Physical Sciences Research Articles

Measuring Social Behavior According to the Psychology of Bilateral Relationships and its Relationship to Gender and Geographical Location for University Students Applying 2022-2023

Activation of all social roles that university student must show during stage of university application in middle and high schools, so research problem is that achieving sufficient studies in field of social behavior does not reach level that students of physical education and sports science . Research aim Building, legalizing and applying a measure of components of social behavior (his behavior with himself, his behavior with his supervisor’s teacher, his behavior with school administration, his behavior within his students inside lesson) according to (bilateral relations) for students applied in middle schools. research community is one of students and students of fourth stage in Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Basra University for academic year 2022- 2023, which number (236) of morning and evening studies. As for research sample, it reached (180) male and female students and percentage (76.27% ) of original community of research, researchers chose two samples for that, first to build scale for social behavior according to basic components of student’s applied behavior . Most important recommendation: Conducting similar studies that deal with behavioral components that researcher proposed according to each of levels that researcher has placed within research. Supporting various curricula and various sporting and social activities that urge social behavior and search for best ways that contribute to development and development in a way that suits university’s university life. Take advantage of students who have a very high level of social behavior in leading various social activities inside and outside college.

Darcy–Brinkman model for Boussinesq–Stokes suspension tetra dusty nanofluid flow over stretching/shrinking sheet with suction/injection

This study examines the Darcy–Brinkman model for 2-D magnetohydrodynamic fluid flow across porous stretching/shrinking surfaces. We consider water as a traditional base fluid in which the Al2O3, Silver (Ag), Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ), and Gold (Au) nanoparticles are submerged in preparation of a tetra-dusty nanofluid. The novelty of the present problem is to examine the influence of Boussinesq-Stokes suspension tetra dusty nanofluid flow with the Darcy–Brinkman model. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transferred to a set of ordinary differential equations through suitable similarity conversions. The methodology, the governing equations of fluid and dusty phases is transformed into nonlinear ODEs using similarity transformations. The findings demonstrate that the tetra nanofluid phase heat and mass transpiration performance is greater compared to the dusty phase. Developing tetra dusty nanofluid has significantly upsurged the heat transmission for manufacturing with numerous applications in engineering, biological, and physical sciences.

Multi-contrast x-ray identification of inhomogeneous materials and their discrimination through deep learning approaches

Recent innovations in x-ray technology (namely phase-based and energy-resolved imaging) offer unprecedented opportunities for material discrimination; however, they are often used in isolation or in limited combinations. Here we show that the optimized combination of contrast channels (attenuation at three x-ray energies, ultra-small angle scattering at two, standard deviation of refraction) significantly enhances material identification abilities compared to dual-energy x-ray imaging alone, and that a combination of off-the-shelf machine learning approaches can effectively discriminate, e.g., threat materials, in complex datasets. The methodology is validated on a range of materials and image datasets that are both an order of magnitude larger than those used in previous studies. Our results can provide an effective methodology to discriminate, and in some cases identify, different materials in complex imaging scenarios, with prospective applications across the life and physical sciences. While the detection of threat materials is used as a demonstrator here, the methodology could be equally applied to, e.g., the distinction between diseased and healthy tissues or degraded vs. pristine materials.

Transformative Convergence: Exploring the Nexus of Engineering, Science and Technology in Intensive Care

In the last decade, convergence science has been described as the solution to problems by integrating biological sciences with the physical, mathematical and computational sciences. This concurrence opens the pitch to strengthen multidisciplinary, transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary work. This short review delves into the transformative integration of engineering, science and technology in the dynamic realm of intensive care. Unveiling recent advancements, the exploration spans the multifaceted contributions of these disciplines toward elevating patient care and optimizing healthcare systems.

Can physics-informed neural networks beat the finite element method?

Partial differential equations (PDEs) play a fundamental role in the mathematical modelling of many processes and systems in physical, biological and other sciences. To simulate such processes and systems, the solutions of PDEs often need to be approximated numerically. The finite element method, for instance, is a usual standard methodology to do so. The recent success of deep neural networks at various approximation tasks has motivated their use in the numerical solution of PDEs. These so-called physics-informed neural networks and their variants have shown to be able to successfully approximate a large range of PDEs. So far, physics-informed neural networks and the finite element method have mainly been studied in isolation of each other. In this work, we compare the methodologies in a systematic computational study. Indeed, we employ both methods to numerically solve various linear and nonlinear PDEs: Poisson in 1D, 2D and 3D, Allen-Cahn in 1D, semilinear Schrödinger in 1D and 2D. We then compare computational costs and approximation accuracies. In terms of solution time and accuracy, physics-informed neural networks have not been able to outperform the finite element method in our study. In some experiments, they were faster at evaluating the solved PDE.

