Physical Risk Factors Research Articles

Poor mobility and lower limb weakness are associated with three distinct depressive symptom trajectories over 6 years in older people.

Physical decline can be associated with the onset of depressive symptoms in later life. This study aimed to identify physical and lifestyle risk factors for depressive symptom trajectories in community-dwelling older adults. Participants were 553 people aged 70-90 years who underwent baseline physical, psychological and lifestyle assessments. Group-based trajectory analysis was used to identify patterns of depressive symptom development over 6 years of follow-up. Strengths of associations between baseline functional test performances and depressive symptom trajectories were evaluated with univariable ordinal models. Subsequently, the adjusted cumulative odds ratio for the association between identified risk factors, demographic factors and baseline anti-depressant use were measured using multivariable ordinal logistic regression. Three distinct depressive symptom trajectories were identified: a low-and-stable course (10% of participants), a low-and-increasing course (81%) and a moderate-and-increasing course (9%). Timed Up and Go test time was the strongest risk factor of depressive symptom trajectory, followed by Five Times Sit-to-Stand test performance, planned physical activity levels, and knee extension strength (adjusted standardised ORs 1.65, 95% CI 1.34-2.04; 1.44, 95% CI 1.16-1.77; 1.44, 95% CI 1.17-1.76 and 1.41, 95% CI 1.15-1.73 respectively). After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and baseline anti-depressant use, Timed Up and Go test performance and knee extension strength were independently and significantly associated with depressive trajectories. Timed Up and Go test times, Five Times Sit-to-Stand test performance, planned physical activity levels and knee extension strength are associated with three discrete depressive symptom trajectories. These clinical tests may help identify older adults aged 70-90 years at risk of developing depressive symptoms and help guide subsequent strength and mobility interventions.

Exploring the Interaction between Physical, Psychosocial, and Neck Pain Symptoms in Construction Workers.

Construction workers are significantly vulnerable to musculoskeletal disorders, yet the number of studies conducted in developing nations-where these workers significantly contribute to the economy-remains insufficient. This study aims at exploring the interaction between physical and psychosocial exposure to the onset of neck pain or symptoms amongst construction workers in a developing country. Using a cross-sectional study design, a total of 235 respondents from various construction projects participated in this study. Participants were assigned into one of four exposure groups: low physical and low psychosocial (which served as the reference group); low physical and high psychosocial; high physical and low psychosocial, and high physical and high psychosocial. To quantitatively assess the interaction, we calculated the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP), and synergy index (SI). Workers experiencing high levels of both physical and psychosocial risk factors had the highest odds ratio (OR) of neck symptoms (OR: 12.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.39 - 46.99) compared to other groups. The AP (AP: 0.33, 95% CI: -0.24 - 0.90), RERI (RERI: 0.40, 95% CI: -0.99 - 1.79), and SI (SI: 1.69, 95% CI: -1.77 - 5.15) revealed an interaction between physical and psychosocial factors that increases the OR of neck symptoms. This result suggests that physical risk factors at work become significantly more detrimental when paired with high psychosocial stress. Hence, ergonomic interventions in the construction industry aiming to reduce musculoskeletal disorders should consider both physical and psychosocial risk factors concurrently.

Modeling the behavior of renewable energy market: Understanding the moderation of climate risk factors

The behavior of the renewable energy market largely depends on the impact of renewable energy generation drivers. The susceptibility of these drivers to climatic adversities shapes their impact. Moreover, renewable energy generation projects are also vulnerable to climate risk factors, i.e., physical and transition risks. Existing climate resilience frameworks in the United States of America might be inconclusive to address this concern, and this inability is reflected in non-accomplishment of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 objectives. It indicates a policy void concerning the internalization of the climate risk factors for realizing the potential of renewable energy market. Therein lies the focus of the present study. The study analyzes the impacts of the returns on renewable energy drivers on the renewable energy market returns by controlling the climate risk factors from August 01, 2014, to July 06, 2023. The analysis is carried out by cross quantile correlation and multivariate quantile-on-quantile regression methods. The results show that the impact of the returns on renewable energy drivers on the renewable energy market returns reduces in presence of the climatic risk factors, i.e., natural disasters (physical risk) and climate policy uncertainty (transition risk). The climatic resilience-oriented policy framework developed in the study is aimed at internalizing the physical and transition climate risk factors, and thereby, progressing towards attaining SDG 7 objectives.

