Characterization Of Physical Properties Research Articles

Soil characteristics and CO2 emissions of ex-burnt peatland in Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Astiani D, Widiastuti T, Latifah S, Simatupang D. 2020. Soil characteristics and CO2 emissions of ex-burnt peatland in Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3691-3698. West Kalimantan, Indonesia has a large extent of tropical peatland with total ​​1.74 million ha with only 44.5% of such areas remaining as peat forest, while the rests have been converted into plantations, agricultural lands, and shrubs. The conversion of peat forest often uses fires to clear the vegetation and is followed by building canal to drain the water. The lack of vegetation combined with drought soil trigger uncontrolled escaped fire, especially in the dry season or El-Nino events, which is likely to affect soil characteristics and emit carbon dioxide. The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in soil characteristics both physical and chemical properties and to investigate CO2 emissions from peat soil post-fire. As a comparison, similar parameters were also assessed in non-burnt sites. The results showed significant differences in some peat soil characters both physically and chemically between ex-burnt and non-burnt peatland. The ex-burnt site had higher pH, available phosphorus and C/N ratio than those in the non-burnt site. Conversely, the total nitrogen and carbon contents, and cation exchange capacity were lower which is likely due to leaching. Peat fires also impacted physical characteristics of the soil such as increasing soil bulk density, reducing soil water content, soil temperature, especially in wet conditions. Carbon dioxide emissions in the ex-burnt site were considered higher than non-burnt site. These results could be brought out as a part of baseline data in managing ex-burnt peatlands to maintain a balance between carbon output and input and efforts on preventing peatland fires from becoming continuous carbon sources.

Evaluation of high‐flow rate continuous‐flow centrifugation and filtration devices for sampling and concentrating fine‐grained suspended sediment

AbstractFine‐grained (<63 μm) suspended sediment is an important vector for transporting contaminants in aquatic systems. Characterization of physical and biogeochemical properties of suspended sediment usually requires bulk samples to assess its quality and to determine its source. Low‐flow rate (~2 to 4 L min−1) continuous‐flow centrifugation (CFC) systems may need a time period from several hours to one day to collect such samples, and thus, due to their low inflow rate, limits application of these devices. A field study was conducted in three different freshwater systems in Manitoba, Canada to examine and compare the performance of two high‐flow rate systems as alternative approaches: the M512 continuous‐flow centrifuge (M512); and continuous filtration using PENTEK 1 μm filtration bags (filtration system). It was determined that the mass collection efficiency (MCE) for the M512 (in absolute terms) was similar to low‐flow rate CFC systems. As with low‐flow rate CFC systems, the M512 preferentially collected particles of a certain size range (i.e., in the case of M512, particles ≥ 0.83 μm) and accordingly this may affect the collection of a truly geochemically and physically representative sample in waters containing a high proportion of finer particles (≤1 μm). Several filtration systems in series improved its MCE performance and, in terms of total collected mass, this configuration appears to be as efficient as the low‐flow rate CFC systems in an equivalent sampling time. The results of this study confirmed that, in nearly all cases, the filtration system collected a representative sample of ambient suspended sediment, in terms of particle size composition, and geochemical and colour properties. In practice, it is suggested that the filtration systems in series have advantages over M512 as the filtration system is more portable and cost‐effective with a lower power demand.

Physical Properties Characterization and Design Comparation of Knee Implant with Ti6Al4V Material

This study aims to describe the results of characterization of physical properties and design comparation of knee implant. the characterization of the material was intended to determine the morphology using SEM, crystal structure using XRD, and chemical composition using XRF. In both designs, the simulation was carried out to get the total deformation value. Simulation is carried out by loading humans walking, jumping, and downstairs in 0-1.1 seconds. While the comparation was focused on comparizing the total deformation value from the human activity of walking, jumping, and downstairs to determine the optimum design. The finding of this study were SEM showed that many parallel strokes on Ti6Al4V, then XRD test showed that the crystallinity peak was at position 40.5189˚ which were indicated by the crystal orientation index [200] reaching 29.35 counts (cts), and Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) at an angle of 0.288˚ which had an atomic distance along the length of 2.2246 (Å ) with a relative intensity of 100%. And the XRF test showed the highest chemical content of Ti6Al4V was Ti, amounting to 85.12%. This was indicated by the total maximal deformation of the first design 0.23030 micormeter while the second design was 2.109600 micrometer, so the first design was more recommended for implant use. While comparation of total deformation showed that the first design had the lowest maximum average deformation value. The results showed that the first implant design was the optimum design.

