Physical Protection System Research Articles

Trustworthiness evaluation of workers in critical facilities using electroencephalography-based acquaintance test

This study emphasized the critical importance of prioritizing workers' trustworthiness in safeguarding critical facilities from the potential harm caused by insiders' betrayal. By noting the limitations of existing physical protection systems in critical facilities, this study showed that effectively characterizing and detecting malicious insider activity can be possible by observing immediate brain physiological reactions to specific stimuli. Based on the finding, a novel approach using electroencephalography (EEG)-based acquaintance tests was introduced to objectively assess ’a level of suspicion between colleagues by measuring their brain responses when he/she is exposed to familiar and unfamiliar stimuli. If a person claims falsely about one's acquaintance, the model assumes he/she has malicious or suspicious intent by violating the reporting obligation. The experiment was designed with a relatively short time of monitoring of less than 2 min and with a simple EEG headband device called MUSE. The experiment is to analyze whether the model could provide reliable prediction of disguised acquaintance avoiding complex preparation process. Averaged N170 peak analysis indicated that MUSE provided adequate signal characteristics to classify acquaintance. Also, a machine learning-based subject-wise classification model showed adequate capability to differentiate the EEG signals of acquaintances from unknowns. The final prediction combined multiple single-trial classification results, correctly detected the participant's acquaintance about 94.1 % of the cases, with similar performance when strangers were presented. The results indicated the possibility of using biosignal to enhance security culture and mitigate insider threats in critical facilities, by providing an indication of behavior that disregards security policies and procedures.

APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF SUCCESS CRITERIA AS A COMPONENT OF PROBABILISTIC PHYSICAL PROTECTION ANALYSIS OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES

An approach to adapting the methodology for analyzing success criteria from traditional probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) of nuclear power plants (NPPs) to probabilistic physical protection analysis (PPA) of nuclear facilities is demonstrated using the hypothetical nuclear facility SNRI as an example. Generally speaking, using the traditional PSA methodology for assessing the physical protection of nuclear facilities allows for the identification of new vulnerabilities in the physical protection systems of nuclear facilities, the development of recommendations to enhance physical protection efficiency, the performance of more substantiated cost-benefit analyses, and more.

A detection and defense security system design for nuclear waste storage against stealth terrorists attack

Abstract The physical protection system (PPS) is one of the main systems used in nuclear facilities to protect these facilities from terrorist attacks, the possibility of bombing, sabotage, and theft. Installation of a security system for nuclear waste stores from the outside is necessary and very important for early detection and physiological deterrence greater than the internal security system. From this perspective, this work provides a solution for the protection of nuclear waste stores, which means detection and defense systems. This paper introduces an advanced security system and proposes a design for a detection and defense security system for nuclear waste storage against stealth terrorist attacks. The security system that is being suggested will have smart camera surveillance system, electric chock system, intense flashlight barrier, high-intensity sound barriers, and dual-side infrared rays. Three consecutive processes – detection, deterrence, and defense – will be operated around the building of the waste storage. The concept may be implemented by establishing an early detection system to detect any intrusion by terrorist attackers through a protected area surrounded by storage. The following step is deterring the attackers from completing their mission by installing advanced deterrence system and putting delay components along the path of their attack on the waste storage to complicate the mission. Then the defense system is operating to stop terrorist progress. Finally, the work make an evaluation process of the overall security system which has been designed by using EASI program to verify the accepted level of physical protection, maintain the validity and updates of security system components, and follow procedures, rules and requirements of the nuclear regulatory authority at the national level and meet the international IAEA concept and recommendations.

A proposed design for security system for nuclear waste warehouses against terrorists attack