Markov Decision Processes with Observation Costs: Framework and Computation with a Penalty Scheme

We consider Markov decision processes where the state of the chain is only given at chosen observation times and of a cost. Optimal strategies involve the optimization of observation times as well as the subsequent action values. We consider the finite horizon and discounted infinite horizon problems as well as an extension with parameter uncertainty. By including the time elapsed from observations as part of the augmented Markov system, the value function satisfies a system of quasivariational inequalities (QVIs). Such a class of QVIs can be seen as an extension to the interconnected obstacle problem. We prove a comparison principle for this class of QVIs, which implies the uniqueness of solutions to our proposed problem. Penalty methods are then utilized to obtain arbitrarily accurate solutions. Finally, we perform numerical experiments on three applications that illustrate our framework. Funding: J. Tam is supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [Grant 2269738].

Научное наследие профессора Ю.В. Соколкина

Yu.V. Sokolkin (1938–2020) is an outstanding Russian scientist, Professor, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (PhD), Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation. The article provides an overview of the main results of his scientific activities in the field of mechanics of composite materials and structures, physical and mathematical modeling, aerospace engineering and high technologies. The titles of the sections of this article, with the exception of the first, correspond to the titles of scientific monographs with his participation, presented in chronological order; the first section of the review is devoted to the content of his dissertation work carried out by him at the Institute of Continuum Mechanics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Each section of the article, in addition to a link to the bibliographic description of the scientific monograph, also contains links to articles withYu.V. Sokolkin’s participation, where the scientific results presented in the corresponding monograph were partially published or further developed. Since Professor Sokolkin is the author of more than one hundred and fifty scientific papers, this review is not complete and comprehensive. The purpose was to reflect precisely those areas that have received undoubted recognition from the scientific community, have found practical application and are being successfully used at present, have become the basis for dissertations completed by his followers.

Stephen Hawking’s superspace and supergravity blackboard: an iconic artefact in the making

Among about a thousand objects obtained by the Science Museum from Stephen Hawking’s office is a blackboard full of cartoons and puns, both childishly silly and deeply scientifically meaningful. This blackboard is now one of the Museum’s most popular objects thanks to its playful imagery and perhaps also its perceived fragility. But it is also one of the objects that best illustrates the scientific life of Stephen Hawking and his generation, and more broadly, it is an exemplar of the social and material culture of the postmodern epoch of theoretical physics in the decades around the turn of the twenty-first century. In this article, the curator of the Hawking Collection explains the importance of this blackboard, first through an account of its unexpected trajectory to becoming the Hawking Collection’s most charismatic object, followed by a discussion of the general historical role of blackboards: their iconography, material culture, and value as historical sources and how their conservation requirements contribute to their perceived value. The author then delves deeper into the specific content of this blackboard, showing how it constitutes a window into the highs and lows of a generation of physicists inspired by Hawking’s work, as they attempted, and ultimately failed, to unify the two great theories of the twentieth century: general relativity and quantum mechanics. What we now call the superspace and supergravity blackboard is a microcosm of one of those moments in physics when theory broke away from what was empirically verifiable. The scribblings on the blackboard were collectively drawn by an up-and-coming generation of supersymmetry theorists. It immortalises the promising early years of supergravity, one of the hopeful candidates at the time for the long-wished-for Theory of Everything. Preserved in chalk are the seeds of one of the most brilliant theoretical discoveries of the turn of the century: what is now called the holographic principle. But also, seen with the benefit of hindsight, supersymmetric approaches seeded the identity crisis that theoretical physics is experiencing today, especially around the role of empirical anchoring of proposed fundamental theories. The contested status of the blackboard’s content and its humorous, self-ironic style, make it a key piece of a unique zeitgeist of physics at the turn of the twenty-first century, which one could call the era of postmodern physics. In addition to its significance to the history of specific ideas, this paper also argues that the blackboard reflects the collective, social nature of theoretical research, while also inviting reflection on what constitutes success and failure in the physical sciences.