Characterization of Wear and Physical Properties of Pawpaw–Glass Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Structural Application

In this study, wear resistance and some selected physical properties of pawpaw–glass fiber hybrid reinforced epoxy composites were investigated. Two different layers of pawpaw stem—linear and network structures—were extracted and chemically modified. Hybrid reinforced composites were developed comparatively from the two fiber structures and glass fiber using hand lay-up in an open mold production process. The wear resistance was studied via the use of a Taber Abrasion Tester while selected physical properties were also investigated. The influence of the fiber structure on the properties examined revealed that network structured pawpaw fiber was the best as reinforcement compared to the linearly structured fiber. The addition of these vegetable fibers to epoxy resin brought about improved thermal conductivity and increased the curing rate while the wear resistance of the corresponding developed composites were enhanced by 3 wt% and 15 wt% of fibers from linear and network pawpaw fibers. It was noticed that linearly structured pawpaw fiber had its best result at 3 wt% while network structured pawpaw fiber had its best result at 15 wt%.

Conductive Coatings of Cotton Fabric Consisting of Carbonized Charcoal for E-Textile

Development of smart textiles is an emerging discipline in the last two decades where a conductive element is integrated into a textile material by some means. The purpose of this research was to develop a conductive textile fabric by coating with charcoal as a conductive element. The charcoal was produced by carbonizing the eucalyptus wood at a temperature of 928 °C for 37 min producing 59.17% w/w of fixed carbon yield and conductivity of 463.34 Sm−1 (Siemens per meter) compared to immeasurable conductivity of the wood. This was followed by characterization of physical and chemical properties of charcoal. Thereafter, a cotton fabric was pad-coated with a dispersion based on the charcoal. The paper herein reports the results of preparing different recipes using different quantities of charcoal particles with other components of the coating mixture, which was tested to obtain the best coating in terms of electrical conductivity. The optimal concentration of the conductive particles of the charcoal was studied. Performance evaluation of the coated fabric was assessed for the durability of fabric towards different fastness agents. The effect of charcoal loading on thermal and sensorial comfort of the fabric in addition to the air and water permeability was studied and a significant change was observed. Finally, a proof of concept was developed to demonstrate if the resulting pieces of information during the process were viable. As observed, the pad-coated cotton fabric using charcoal showed increased electrical conductivity from 1.58 × 10−12 Scm−1 (Siemens per centimeter) for the controlled sample to 124.49 Scm−1 for the coated sample designating that the resulting fabric is in a conductor category.

Finely Designed P3HT-Based Fully Conjugated Graft Polymer: Optical Measurements, Morphology, and the Faraday Effect.

In this work, our group synthesized and characterized a fully conjugated graft polymer comprising of a donor-acceptor molecular backbone and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RRP3HT) side chains. Here, our macromonomer (MM) was synthesized via Kumada catalyst transfer polycondensation reaction based on ditin-benzodithiophene (BDT) initiator. The tin content of MM was then investigated by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), which allowed for accurate control of donor/acceptor monomer ratio of 1:1 for the following Stille coupling polymerization toward our graft polymer (BP). The structures of the polymers were then characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), NMR, and elemental analysis. This was followed by the characterization of optical, electrochemical, and physical properties. The magneto-optical activity of graft polymer BP was then measured. It was found that, despite the presence of the acceptor backbone, the characteristic large Faraday rotation of RRP3HT was maintained in polymer BP, which exhibited a Verdet constant of 2.39 ± 0.57 (104) °/T·m.