A physical protection system (PPS) is one of the principal systems used in nuclear facilities for protection against terrorist attacks and the possibility of bombing, sabotage, and theft. This paper introduces the design of an advanced security system for nuclear waste warehouses against stealth terrorist attacks. This research paper takes a more original approach in addressing how a nuclear facility can detect and respond to a security incident. It does so through an interconnected security system that simultaneously practical and distinctive way. This PPS design allows the security system to achieve its main goals of detection and delay functions during any incident. Additionally, it places the intruder under attack from a successive defensive system which grants the response forces additional time to arrive and neutralize the threat completely.The proposed design of the security system will include dual-side infrared rays, high-intensive sound barriers, an intensive flashlight barrier, an electric chock system, and a smart camera surveillance system. Three consecutive processes, detection, deterrence, and defense will be operated around the waste storage building. This idea can be implemented by establishing an early detection system to detect any intrusion by terrorist attackers through a protected area surrounding the storage facility. The next step is deterring the attackers from completing their mission by placing an advanced deterrence system and putting delay elements along the path of their attack on the waste storage to complicate the mission. Then the defense system is operating to prevent terrorist progress. Finally, an evaluation process of the overall security system which has been designed by using EASI program is performed to verify the accepted level of physical protection, keep the security system component valid and updated, and follow procedures, rules and requirements of the nuclear regulatory authority at the national level and meet IAEA concept and recommendations at the international level.

Vulnerability assessment for physical protection systems of cave temples: A fuzzy petri net approach

Preservation of cultural relics is crucial for cultural sustainability, particularly in the case of cave temples, which are a unique and immovable part of our heritage, nested within mountains. These structures bear immense historical significance and possess considerable economic value, making them vulnerable to criminal activities, notably theft. Establishing a robust physical protection system (PPS) is imperative to safeguard these relics from potential damage. This paper proposes a novel approach for assessing the vulnerability of cave temples' PPS. Based on the fuzzy Petri net (FPN) principle, a comprehensive vulnerability assessment index system was developed within the PPS framework, considering the unique characteristics of cave temples. This study refines the formal definition of the FPN, enhancing its precision and effectiveness for vulnerability assessment. The practicality and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through simulation experiments. An illustrative example is provided to demonstrate this approach.

Assessing the attractiveness of chemical and process facilities to terrorism using a situational crime prevention approach

As intentional attacks to industry have been on the rise in the last years, researchers and institutions put effort in addressing risks of industrial assets exposed to acts of interference. One of the key steps of security risk assessment is the evaluation of the attractiveness, i.e. determining which installation or part of it could be of interest to a potential attacker. As security concerns are intrinsically tied to human intention, attractiveness does not only depend on technical characteristics of the facility, but also on the type of threat and its geographic, economic, and socio-political context. Therefore, interdisciplinarity is among the key features of a team tasked with assessing attractiveness. This work is the result of the joint effort of Physical Sciences and Engineering experts and Social Sciences and Humanities experts, and it presents a methodology for the assessment of attractiveness of process facilities to physical terroristic attacks developed using a “terrorist thinking” approach. Technical factors such as plant layout and physical protection systems were combined with modern criminology principles (namely Situational Crime Prevention, i.e. how actors take advantage of situated opportunities to commit a crime) to obtain a comprehensive picture of the possible motives behind a physical terroristic attack to a chemical and process facility (meant as facilities where chemical substances are present and where chemical and/or physical processes occurs). The methodology was applied to a case study featuring facilities located in a critical context; a ranking among facilities was obtained, and the robustness of the results was tested through a Monte Carlo-based uncertainty analysis. The results revealed that it is not possible to obtain a clear ranking of critical facilities accounting only for technical or non-technical factors, but both are necessary. The method developed was demonstrated easy to apply and could be used not only by plant security managers, but also by Institutions and Governments to prioritize critical assets in threatening contexts.

Generation of security system defense strategies based on evolutionary game theory

The physical protection systems of Nuclear Power Plant are utilized to safeguard targets against intrude by attacker. As the methods employed by attackers to intrude Nuclear Power Plant become increasingly complex and diverse, there is an urgent need to identify optimal defense strategies to interrupt adversary intrusions. This paper focuses on studying the defense of security personnel against adversary intrusions and utilizes an evolutionary game approach to select the optimal defense decisions for physical protection systems. Under the assumption of bounded rationality for both the attacker and defender, the paper constructs replication dynamic equations for attack and defense strategies, investigating the process of strategy selection and the stability of evolution. Finally, a minimal model is proposed to validate the feasibility of utilizing the evolutionary game model for defense strategy selection.