Circularly Polarized Luminescent π‐Conjugated Chiral Nanorings and Nanobelts

AbstractMolecular chirality plays a pivotal role across the disciplines of chemical and physical sciences, as well as holding significant implications in the realms of medicine and technology. Chiral macrocycles have attracted recent interests in synthetic chemistry, material science, and supramolecular chemistry. Due to the cyclic arrangements of stereogenic elements or special orientations confined in the rigid structures, π‐conjugated chiral macrocycles are expected to be highly luminescent, and configurationally stable, and thus serve to develop high‐performance chiroptical materials. Given the rapid progress achieved in this new area in recent years, it is significant to highlight new concepts and breakthroughs. This minireview will offer the overview of a wide range of π‐conjugated chiral macrocycles from traditional molecules which include the axially, helically, and planar chiral skeletons to the new chiral nanobelts with a focus on the structure‐function relationship between chiral molecules and the unique chiroptical properties.

An Improvement on Likert Scale via Fuzzy Relation

Relation is a mathematical concept that is often used in modeling relationships in physical and social sciences and the likes. The advent of fuzzy sets which model imprecision and uncertainties that occur in social animals necessitates the introduction of fuzzy relations. Besides, events and situations possess properties which are often contradictory such as good and bad, positive and negative, profit and loss and so on. We dug several literatures, particularly the analysis and hypothesis testing of several results from questionnaires, compared one of them with our newly proposed Likert scale which has fuzzy influence. The results of the two cases was analysed and presented with a bar chart, and it was clear that unlike the usual Likert scale that could be restricted from outliers, the one with fuzzy influence took care of uncertainties.

An Improvement on Likert Scale via Fuzzy Relation

Relation is a mathematical concept that is often used in modeling relationships in physical and social sciences and the likes. The advent of fuzzy sets which model imprecision and uncertainties that occur in social animals necessitates the introduction of fuzzy relations. Besides, events and situations possess properties which are often contradictory such as good and bad, positive and negative, profit and loss and so on. We dug several literatures, particularly the analysis and hypothesis testing of several results from questionnaires, compared one of them with our newly proposed Likert scale which has fuzzy influence. The results of the two cases was analysed and presented with a bar chart, and it was clear that unlike the usual Likert scale that could be restricted from outliers, the one with fuzzy influence took care of uncertainties.

BounTI (boundary-preserving threshold iteration): A user-friendly tool for automatic hard tissue segmentation.

X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) images are widely used in various fields of natural, physical, and biological sciences. 3D reconstruction of the images involves segmentation of the structures of interest. Manual segmentation has been widely used in the field of biological sciences for complex structures composed of several sub-parts and can be a time-consuming process. Many tools have been developed to automate the segmentation process, all with various limitations and advantages, however, multipart segmentation remains a largely manual process. The aim of this study was to develop an open-access and user-friendly tool for the automatic segmentation of calcified tissues, specifically focusing on craniofacial bones. Here we describe BounTI, a novel segmentation algorithm which preserves boundaries between separate segments through iterative thresholding. This study outlines the working principles behind this algorithm, investigates the effect of several input parameters on its outcome, and then tests its versatility on CT images of the craniofacial system from different species (e.g. a snake, a lizard, an amphibian, a mouse and a human skull) with various scan qualities. The case studies demonstrate that this algorithm can be effectively used to segment the craniofacial system of a range of species automatically. High-resolution microCT images resulted in more accurate boundary-preserved segmentation, nonetheless significantly lower-quality clinical images could still be segmented using the proposed algorithm. Methods for manual intervention are included in this tool when the scan quality is insufficient to achieve the desired segmentation results. While the focus here was on the craniofacial system, BounTI can be used to automatically segment any hard tissue. The tool presented here is available as an Avizo/Amira add-on, a stand-alone Windows executable, and a Python library. We believe this accessible and user-friendly segmentation tool can benefit the wider anatomical community.

Experiences of UK clinical scientists (Physical Sciences modality) with their regulator, the Health and Care Professions Council: results of a 2022 survey.

In healthcare, regulation of professions is an important tool to protect the public. With increasing regulation however, professions find themselves under increasing scrutiny. Recently there has also been considerable concern with regulator performance, with high profile reports pointing to cases of inefficiency and bias. Whilst reports have often focused on large staff groups, such as doctors, in the literature there is a dearth of data on the experiences of smaller professional groups such Clinical Scientists with their regulator, the Health and Care Professions Council. This article reports the findings of a survey from Clinical Scientists (Physical Sciences modality) about their experiences with their regulator, and their perception of the quality and safety of that regulation. Between July-October 2022, a survey was conducted via the Medical Physics and Engineering mail-base, open to all medical physicists & engineers. Questions covered typical topics of registration, communication, audit and fitness to practice. The questionnaire consisted of open and closed questions. Likert scoring, and thematic analysis were used to assess the quantitative and qualitative data. Of 146 responses recorded, analysis was based on 143 respondents. Overall survey sentiment was significantly more negative than positive, in terms of regulator performance (negative responses 159; positive 106; significant at p < 0.001). Continuous Professional Development audit was rated median 4; other topics were rated as neutral (fitness to practice, policies & procedures); and some as poor (value). The Clinical Scientist (Physical Sciences) professional registrants rated the performance of their regulator more negatively than other reported assessments (by the Professional Standards Authority). Survey respondents suggested a variety of performance aspects, such as communication and fitness to practice, would benefit from improvement. Indications from this small dataset, suggest a larger survey of HCPC registrants would be useful.