Management of Musculoskeletal Disorders; A Systematic Review

Musculoskeletal disorders pose a substantial health risk to employees in various professions worldwide, particularly those in healthcare settings. While prior research has predominantly focused on musculoskeletal issues among nurses, limited attention has been given to doctors across different specialties, including surgeons. Surgeons face unique challenges, combining intense mental focus, precision in movements, and varying physical demands. This systematic review aimed to explore the epidemiology, causes, and management of musculoskeletal disorders among surgeons and healthcare workers. PubMed/Medline and Embase were used as data sources, and articles published in English from 2010 to 2023 were reviewed following PRISMA guidelines. The analysis included seven articles, primarily employing surveys and national database analyses. The findings revealed a high prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among healthcare workers, particularly surgeons, who experienced significant rates of shoulder, back, and neck complaints. Physical risk factors, including constrained postures and repetitive motions, were identified as significant predictors of musculoskeletal problems. Holistic treatment approaches that consider the patient\'s lifestyle, preferences, mental health, and concurrent conditions were emphasized. Conservative therapy, assistive technology, psychiatric counseling, and coping skills were recognized as beneficial interventions. The study underscores the importance of understanding and managing musculoskeletal disorders in healthcare workers, contributing to improved evaluation and management strategies in the future. Surgeons, in particular, require attention to their unique work.

Multidisciplinary understanding of modifiable physical disability risk factors for health professionals: A scoping review protocol.

Physical disability represents a major burden to health and lifespan, particularly as the proportion of older adults within the United States is expected to grow. Prevention efforts for physical disability targets methods and strategies to decrease modifiable risk factors. Potential challenges for health professionals may exist in synthesizing and interpreting this broad spectrum of literature due to the discipline-specific nuance of language used, practice type or specialty, and lack of interdisciplinary resources. This scoping review will map and synthesize the literature across healthcare disciplines to identify modifiable risk factors and the evidence related to their ability to predict physical disability. We will also draw attention to the possibility of modifiable risk factors for physical disability being operationalized as pre-disability in order to strengthen primary and secondary prevention efforts. A planned search strategy using physical disability terminology will be searched in English across MEDLINE, CINAHL, Health Source, PEDro, and REHABDATA by two reviewers in line with our review objectives and inclusion criteria. Eligibility for inclusion include peer-reviewed primary research published in the English language and have established a relationship between a person-level measurable characteristic that is modifiable by changes in lifestyle behaviors and any of the commonly accepted terms used to categorize or describe physical disability. Presentation of results will be using the PRISMA flowchart, with additional mapping and synthesis of evidence for modifiable risk factors for physical disability to clarify divergent terms used in classifying and measuring these factors and their potential for prediction of physical disability. It is anticipated that this scoping review will identify and highlight a variety of modifiable risk factors for physical disability that may aid primary and secondary prevention efforts for health professionals.

Digital mental health interventions for treating mental disorders in young people based in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review of the literature.

Young people (YP) (between 10 and 24years) are disproportionally vulnerable to developing and being affected by mental health conditions due to physical, social and emotional risk factors. YP in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) have poorer access to, and quality of, mental health services compared to those in high-income countries. Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) have been proposed as tools to address this burden of disease and reduce the global treatment gap in youth mental health outcomes. This study aimed to examine the evidence for DMHIs for treating mental disorders in YP based in LMICs. To do this, the author searched academic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase and Web of Science) for primary studies on DMHIs targeting YP in LMICs. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria were followed. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) framework. A narrative synthesis methodology was used to summarise and explain the findings. The authors identified 287 studies of which 7 were eligible in the final review. The authors found evidence of the effectiveness of multiple forms of DMHI (especially internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy) on anxiety and depression outcomes. Studies reported a lack of long-term benefits of treatment, high dropout rates, and did not include key geographical settings or data on cost-effectiveness. No studies were judged to be of high quality. This review highlights the available evidence showing that DMHIs can improve mental health outcomes for YP in LMICs, but due to the limited number of studies and lack of high-quality data, increased adoption and scaling up of digital interventions require more rigorous studies showing clinical effectiveness and ability to provide return on investment.

