported the expected pattern. Conclusion The obtained results provide the initial evidence for the construct validity of PSPP and PSDQ for non-English speaking Turkish university students.

Physical Self-Concept in Adolescence: Generalizability of a Multidimensional, Hierarchical Model Across Gender and Grade

This study tests the generalizability of the factor pattern, structural parameters, and latent mean structure of a multidimensional, hierarchical model of physical self-concept in adolescents across gender and grade. A children's version of the Physical Self-Perception Profile (C-PSPP) was administered to seventh-, eighth- and ninth-grade high school students ( N= 2,969). Two a priori models were proposed: a confirmatory factor-analytic model that hypothesized a multidimensional model of physical self-concept; and a structural equation model that proposed a multidimensional, hierarchical structure with global self-concept as a superordinate construct and physical self-concept as a domainlevel construct that explained the covariances among the subdomains of the C-PSPP. Both models satisfied multiple criteria for goodness-of-fit with the data in each individual gender and grade sample. Tests of the invariance of the factor pattern and structural parameters for both models across gender and grade were supported. Consistent with findings from other contexts, latent means analysis suggests that physical self-concept scores was higher in boys.

Physical activity and self‐perception in school children assessed with the Children and Youth – Physical Self‐Perception Profile

This study validated the Swedish translation of the Children and Youth--Physical Self-Perception Profile (CY-PSPP) scale and examined the relation between physical self-perception and daily physical activity as well as the relationship between physical self-perception and body mass index (BMI) among Swedish school children. Forty-eight children aged 11-12 years completed the CY-PSPP twice with 2 weeks in between. Test-retest reliability, concurrent and content validity were calculated. Five hundred and one children, aged 10-14 years, were measured for height and weight and perceived physical self-perception. Activity levels were analyzed using pedometers for 4 consecutive days. Good validity concerning concurrent and content validity was found. Test-retest reliability over a 2-week period was acceptable. In boys a fair and in girls a poor correlation between the sub-domains of the CY-PSPP and physical activity were found and a fair negative correlation between the sub-domains and BMI except for Physical Strength. The CY-PSPP distinguishes between children with low and high physical self-perception. The information is of importance when designing physical activity programs reachable for children with low physical self-esteem. According to the findings it is important to form physical activity programs that support and develop Sport Competence, Physical Condition and sense of Body Attractiveness among children.

自尊感情に関する運動心理学研究

Self-esteem has been regarded as an important element of quality of life (QOL), health-related QOL (HRQL), and psychological well-being within educational, clinical, and health programs. Additionally, self-esteem enhancement is a common objective of physical education and exercise programs. This paper reviews some theoretically-based studies examining the multidimensional and hierarchical self-esteem model in the domain of exercise psychology, and discusses how these findings may guide the design and application of exercise interventions. Recent advances in the theory and measurement of self-esteem are described, including the concept of multidimensionality and hierarchical structuring. The hierarchical model proposed by Fox and Cotbin (1989) and the exercise and self-esteem model (EXSEM) proposed by Sonstroem and Morgan (1989) are explained. Use of these models is recommended as a theoretical framework for research on exercise and self-esteem. In addition, the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) and the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) are used to assess the model. The PSPP and the PSDQ can be regarded as well-established, reliable and well-validated instruments. This review also summarizes research examining the effect of exercise on self-esteem and the structure of the multidimensional and hierarchical self-esteem model. This research shows that participation in physical activity is related to improvements in physical self-worth and global self-esteem. Finally, several shortcomings within the former literature as well as implications for future study are described. It is hoped that this review will provide new insights and highlight important directions for future investigation.

Effectiveness of a Primary Care Exercise Referral Intervention for Changing Physical Self-Perceptions Over 9 Months.

This study investigated the effectiveness of a 10-week primary care exercise referral intervention on the physical self-perceptions of 40-70 year olds. Participants (N=142) were assessed, randomized to an exercise or control group, and reassessed at 16 and 37 weeks. The Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP; K. R. Fox, 1990), fitness, physical activity, body mass index, body fat (skinfolds), and hip and waist circumference were assessed. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant Group X Time interactions, with the exercise group showing greater physical self-worth, physical condition, and physical health at 16 and 37 weeks. Changes in all PSPP scales at baseline and 37 weeks were related to changes in anthropometric measures and adherence to the 10-week exercise program but not to changes in submaximal fitness parameters.

Physical self perceptions of women with rheumatoid arthritis

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the reliability and validity of the Physical Self‐Perception Profile (PSPP) and the Perceived Importance Profile (PIP) and to assess relationships between these scales and disease, function, and negative affect in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.MethodsFifty‐two women (mean ± SD age 48.4 ± 10.4 years) completed the PSPP, PIP, and other measurements: the core measures of European League Against Rheumatism; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; distance walked; and peak and extrapolated maximal oxygen consumption during a 10‐meter shuttle walk test.ResultsPSPP subscales showed high internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha 0.73–0.81) and factor structure and strong relationships with physical self‐worth (PSW; r = 0.40–0.63). Multiple regression analysis showed that all subscales (except sport) significantly contributed to PSW variance (R2 = 59.1%). Very low PSPP scores, particularly for strength and sport competence, and PIP scores were observed in RA patients (significantly lower than US college‐aged and obese women), which were reflected in low PSW scores. Aspects of PSPP were related to depression and swollen joint count but not functional fitness. Discrepancy scores were associated with lower PSW scores (r = 0.48), substantiating that subjects were unable to meet their perceptual needs concerning their physical selves.ConclusionThe PSPP and PIP are both reliable and valid and are sensitive to significant constructs in the mental health of women with RA. The PSPP appears to measure distinct mental properties not represented in other common RA measures; hence it may be useful in measuring an important aspect of RA patients' psychology.

Relationship between Achievement Goal Constructs and Physical Self-Perceptions in a Physical Activity Setting

The relations of achievement goal theory constructs and physical self-perceptions were explored with 225 students (91 men, 109 women, and 25 nonindicators; M age=23.5 yr., SD=9.2), enrolled in basic physical activity classes (aerobics, weight training, modern dance, badminton, yoga, tai chi, basketball, racquetball, gymnastics, bowling, aquatone, and step aerobics) in a university setting. Goal orientations (Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire), perceptions of the motivational climate (Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2), and physical self-perceptions (Physical Self-perception Profile) were assessed. Data were analyzed separately by sex. Ego orientation was the only predictor of Physical Self-perceptions in men, accounting for between 12 and 15% of the variance in Physical Self-worth, Sport Competence, Physical Conditioning, and Body Attractiveness. Constructs of achievement goal theory were not predictive of Physical Self-perceptions in the women. The results are discussed in light of achievement goal theory and the nature of the sample.

Physical Self-Perception of Elite Athletes and Nonathletes: A Turkish Sample

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical self-perception and sports participation by comparing physical self-perception in a sample of elite Turkish athletes and a nonathletic control group. A total of 329 elite athletes from variety of sports at the national level (n(men)=207; M(age)=19.1 yr., SD=3.3 and n(women)=122; M(age)=18.5 yr., SD=3.6) and 469 nonathletic university students (n(men)=275; M(age)=20.8, SD=1.6 and n(women)=194; M(age)=20.7 yr., SD=1.7) voluntarily participated and answered the Physical Self-perception Profile. Scores for the elite athletes were significantly different from those of nonathletes on self-perception in all psychomotor subdomains. Further, physical self-perception of athletes and nonathletes also differed with regard to their sex.