The Emergence of Consciousness in a Physical Universe

Consciousness appears so mysterious and hard to formulate within physical sciences because the present day scientific thinking excludes an element of reality and a general mechanics of its processing from its consideration. The primary missing element is the reality of information in the physical universe as an intrinsic causal correlate of observable physical states. Moreover, there exists a general formalism of information processing that is universally applicable to the processing resulting from each physical interaction. As shown, the formalism further enables a general mechanism to construct arbitrary structured and abstract semantics or object description in modular hierarchy as well as a powerful mechanism of population coding to represent arbitrary precision and variation in object description resolving the combinatorial problem. Here, a semantic value, or simply semantics, is equivalent (\(\equiv\)) to the content of information of causal correlation, and treated as a value to enable its formal processing. The primary motive here is to lay down a formal account of information (semantic) processing that leads to bridging the conceptual gap between the objectively observable elements in nature and the subjective consciousness. It is shown that the qualities we associate with consciousness are causally correlated semantics of relation that a represented agency holds with other objects within a dynamically evolving semantic structure, where the state of the population of physical systems (neurons) correlating with the structure holds causal powers to effect appropriate behavior. Since the information (semantic value) arises from natural causal dependence, the correlation based consciousness forms an undeniable reality of existence. It is derived here how a semantic value equivalent to ‘a self as an observer of objects and controller of actions’ is constructed. If the semantic components of a conscious experience, such as the self, the objects of experience, and the relation of experience attributing the self as the owner or experiencer, causally correlate with a system’s state having causal influence in action, then it suffices to bridge the gap between the objective reality and the subjective consciousness. That is, the semantic value corresponding to the thoughts and senses is the reality of nature the semantics of self relates to as the owner. Moreover, the semantics of ‘self as an observer and controller of action’ is itself shown to form a part of observed objects giving rise to self awareness.

Nature of science and domain-specificity: investigating the coverage of nature of science in physics, chemistry and biology curricula across grade levels

ABSTRACT The paper investigates the coverage of nature of science (NOS) in different science subject curricula to understand how they emphasise various aspects of NOS across grade levels in secondary science education. Although various science curriculum analyses exist in the literature, there is a paucity of investigations that have combined the elements of domain-specificity and learning progression in relation to NOS curriculum content. Furthermore, a holistic and inclusive account of NOS is used to examine the cognitive, epistemic, social and institutional aspects of NOS. Physics, chemistry and biology high school curricula from Turkey are investigated. Each subject curriculum is analysed and compared using an analytical framework guided by the Family Resemblance Approach. Mixed methods approaches are used to summarise the quantitative and qualitative results. Findings suggest an overemphasis on the cognitive-epistemic aspects of NOS, considerable variation across science subject areas and non-uniform progression of NOS themes across grade levels. Analysis of curricula incorporating the domain-specific and learning progression elements of NOS is likely to enhance understanding of how to design robust curricula in different science subjects and to improve the teaching and learning of NOS. Implications for curriculum reform are discussed.

Managing the Orientation Towards Competition in Handball of Students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences

The research aims to identify the management of the orientation towards competition in handball for students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and the differences in the management of the orientation towards competition in handball for the students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences according to the gender variable (males - females). The researcher used the descriptive method because it is suitable for the research procedures. The research community consisted of students from the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, third stage, morning study at Al-Mustansiriya University / College of Basic Education for the academic year (2023 - 2024). The sample consisted of (90) male and female students distributed into three sections, with (65) males and (30) females. The researcher randomly selected a sample of (50) of them, with (25) males and (25). The research tool was the management of orientation toward competition, designed by (Mohamed Hassan Allawi) to measure the management of orientation toward competition for students of physical education and sports sciences because it represents one of the important dimensions of athletic achievement goal orientations. The researcher used the statistical package (SPSS), version (25), to obtain the results. The researcher concluded from the results that there is a case of managing the orientation towards competition among the students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, as well as the absence of significant differences in the case of managing the orientation towards competition among the students of the Department of Education and Sports Sciences according to the gender variable (males - females).