The Impact of Practicing Exercise and Risk Factors Categorize in Osteoporotic Concerning Postmenopausal Women (Analytical study using binary logistic regression)

Background: Osteoporosis is an illness that may be categorized as a "silent pandemic" because of its worldwide incidence. The essential characteristics of osteoporosis are bone mass reduction and degeneration in bone tissue's micro-architecture. Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) seems to be the most prevalent skeletal disorder. Objective: To study investigates the influence of practicing exercise and physical activity as the most critical contributing factors of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at Baghdad Teaching Hospital from July 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021. Data were collected directly through interviews using a special questionnaire. One hundred and fifty postmenopausal women with osteoporosis participated in this study. A rheumatologist clinically diagnosed all participants using a bone density screening (DEXA). Results: the current study's results indicate the prevalence of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women, with a higher percentage of 69.3% in the age group (≥50 years). 60.7% of all participants were overweight and obese according to body mass index (BMI). Calcium deficiency was found in 87.3% of the subjects, more than two third (76%) of them were not practicing exercises, and 86.7% suffered from vitamin D deficiency. Reclassifying the actual and wrong percentile demonstrates the accurate percentile (overall percentage = 78.7), 32 individuals were wrongly classified, and the probability of total error was reported at around 21.3%. The most important finding was that postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who exercised and participated in physical activity regularly were 13.7 times in better health than those who did not exercise. Conclusion: Exercising and physical activity lower risk factors for postmenopausal women. It is becoming more necessary to reconsider the importance of performing exercises in maintaining and enhancing postmenopausal women's health. Keywords: Risk Factors, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal, Practicing Exercises.

The Impact of Practicing Exercise and Risk Factors Categorize in Osteoporotic Concerning Postmenopausal Women (Analytical study using binary logistic regression)

Background: Osteoporosis is an illness that may be categorized as a "silent pandemic" because of its worldwide incidence. The essential characteristics of osteoporosis are bone mass reduction and degeneration in bone tissue's micro-architecture. Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) seems to be the most prevalent skeletal disorder.
 Objective: To study investigates the influence of practicing exercise and physical activity as the most critical contributing factors of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
 Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at Baghdad Teaching Hospital from July 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021. Data were collected directly through interviews using a special questionnaire. One hundred and fifty postmenopausal women with osteoporosis participated in this study. A rheumatologist clinically diagnosed all participants using a bone density screening (DEXA).
 Results: the current study's results indicate the prevalence of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women, with a higher percentage of 69.3% in the age group (≥50 years). 60.7% of all participants were overweight and obese according to body mass index (BMI). Calcium deficiency was found in 87.3% of the subjects, more than two third (76%) of them were not practicing exercises, and 86.7% suffered from vitamin D deficiency. Reclassifying the actual and wrong percentile demonstrates the accurate percentile (overall percentage = 78.7), 32 individuals were wrongly classified, and the probability of total error was reported at around 21.3%. The most important finding was that postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who exercised and participated in physical activity regularly were 13.7 times in better health than those who did not exercise.
 Conclusion: Exercising and physical activity lower risk factors for postmenopausal women. It is becoming more necessary to reconsider the importance of performing exercises in maintaining and enhancing postmenopausal women's health.

Recommendations for Screening Measures in Undergraduate Freshman Female Dance Majors

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess physical performance and injury risk factors during an undergraduate dance program. The measures examined in this study were joint range of motion (JROM) and manual voluntary isokinetic contraction (MMT) of the hip and ankle, gait, and prevalence of pain and injury. The 30 female participants had been dancing for an average of 13 years. Fifty-two percent reported having had one or more injuries during their dance training years, and 85% reported experiencing pain in the legs or back. Asymmetry was found between the right and left legs during the JROM, MMT, and gait measures. Gait velocity, cadence, JROM, and MMT measures were at the lower end of the reported normal ranges. The results of this study provide evidence for recommending that undergraduate dance programs assess their students using a variety of measures to improve physical performance and reduce injury rates.

Metabolic syndrome risk among adolescents in the Deep South and the relationships with behavioral health, food insecurity, and physical activity.