A Consequence-Informed Licensing Path Selection for the Design of Physical Protection Systems at Commercial Nuclear Power Facilities

The survivability of the domestic nuclear power industry depends on the cost-competitiveness of safe and secure nuclear power generation. Advanced reactor design concepts aim to have increased safety margins over traditional large light water reactors (LWRs). With increased safety margins comes the potential for a corresponding decrease in off-site risk to the general public from a hypothetical release of radioactivity due to sabotage or theft. Without sacrificing safety or security, advanced reactor designers may be able to achieve operational cost improvements over current LWRs in part by designing less burdensome physical protection systems (PPSs) and by replacing on-site response forces with off-site response forces. To accommodate these developments, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission is drafting new rulemakings for physical security when licensing through the current frameworks in 10 CFR 50 or 10 CFR 52 along with drafting an entirely new licensing framework: 10 CFR 53. A novel technology-inclusive consequence-informed methodology for the selection of the optimal licensing path for the design of PPSs at advanced fixed-site commercial nuclear power facilities is presented herein. This methodology proposes integrating security considerations at the beginning of a reactor facility design effort to streamline the licensing process. Off-site total effective dose equivalents at the exclusion area and low population zone boundaries were identified as the key metrics when determining a design’s most appropriate licensing path that in turn affects the design requirements placed upon the PPS. Given these metrics, source-term generation of potential adversary-induced physics-based sabotage actions utilizing severe accident modeling software and off-site plume dispersal modeling were identified as appropriate for determining siting constraints, potential target sets for hypothetical sabotage events, and their subsequent off-site dose consequences. The methodology proposes using the consequence results from the sabotage modeling, in combination with desired cost-saving PPS characteristics, to help inform the licensing path selection. Once a licensing path is chosen, the methodology utilizes the Design and Evaluation Process Outline to evaluate an effective PPS following the licensing requirements placed on the facility. This paper also presents examples of hypothetical commercial nuclear power facilities with varying consequence levels and demonstrations of how to select the optimal licensing pathways for each.

Topical issues of countering modern autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles and FPV drones

The high level of development of unmanned aviation has predetermined the possibility of its use to solve a wide range of tasks. At the same time, it should be noted that achievements in this area are not always used for peaceful purposes. The results of the analysis of the practice of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in modern military conflicts and information about terrorist acts with their use allow us to conclude that the most difficult targets resistant to various methods of influence are modern autonomous UAVs and FPV drones with explosive devices. Therefore, the search for effective ways to counteract them seems to be an urgent area of research. The aim of the work is to develop the means for effective counteraction to modern autonomous UAVs and FPV drones by electromagnetic, laser and mechanical ways. The methods of system analysis are used in the work. The article notes the increasing level of threats associated with the mass use of autonomous UAVs and FPV drones, presents the results of the "revision" and critical analysis of the main methods of countering modern UAVs, reflecting their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. Based on the results obtained, a comparative analysis of methods of countering autonomous UAVs and FPV drones was carried out. It is concluded that the most effective of them are the methods of electromagnetic, laser and mechanical action. The required parameters for the effective application of these types of impacts on modern autonomous UAVs and FPV drones are presented. The results of the research can be used as initial data for the creation of new and improvement of existing means of countering UAVs as part of physical protection systems (SFZ). The scientific novelty of the work consists in the development of a scientific and methodological apparatus for substantiating the SFZ of objects in terms of taking into account the functioning features and vulnerabilities of modern autonomous UAVs and FPV drones, as well as determining ways to improve systems to counter them based on the use of electromagnetic, laser and mechanical means.

Development of fragility models for process equipment affected by physical security attacks

The vulnerability of chemical and process facilities toward physical security attacks depends on the equipment resistance against such attacks and on the performance of Physical Protection Systems (PPS) in place. To enhance the protection against intentional attacks, the development of quantitative vulnerability metrics is essential, nevertheless current standard approaches only offer qualitative or semi-quantitative evaluations. The aim of the present work is to develop a quantitative methodology for the assessment of chemical and process facilities vulnerability towards external acts of interference. The proposed methodology is based both on the evaluation of equipment structural integrity in response to different types of specific impact vectors characterizing intentional attacks and on the quantitative performance assessment of related PPS. In particular, specific fragility models were developed for impact vectors associated with improvised explosive devices, firearms, and incendiary weapons. The novel fragility models were implemented in a comprehensive security vulnerability assessment (SVA) based on Bayesian Networks, in which the contribution of PPS performance was also considered. A case study was defined and analyzed to exemplify the application of the proposed approach. The results obtained allowed for the identification of the most critical security-related escalation scenarios and thus for an improved quantitative SVA.