Physical Properties of Rice Straw Composite Board Using Cementitious Materials

Rice straw is an agricultural waste burned in the fields after harvest that contributes to environmental pollution and health hazard issues. The utilization of this agricultural waste into a valuable construction material prompted the interest in investigating its properties.This experimental study focuses on the physical property characterization of rice straw composite boards with cementitious materials by determining the effects of varying the fiber lengths vis-a-vis properties of the composite board as a result of the optimum design mix from variations of cementitious materials. Size variations of 10 mm., 30 mm., and blended size of rice straw were used. The characterization of the boards was conducted in accordance with ASTM standards. On the physical properties, results indicated that the long fibers have the lowest water absorption at 6.90%. Moreover, short fibers influenced the shrinkage property with 7.20% and a relative density with 1396.15 kg/m3. Overall, the results gathered from the study demonstrated the potential of rice straw composite board with cementitious materials as a substitute for a decorative drywall panel.

Characteristics Structural and Physical Properties of the System Cermet [Basalt - (Ni-Al)] Using Thermal Spray Flame Technology

Characteristics Structural and Physical Properties of the System Cermet [Basalt - (Ni-Al)] Using Thermal Spray Flame Technology

Physical Properties of 299 NEOs Manually Recovered in Over Five Years of NEOWISE Survey Data

Abstract Thermal infrared measurements of near-Earth objects (NEOs) provide critical data for constraining their physical properties such as size. The Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE) mission has been conducting an all-sky infrared survey to gather such data and to improve our understanding of this population. While automated routines are employed to identify the majority of moving objects detected by NEOWISE, a subset of objects will have dynamical properties that fall outside the window detectable to these routines. Using the population of known NEOs, we have conducted a manual search for detections of these objects that were previously unreported. We report 303 new epochs of observations for 299 unique NEOs of which 239 have no previous physical property characterization from the NEOWISE Reactivation mission. As these objects are drawn from a list with inherent optical selection biases, the distribution of measured albedos is skewed to higher values than is seen for the diameter-selected population detected by the automated routines. These results demonstrate the importance and benefit of periodic searches of the archival NEOWISE data.

Soil Hydrology for a Sustainable Land Management: Theory and Practice

Soil hydrology determines the water–soil–plant interactions in the Earth’s system, because porous medium acts as an interface within the atmosphere and lithosphere, regulates main processes such as runoff discharge, aquifer recharge, movement of water and solutes into the soil and, ultimately, the amount of water retained and available for plants growth. Soil hydrology can be strongly affected by land management. Therefore, investigations aimed at assessing the impact of land management changes on soil hydrology are necessary, especially with a view to optimize water resources. This Special Issue collects 12 original contributions addressing the state of the art of soil hydrology for sustainable land management. These contributions cover a wide range of topics including (i) effects of land-use change, (ii) water use efficiency, (iii) erosion risk, (iv) solute transport, and (v) new methods and devices for improved characterization of soil physical and hydraulic properties. They involve both field and laboratory experiments, as well as modelling studies. Also, different spatial scales, i.e., from the field- to regional-scales, as well as a wide range of geographic regions are also covered. The collection of these manuscripts presented in this Special Issue provides a relevant knowledge contribution for effective saving water resources and sustainable land management.

Alkaline hydrogen peroxide improves physical, chemical, and techno-functional properties of okara

The objective was to evaluate the effect of modifying okara with alkaline hydrogen peroxide at different H2O2 concentrations and treatment temperatures on its soluble fiber content, water absorption and holding capacity, swelling capacity, and protein solubility in water. Multi-response optimization and characterization of physical, chemical, and techno-functional properties of unmodified and modified okara under optimal condition were performed. Treatment under optimal condition (2% H2O2 and 42 °C for 5 h) resulted in a 601% increase in soluble fiber content, a 26% increase in water absorption and holding capacity and swelling capacity, and a 609% increase in soluble protein. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that modified okara particles had a more fragmented structure and a rougher surface than control. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment altered the color, chemical composition, and techno-functional properties of okara. The modification method has potential to add value to okara and contribute to the use of agro-industrial residues.