A combination of physical and psychosocial risk factors put adolescents at risk for poor cardiometabolic health and chronic disease burden, often recognized as metabolic syndrome. The purposes of this study were to (1) identify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome risk among adolescents, utilizing the metabolic syndrome severity index, and (2) determine the relationship between metabolic syndrome risk and behavioral health, food insecurity, and physical inactivity among adolescents. A cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational design was deployed in an inner-city high school in the Deep South. An 8-month recruitment and enrollment period yielded a sample of 55 adolescents. A battery of measures included assessment of demographic data, anthropometric, cardiovascular, and psychosocial data. Utilizing these data elements, a progressive methodological approach was used to identify metabolic severity risk as a continuous variable for use in the adolescent population. All participants identified as African American/Black. Among them, 71% (N = 39) were female and an average age of 16 (SD = 1.3) years old, with 67.3% (N = 37) of the sample at risk for metabolic syndrome. There was not a statistically significant relationship between metabolic syndrome severity score and behavioral health risk, food insecurity, and physical inactivity in this sample. Future use of the continuous metabolic syndrome severity score may guide practice by utilizing longitudinal data to assess the trends of metabolic syndrome severity scores in relation to disease outcomes in adolescents. This may promote the identification of psychosocial and physical interrelationships with metabolic syndrome, thus improving overall health through the development of age-appropriate interventions.

Analyzing complaints of arm, neck, and shoulder pain among academicians in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study on prevalence and contributing factors

OBJECTIVES: Complaints of arm, neck, and shoulder (CANS) have been recognized as an important cause of work disability. Therefore, it is essential to identify those health risk factors for the development of CANS before they escalate into a disabling musculoskeletal condition. This study aims to ascertain the association between individual, physical, and psychosocial risk factors and the occurrence of CANS among academics in Malaysia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was adopted, enrolling 296 academic staff working at a private university in Malaysia using a convenient sampling approach. A content-validated questionnaire was distributed among selected academic staff to gather their feedback on the prevalence and contributing factors of CANS, and the survey was conducted for a period of six months. The chi-square test was used to analyze the association between risk factors and CANS, and multiple logistic regression was used to predict the risk factors of CANS. This study links all the health risk factors to CANS in Malaysian academicians. RESULTS: Of the academic staff who participated in this study, 63.5% reported an annual prevalence of CANS. Physical risk factors, including work experience, adopting a static head-down posture, time spent per day in teaching, and the number of hours spent in front of a computer, are associated with CANS (p<0.05). However, the utility of back support (p=0.878) and footrests (p=0.078) does not show any association with the occurrence of CANS (p>0.05). Besides job demand, other psychosocial factors do not show any significant association with CANS. DISCUSSION: The study found that 63.5% of academic staff suffer from arm, shoulder, and neck pain, which is linked to physical risk factors such as work experience, static posture, teaching time and computer use. Back support and footrests had no significant influence on the complaints. Addressing physical risk factors is key to reducing these conditions among academic staff.

Evaluation of Noise Levels in Flour Factories in Terms of Occupational Health and Safety

This study aims to determine the daily noise exposure levels in flour mills and evaluate the effects on the health and safety of workers. The study measured the equivalent sound pressure levels of workers exposed in two flour mills operating in Konya province in dBA. The factories include machines with high noise levels, such as sifters, sieves, and rollers. A Type-2 class sound pressure level meter was used in the measurements taken in accordance with ISO 9612: 2009 standard. Based on the measured values, the A-weighted equivalent sound pressure levels were determined, and the daily personal noise exposure levels were calculated taking into account the working hours. It was determined that the equivalent sound pressure levels and the daily individual noise exposure levels of the workers were in the range of 88.2-97.7 dBA and 87.9-97.4 dBA, respectively, and above the minimum daily personal exposure limit (80 dBA) specified in the legislation. As a result of the study, it was evaluated that the noise in flour mills can negatively affect the health and safety of workers as well as their job performance.

Risk factors of chronic course of anxiety and depressive disorders: a 3-year longitudinal study in the general population.

Risk factors of a chronic course of anxiety and depressive disorders were previously studied using a limited definition of recovery, i.e. remission of the index disorder. However, frequently, other mental disorders are present at follow-up. Thus, the course of anxiety and depressive disorders was represented too rosy and the identified determinants may not apply when using a broader, more realistic definition. Additionally, physical health risk factors have often been ignored. Data were used from two waves of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 including 509 respondents with 12-month anxiety disorder (panic disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia or generalized anxiety disorder) or/and major depressive disorder at baseline. Chronic course was defined as (1) presence of index disorder; and (2) presence of any anxiety, mood or substance use disorder (overall course) during the subsequent three years. Regression models were built with sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle/physical health indicators. Predictive accuracy was evaluated with area under the curve (AUC). Chronic course of the index disorder was present among 24.8% of cases, whereas 38.7% had a chronic overall course. The accuracy of prediction of chronic course of the index disorder was suboptimal (AUC = 0.68) compared to prediction of overall course (AUC = 0.75). The main risk factors were baseline number of mental disorders, neuroticism, childhood abuse, parental psychopathology and alcohol use. Lifestyle and physical health indicators were marginally relevant. Transdiagnostic risk factors are important in predicting overall course of anxiety and depressive disorders but cannot accurately predict chronic course of the index disorder.