METHODS OF ASSESSING TERRORIST THREATS TO STRATEGIC FACILITIES OF THE STATE

The study highlights the main regularities of preparation and execution of a terrorist act from the standpoint of considering a terrorist emergency as a spatiotemporal process. It is proposed to use the expert method of scenarios to assess terrorist threats to strategic objects. Ensuring the national security of Ukraine is a multifaceted problem, which includes military and political, economic and informational security, protection of the state border, and civil defence. Solving these component tasks is impossible without taking into account the possible terrorist impact on the strategic objects of the state, which include critical infrastructure enterprises, key transport communications, and military facilities. The description of any emergency requires a clear definition of the type of catastrophic event that caused it. Terrorist threats at protected strategic objects are possible socially dangerous consequences of malicious actions, i.e., terrorist acts that lead to stopping or limiting the functioning of these objects. The scenario method involves the creation of scenario development technologies that provide a higher probability of developing an effective solution. Scenarios are a set of equally compelling stories, each describing one of the potentially possible options for the future. Intrusion scenarios used in physical protection systems of protected objects consist of two parts. The first one provides a set of variants of terrorist threats, that is, expected actions of intruders against the protected object. The second is an action plan (reaction to the actions of intruders) of the physical protection system to neutralise terrorists. The process of improving the technology of developing scenarios of terrorist threats will provide a higher probability of developing an effective solution to ensure the security of strategic objects and counter terrorist threats, when possible, and a higher probability of reducing expected losses to a minimum in situations where losses are unavoidable. Keywords: emergency, catastrophic event, man-made object, danger, threat, risk.

The effect of ambient temperature on the delay time of perimeter protection

Perimeter security defines the private space from the public space and also serves as the first barrier between the intruder and the protected interest. Delay time is one of the input parameters used in a quantitative approach to the design of a physical protection system. The objective of the physical protection system is to delay the intruder long enough for the law enforcement to arrive on the scene and apprehend the intruder. Perimeter protection is located in the exterior and is affected by various factors such as ambient temperature. In cold temperatures, the technical parameters deteriorate and the delay time for penetration into the protected object decreases. The paper points out that the delay time is longest at 0 °C and that the delay time decreases as the ambient temperature increases. A further perspective is mentioned on the adaptation of the tests and increasing the degree of subjectivity of the test results.

Evaluation of Fire Protection systems in Residential High-rise Buildings for Evacuation Optimisation- A Case of Bengaluru

Significance of the research- Among different types of occupancies, a Residential high-rise building presents a more significant challenge to fire protection due to its functionality, complexity, and economic value. Objective of the study- The key objective of the present paper was to examine the situation of physical (as opposed to non-physical) fire protection systems in randomly selected Residential high-rise buildings in Bengaluru for Evacuation optimization. Methodology- Methods used include Physical observation, document review, and interviews. A multi-attribute evaluation model/approach was applied to establish the sufficiency or suitability of fire protection systems in light of NBC-2016 [1] and Bangalore Byelaws-2016. The study reveals that fire-fighting/evacuation lifts and other fire protection systems are primarily present in the buildings. Nevertheless, due to inadequate maintenance or unsuitable elements, their safety performance is compromised. Research findings- The analysis revealed that fire hoses and hydrants demonstrated the highest level of adequacy and suitability in terms of their number, locations, and maintenance across the buildings. Conversely, only 50% of the buildings had a sprinkler system that was sufficiently installed, indicating a need for improved coverage and maintenance, possibly due to cost considerations. The performance of other systems was as follows: fire driveways (83%), fire escape staircases (83%), fire detection and alarm (40%), corridors and passageways (67%), assembly areas (83%), hose reels and hydrants (100%), fire brigade access and facilities (67%), safety signs and notices (17%), portable fire extinguishers (50%), and fire audits (17%). Based on these findings, it is recommended to prioritize increased efforts in inspecting and maintaining fire protection systems throughout the lifespan of the project to address the identified shortcomings. Additionally, the design of residential high-rise buildings should incorporate provisions for fire-fighting evacuation lifts and facilities catering to the needs of disabled individuals.