The adsorption mechanism of poly‐methyl methacrylate microparticles onto paper cellulose fiber surfaces without crosslinking agents

AbstractIn this work, poly‐ (methyl methacrylate) microparticles were effectively adsorbed onto the paper cellulose fiber surfaces during impregnation without crosslinking agents. The adsorption behavior and mechanism of microparticles onto paper cellulose fibers were further examined by physical and chemical property characterization in combination with adsorption kinetic model. We reported that the kinetic adsorption process included three phases: rapid adsorption, saturated adsorption, and equilibrium adsorption. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds which increased gradually with the increase of the mass concentration of PMMA microparticles occurred between the carboxyl group of PMMA microparticles and the hydroxyl group of paper cellulose fibers. Due to the increase of the interaction, the crystallinity‐index of the paper cellulose decreased. Furthermore, the hydrophobic interaction also occurred between PMMA microparticles and the paper fibers, leading to preferential adsorption of the microparticles on the surfaces of the hydrophobic (2 0 0) crystal cellulose.

Facies-constrained prestack seismic probabilistic inversion driven by rock physics

Seismic Rock physics plays a bridge role between the rock moduli and physical properties of the hydrocarbon reservoirs. Prestack seismic inversion is an important method for the quantitative characterization of elasticity, physical properties, lithology and fluid properties of subsurface reservoirs. In this paper, a high order approximation of rock physics model for clastic rocks is established and one seismic AVO reflection equation characterized by the high order approximation (Jacobian and Hessian matrix) of rock moduli is derived. Besides, the contribution of porosity, shale content and fluid saturation to AVO reflectivity is analyzed. The feasibility of the proposed AVO equation is discussed in the direct estimation of rock physical properties. On the basis of this, one probabilistic AVO inversion based on differential evolution-Markov chain Monte Carlo stochastic model is proposed on the premise that the model parameters obey Gaussian mixture probability prior model. The stochastic model has both the global optimization characteristics of the differential evolution algorithm and the uncertainty analysis ability of Markov chain Monte Carlo model. Through the cross parallel of multiple Markov chains, multiple stochastic solutions of the model parameters can be obtained simultaneously, and the posterior probability density distribution of the model parameters can be simulated effectively. The posterior mean is treated as the optimal solution of the model to be inverted. Besides, the variance and confidence interval are utilized to evaluate the uncertainties of the estimated results, so as to realize the simultaneous estimation of reservoir elasticity, physical properties, discrete lithofacies and dry rock skeleton. The validity of the proposed approach is verified by theoretical tests and one real application case in eastern China.

Synthesis and structure of salts of 2-(((3-mercapto-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-4-yl)imino)methyl)benzoic acid