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL, PHYSICAL, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS AND OCCUPATIONAL FATIGUE AMONG COMMUTER LINE TRAIN WORKERS

Introduction: Occupational fatigue affects workers in various industries including transportation. Commuter train drivers and office workers are subjected to high levels of physical and psychosocial stress, which can lead to occupational fatigue. Aims: to examine the relationship between individual, physical, and psychosocial risk factors and occupational fatigue in commuter train workers in Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang, and Bekasi. Methods: Individual (i.e., age, gender, marital status, type of work, duration of work, and smoking status), psychosocial (i.e., effort, reward, overcommitment, monotonous work, social support, job satisfaction, and work stress) factors, and occupational fatigue were investigated in 78 commuter line train workers (both drivers and officers). Observing workers' activities yielded physical factors (awkward posture, repetitive work, prolonged work, and material manual handling activities). The association between each risk factor and occupational fatigue was investigated using a logistic regression model. Results: Commuter line officers (OR 4.96, 95% CI 1.77 – 13.85), those with high overcommitment (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.25 – 8.00), and those with high work stress (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.19 – 2.00) were more likely to report occupational fatigue than train drivers, who reported low overcommitment and low work stress, respectively. When compared to those who reported low job satisfaction, those who reported high job satisfaction were less likely to report occupational fatigue (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.07 – 0.52). Conclusion: Job position, overcommitment, and work stress were associated with occupational fatigue.

A framework for occupational health risk assessment of nursing personnel in Indian healthcare system

Nursing personnel are exposed to different kinds of health hazards because of various job characteristics and complex work systems. The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the risk factors related to occupational health hazards of nurses in the Indian healthcare system. A three-phase methodology is used to assess occupational risk factors. Through literature review and opinions of experienced nursing personnel, the risk factors such as biological, chemical, ergonomic, physical, and psychosocial are identified and evaluated based on three parameters i.e., the effect of exposure, exposure period and exposure probability. The weights of the parameters are determined by Best-Worst Method (BWM) and the Fuzzy VIKOR method is considered to rank the risk factors in accordance with their level of severity. Biological and ergonomic risk factors are found to have higher levels of adverse effects in all the wards of Indian hospitals whereas, impact of chemical, physical and psychosocial risk factors varied from ward to ward. The risk assessment framework as developed helps to categorize risk factors from high degree to moderate degree, which might help to prepare an action plan to mitigate the risks associated with nursing activities in order to improve their health and safety status at the hospital.

Analysis of predictive factors in children with high suspicion of pulmonary embolism.

Since there is a limited number of predictive models designed for pediatric patients with pulmonary embolism (PE), healthcare providers have resorted to utilizing the Wells criteria and PE Rule-out Criteria (PERC) that have been validated for use in adults. The objective of the study is to identify the predictive factors for PE and assess the effectiveness of the PERC, Wells, and pediatric-specific PE (PPE) criteria. The study included individuals between the ages of 0-18 years who underwent pulmonary CT angiography and/or ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy with suspicion of PE. Demographic characteristics, symptoms, physical examination findings, risk factors, and laboratory and imaging results were retrospectively analyzed, and PERC, Wells, and PPE criteria were applied to the study population. Of the 110 patients included in the study, 27 (24.5%) had PE. Saturation, albumin, cough, calf swelling, central catheter, and malignancy were found to significantly contribute to the model. The total weighted risk score, which represents the sum of all predictive scores, ranged from 0 to 16 with a mean of 5.41 ± 4.02. When the cut-off >6.5, the model had good discrimination power for positive PE (AUC 0.79, 77% sensitivity, and 70% specificity). In our study, the Wells criteria showed a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 24%. The PERCexhibited a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 21%, while the PPE demonstrated a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 30%. While the sensitivity of Wells, PERC, and PPE models was higher than our developed model, their specificities were considerably lower than our model.