METHODOLOGY FOR MAKING EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT DECISIONS TO ENSURE THE PHYSICAL SECURITY OF CRITICAL FACILITIES

The article discusses the issues of evaluating the effectiveness of the system of physical protection of critical facilities and the development of control solutions to ensure the necessary requirements for it. The relevance of the presented tasks is due to the increase in the number and types of violations, the improvement of the technical capabilities of violators, the complexity and variety of objects of protection. The presented methodology for making effective management decisions to ensure the physical security of critical facilities is a comprehensive study of physical protection systems. With the help of a simulation model, the probability of a safe state of the object on the specified routes of penetration of the intruder is estimated. The method of principal components revealed latent connections between routes, on the basis of which the decomposition of the complex task of managing the physical security of the object was carried out to obtain more reliable dependences of the probability of the safe state of the object on the parameters (characteristics and structure) physical protection systems. For each group of routes the probability of a safe state of the object of which is insufficient, a regression equation is constructed using a complete factorial experiment – a unique function of the object’s safety management. The analysis of the coefficients of the regression equations makes it possible to make effective management decisions to modernize the structure of the physical protection system, increasing its effectiveness to the required value.Obtaining management functions is the author’s methodology for making effective management decisions to ensure the physical security of critical facilities and determines the scientific novelty of the work.

Use Case of Water Reservoir Protection as a Critical Infrastructure Element in Slovakia Using a Quantitative Approach

Water management systems play a crucial role in efficiently allocating water resources while taking into account various demands such as agriculture, industry, domestic use, and environmental needs. These systems optimize the distribution of water, ensuring fair access and minimizing water scarcity and conflicts. However, these critical systems are vulnerable to different types of attacks. Depending on the target, these attacks can take the form of physical, cyber, or combined assaults. The protection requirements for water objects, which are integral to critical infrastructure, are primarily defined by legal regulations, technical standards, and other third party requirements. These requirements necessitate the implementation of protective measures. One effective approach to implementing protective measures is through a physical protection system (PPS), which prevents unauthorized individuals from achieving their objectives. The current procedures for protecting these objects can be based on either a qualitative or quantitative approach. In this article, we present a use case that demonstrates a possible method for protecting a specific water reservoir, identified as a national element of critical infrastructure in the Drinking Water Provision subsector. The use case involves analyzing security requirements and designing a PPS for the water reservoir. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed PPS, a quantitative PPS model was developed using specialized software. Additionally, four potential attack scenarios were simulated to verify the functionality of the PPS.

Analysis of performance indicators of computer systems software on objects of special importance

Objective. The purpose of the article is to study the performance indicators of software aimed at improving the level of security at objects of particular importance. To date, the issue of improving the hardware and software components of the security system at a particularly important facility, taking into account its specifics and ensuring anti-terrorist measures, is quite urgent. There is an urgent task of evaluating the software of the physical protection system (SFZ) of an object of particular importance, while one of the main questions is which quality indicators to take into account and which methods to use when obtaining objective data, taking into account the specifics of the object of research and the need to increase anti-terrorist measures. In this article, it is proposed to analyze the performance indicators of computer systems software on objects of special importance.Method. To achieve this goal, such methods as system analysis, computational and expert statistical are used.Result. The paper presents an alternative approach to the analysis of the parameters of the effectiveness of software in relation to the components of the integrated complex (IC) SFZ, which consists in the transition from quantitative to qualitative assessments, the use of expert knowledge and statistical processing of information received from them. The proposed approach makes it possible to use a single measurement scale, as well as simplify the procedure for measuring the values of individual performance indicators of the software of the subsystems of the IC SFZ during operation at an object of particular importance.Conclusion. The results obtained can be used for a comprehensive assessment of the operation of software at facilities of particular importance, as well as to increase its security level.