Raney Nickel‐Catalyzed Deuterium Labeling of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles and Pharmaceuticals under Continuous Flow Conditions

Deuterium‐labeled compounds play a pivotal role in physical organic chemistry, life sciences, and materials science. This has resulted in a surge of interest in deuterium‐labeled active pharmaceutical ingredients in recent years. In this study, we present a continuous flow Raney nickel‐catalyzed hydrogen isotope exchange process that boasts compatibility with a wide spectrum of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles and pharmaceutical compounds. The broad applicability of the developed method was demonstrated through successful labeling of various purine bases, imidazoles, pyridines, and active pharmaceutical ingredients, including complex structures like abacavir and remdesivir. Control experiments revealed Raney nickel's crucial role in the exchange process, showcasing the superiority of the continuous flow approach over batch reactions. Furthermore, a scaled‐up experiment demonstrated the robustness of the catalyst.

Faculty Members' Perspectives on Organisational Identity: Digital Leadership of Universities of Nineveh Governorate

Study purpose. This study aimed to identify and determine the level of DL implementation by heads of physical education and sports science departments and the extent to which DL contributes to organisational identity in universities in Nineveh, Iraq. A descriptive survey method was used and the study involved faculty members in colleges and departments. Materials and Methods. Data were obtained from 92 participating members. A structured questionnaire related to organisational identity was used, consisting of five dimensions (strength of identity, normative identity, utilitarian identity, mental image, and pride). Data were analysed for participants' responses in the form of percentages, arithmetic averages, and statistical data using SPSS version 21. Results. The results showed that the high level of DL application was for innovation and knowledge, at 83% and 73.7%, respectively. There was a positive and statistically significant relationship between DL application and organisational identity, respectively, and 82.5% for pride and 77% for normative identity, the most important dimension of organisational identity. There was a positive and statistically significant relationship between DL and its dimensions (innovation, persuasion, knowledge) and organisational identity of higher education (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions. The study concludes the adoption of DL and organisational identity by department and college leaders as a result of high adoption of innovation and knowledge, in addition to normative identity, pride, and scientific method in dealing with lecturers. It was found that there is a significant relationship between DL and its organisational identity dimensions.

The Effect of Educational Units According to the Cognitive Training Strategy on Cognitive Flexibility and Learning the Skill of Scoring in Football

The first chapter contained the introduction and importance of the research, as the importance of using the cognitive training strategy according to cognitive flexibility was addressed for learning football for first-stage students. The research aims to address whether educational units developed by the researchers positively influence learning outcomes in football scoring. The objectives of the research were to prepare educational units using a cognitive training strategy according to cognitive flexibility in learning the skill of scoring in football. Where the research areas were: The human field: first-year students in the College of Basic Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Al- Mustansiriya University, the time field: for the period from 10/12/2022 until 2/ 10/2023. As for the research community, it was represented by the students of the first stage in the College of Basic Education/Al- Mustansiriya University (70) students. The sample consisted of two equal groups (10), experimental and control. The Vina system was used using a three-dimensional test to determine cognitive flexibility. The researcher conducted pre-tests for the research sample, then the main experiment was applied for a period of 10 weeks, one educational unit per week, after which the researcher conducted the post-tests and the pre-tests with the same procedures, which indicated that there were significant differences between the two research groups and in favor of the experimental group. The conclusions were that there was a positive impact of the educational units used in the research to learn skills, as the researcher recommended using a cognitive training strategy according to cognitive flexibility in learning other skills.

The Winding Road from Origin to Emergence (of Life).

Humanity's strive to understand why and how life appeared on planet Earth dates back to prehistoric times. At the beginning of the 19th century, empirical biology started to tackle this question yielding both Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution and the paradigm that the crucial trigger putting life on its tracks was the appearance of organic molecules. In parallel to these developments in the biological sciences, physics and physical chemistry saw the fundamental laws of thermodynamics being unraveled. Towards the end of the 19th century and during the first half of the 20th century, the tensions between thermodynamics and the "organic-molecules-paradigm" became increasingly difficult to ignore, culminating in Erwin Schrödinger's 1944 formulation of a thermodynamics-compliant vision of life and, consequently, the prerequisites for its appearance. We will first review the major milestones over the last 200 years in the biological and the physical sciences, relevant to making sense of life and its origins and then discuss the more recent reappraisal of the relative importance of metal ions vs. organic molecules in performing the essential processes of a living cell. Based on this reassessment and the modern understanding of biological free energy conversion (aka bioenergetics), we consider that scenarios wherein life emerges from an abiotic chemiosmotic process are both thermodynamics-compliant and the most parsimonious proposed so far.