Checkpoint ergonomics as a health and safety effort at work among women farmers

PT X is a company that works in the plantation sector, one of which is an orange plantation. In the process of harvesting lime leaves, there are 3 workstations and 4 work activities. Most of the work is done manually with a high workload and repetitive movements, causing musculoskeletal complaints. Workers complain of musculoskeletal disorders while working. During initial observation, there were complaints of pain in the neck, shoulders, arms, waist, thighs, and knees. Based on these problems, this study aims to analyze the factors that cause musculoskeletal disorders in the orange harvesting process. The method used to solve problems with partners is by using an ergonomic checklist and the PATH method to analyze three physical risk factors in the workplace. Based on the results of data processing using the PATH method, it was found that the biggest risk factors for injury were 45.53% soil hoeing, 42.39% harvesting and 12.08% grass cutting. The proposed improvements given after being analyzed using ergonomic checkpoints are: (1) reducing bending or squatting postures; and (2) providing protectors and covers for lawn mowers and handcarts and handles for tools for harvesting oranges. This proposed improvement is in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals number 3, namely Good Health and Wellbeing for all.

Many Paths to Alzheimer's Disease: A Unifying Hypothesis Integrating Biological, Chemical, and Physical Risk Factors.

Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial disease. We should therefore expect to find many factors involved in its causation. The known neuropathology seen at autopsy in patients dying with AD is not consistently seen in all patients with AD and is sometimes seen in patients without dementia. This suggests that patients follow different paths to AD, with different people having slightly different combinations of predisposing physical, chemical and biologic risk factors, and varying neuropathology. This review summarizes what is known of the biologic and chemical predisposing factors and features in AD. We postulate that, underlying the neuropathology of AD is a progressive failure of neurons, with advancing age or other morbidity, to rid themselves of entropy, i.e., the disordered state resulting from brain metabolism. Understanding the diverse causes of AD may allow the development of new therapies targeted at blocking the paths that lead to dementia in each subset of patients.

Factors in early pregnancy predicting pregnancy-related pain in the second and third trimester.

Pain during pregnancy affects women's well-being, causes worry and is a risk factor for the child and the mother during labor. The aim was to investigate the relative importance of an extensive set of pregnancy-related physiological symptoms and psychosocial factors assessed in the first trimester compared with the occurrence of pregnancy-related pain symptoms later in the pregnancy. Included were all women who booked an appointment for a first prenatal visit in one of 125 randomly selected general practitioner practices in Eastern Denmark from April 2015 to August 2016. These women answered an electronic questionnaire containing questions on the occurrence of five pregnancy-related pain symptoms: back pain, leg cramps, pelvic cavity pain, pelvic girdle pain and uterine contractions. The questionnaire also included sociodemographic questions and questions on chronic diseases, physical symptoms, mental health symptoms, lifestyle and reproductive background. The questionnaire was repeated in each trimester. The relative importance of this set of factors from the first trimester on the five pregnancy-related pain symptoms compared with the second and third trimesters was assessed in a dominance analysis. A total of 1491 women were included. The most important factor for pregnancy-related pain in the second trimester and third trimester is the presence of the corresponding pain in the first trimester. Parity was associated with pelvic cavity pain and uterine contractions in the following pregnancies. For back pain and pelvic cavity pain, the odds increased as the women's estimated low self-assessed fitness decreased and had low WHO-5 wellbeing scores. When including physical risk factors, sociodemographic factors, psychological factors and clinical risk factors, women's experiences of pregnancy-related pain in the first trimester are the most important predictors for pain later in pregnancy. Beyond the expected positive effects of pregnancy-related pain, notably self-assessed fitness, age and parity were predictive for pain later in pregnancy.

Risk factors of food insecurity among students at diverse post-secondary education institutions: a cross-sectional examination.

Identify the prevalence of food insecurity (FI) and compare sociodemographic, mental, physical, behavioral, and environmental risk factors for FI among students at a private university, community college, and historically black college or university (HBCU). Adult students attending a private university, community college, or HBCU (n = 4,140) located within the southeastern United States. Using an online survey (2017-2019), FI, sociodemographic, mental, physical, behavioral, and environmental data were collected to understand their association with FI. Up to 37.1% of students experienced FI. Identifying as black, other/multi-racial, having poor sleep, federal loans, depressive symptoms, high stress, social isolation, or a chronic condition were associated with FI. These associations varied by institution. FI is prevalent within diverse post-secondary institutions that serve traditional and nontraditional students with risk factors varying between institutions. The prevalence of FI and risk factors can inform institutional policy responses to ameliorate the effects of FI.