Technical Recommendations of Interface for Safety and Security Aspects of NPP Instrumentation and Control Systems in Indonesia

Instrumentation and control (I&C) systems are crucial in ensuring the safe operation of power reactors. New and modern nuclear facilities commonly use digital I&C systems. However, the application of digital technologies within I&C systems has made these systems vulnerable to cyber-attack. Literature study shows that cyber-attack is one of the threats that could occur at any time in the lifetime of the I&C system. Indonesia regulates cyber security and interface of safety and security through BAPETEN Chairman Regulation (BCR) number 1 of 2009 on Nuclear Installation Physical Protection and BCR number 6 of 2012 on Design Provision of Computer-Based Important Safety System on Power Reactor. The provision related to interface safety and security against cyber-attack has a significant gap compared to IAEA Requirements and Internationals practice. Therefore, this paper tries to identify technical recommendations for BCR number 1 of 2009 and BCR number 6 of 2012 related to the interface of safety and security and cyber security in the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) I&C system using IAEA requirements and international practice. The paper concludes that some technical recommendations must be added to BCR 1 of 2009 and BCR 6 of 2012. These recommendations are required in establishing cyber security program, integrating a cyber-security program with physical protection system, implementing control networks with reduced interconnectivity, implementing defense-in-depth as an essential concept in designing the NPP I&C system, developing a highly integrated protection system platform that utilizes FPG, and integrating passive safety system into the safety system. Keywords: cyber-attack, safety and security interfaces, instrumentation and control system

THEORETICAL BASIS OF COMBATING TERRORIST ACTS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Тhe article defines the concept of terrorism, outlines the directions that contribute to the implementation of a terrorist act. It is highlighted that the anti-terrorist security of Ukraine is being formed as a state system of combating terrorism. The content of protection and countermeasures against terrorism is determined in the conditions of the formation of a tendency to increase the levels of public danger. The need for urban planning and architectural and planning measures to counter terrorist acts in the urban environment is noted. The general theoretical principles of the formation of protection against terrorist attacks in the urban environment by urban planning and architectural and planning means are considered. Changes in the content, forms and methods of modern terrorism are identified: new styles of terrorism around the world – attacks on important educational, commercial or government buildings with large crowds of people, threats to disrupt everyday urban life, the growth of the number of terrorist groups and actions of individual terrorists, committing terrorist attacks in cities, the spread of terrorism in urban open spaces. The construction of physical protection of elements of the urban environment is considered, guided by the principles of adequacy to accepted models of threats through organizational and administrative measures, technical methods of implementing protection of elements of the urban environment, threats and models of violators; zonal construction through the organization and creation of free zones, restricted access zones and protected zones; ensuring the necessary level of effectiveness of the physical protection system for all methods of committing terrorist acts; adaptability to the technological features of the functions of elements of the urban environment.

Designing of Intelligent Video-Surveillance Systems in Road Tunnels Using Software Tools

Video Surveillance Systems (VSSs) are integral parts of road tunnels. Currently, they perform a number of functions, such as ensuring the protection of tunnel technologies, monitoring tunnel operation, or recognising license plates. If VSSs are to be designed to protect the tunnel and its technologies from unauthorised intentional human activity, it is necessary to ensure that they are designed in such a way as to meet the essential functionality requirement of the physical protection system (PPS). In this case, the VSS, as one of the alarm systems, should perform the function of early intrusion detection. The verification of the functionality of the PPS is possible using a software tool to model and simulate various intrusion scenarios. This article provides an example of the use of the SATANO software evaluation tool. The VSS enables multiple applications, such as monitoring, detection, knowledge, and identification. In this paper, the defined current standardised requirements for the design of VSSs in tunnels are considered from the point of view of their possible use for intelligent video analysis, enabling the recognition of various risk situations (e.g., faults or accidents of vehicles). Using the software tool, IP Video Design Tool, the requirements for the design of cameras in tunnels are assessed and adapted from the perspective of the use of intelligent video analysis. In the event that there is a requirement to use the VSS during emergency situations (e.g., fire), it is necessary to assess the operating conditions and period of time through which the VSS would operate in a given tunnel. This article presents the results of the simulation of the spread of a fire in a tunnel and its impact on the operation of the VSS.

Simulation model for efficiency evaluation of the objects physical protection systems

The efficiency evaluation of the objects physical protection systems in connection with the growth of terrorist threats and the technological capabilities of their implementation is relevant. To solve this problem based on a probabilistic-statistical approach, a simulation model that provides the maximum approximation of simulation to the actual functioning of the physical protection system is developed. The advantages of the model are the evaluation of all routes of the intruder penetration, as well as the detailing of each route of penetration into areas that are heterogeneous in terms of overcoming complexity. Keywords simulation, physical protection system, efficiency evaluation