Modern pharmacy and medicine can offer a substantial number of highly effective synthetic medicines. A great portion of these medicines falls into the group of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. 1,2,4-Triazoles are distinguished by important pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, while also being capable of stimulating the central nervous system. Undoubtedly, a constant increase of number of publications regarding the synthesis, characterization of biological, chemical, and physical properties of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives by both foreign and Ukrainian researchers promotes the search for promising compounds of this class of heterocyclic compounds globally. The purpose of our work was to synthesize and characterize structures of salts of 2-(((3-mercapto-5-methyl-4 H -1,2,4-triazole-4-yl)imino)methyl)benzoic acid, as potentially bioactive compounds. Materials and methods. The physical-chemical characterization of the synthesized compounds was conducted according to the guidelines provided by the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. The melting point was determined using MPA100 apparatus. Elemental analysis was held using Elementar Vario L.cube analyzer. 1 H NMR spectra were recorded using Varian Mercury VX-200 spectrometer (1Н, 200 MHz). Chromatographic and mass-spectrometric data were obtained using Agilent 1260 Infinity LC system coupled with Agilent 6120 mass spectrometer. Results and discussion. 2-(((3-Mercapto-5-methyl-4 H -1,2,4-triazole-4-yl)imino)methyl)benzoic acid was used as the starting compound for the synthesis of the new structures. In order to afford the desired compounds, the starting material was subjected to salt formation reactions with ammonium hydroxide, sodium and potassium hydroxides, methylamine, ethylamine, dimethylamine, 1 -propylamine, 2 -propylamine, monoethanolamine, diethylamine, tert -butylamine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, 2-methylpiperidine, and 4-methylmorpholine whether in alcohol or water solutions. Conclusions. The chemical experiments resulted in 16 new substances, salts of 2-(((3-mercapto-5-methyl-4 H -1,2,4-triazole-4-yl)imino)methyl)benzoic acid. The chemical structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed using instrumental methods, including 1 H NMR spectroscopy, LC-MS, and elemental analysis. The obtained salts will be used in further pharmacological research.

Superconductivity in a New Layered BiSe2-Based Compound LaO1-xBiSe2

We report in this contribution a new superconductor LaO1-xBiSe2 which was synthesized by solid-state reaction method. The structure analysis indicated that LaO1-xBiSe2 compound has typical CeOBiS2-type structure with P4/nmm space group. Compared with the parent phase LaOBiSe2, the lattice parameters of LaO0.9BiSe2 contracted. Physical property characterizations demonstrated that the charge density wave behavior of the parent phase was suppressed by oxygen vacancies and a superconducting transition at 2.9 K was observed in LaO0.9BiSe2 sample. The present work shows that the introduction of oxygen vacancies without extrinsic doping is an effective approach to induce superconductivity in the LaOBiSe2 system.

Characterization of fiber fraction, physical and chemical properties of coffee flour (Coffea sp.) as functional foodstuff for diabetes mellitus patient

Coffee pulp is solid waste from coffee processing, but unfortunately, it has not been utilized optimally, particularly for foods. Objective of the research was to study characterization of fiber fraction, physical and chemical properties of coffee flour as functional dietary material, which is rich in fiber to reduce blood glucose level for diabetes mellitus patients. The research used Arabica and Robusta coffee pulps. Results of the research showed that characterization of fiber fraction for Arabica has soluble dietary fiber 4.78% (db); 4.30% (wb) higher 0.63% (db); 0.55% (wb) in comparison with Robusta. However, the insoluble dietary fiber is 69.16% (db); 62.24% (wb) and total dietary fiber is 73.32% (db); 65.98% (wb) for Robusta is higher 10.78% (db); 9.82% (wb) insoluble dietary fiber and 10.15% (db); 9.26% (wb) total dietary fiber in comparison with Arabica. Granule shape of the flour for Arabica and Robusta have uneven surfaces and diverse sizes of granule. Arabica flour granules are smaller, 12.8-49.8 µm, than Robusta, 48.8-66.8 µm. Testing the chemical properties showed fat level was 4.05% (wb); 4.55% (db), water 10.96% (wb) and ash 9.35% (wb); 10.50% (db) for Arabica are higher 0.08% (wb); 0.12%(db) fat, 0.66% (wb) water and 0.81% (wb); 0.99% (db) ash. However, carbohydrate level was 62.78% (wb); 70% (db) and protein 14.41% (wb); 16.06% (db) for Robusta was higher 1.24% (wb); 0.88% (db) carbohydrate and 0.31% (wb); 0.23% (db) protein in comparison with Arabica. Coffee flour of Arabica has better characterization for fiber fraction, physical and chemical properties, in comparison with Robusta, due to it has higher soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and smaller flour granules, which are potential as functional foodstuff for diabetes mellitus patient.

Characterisation of physical, mechanical and colour properties of Muntingia calabura fruits

Physical, mechanical and colour properties are necessary parameters in the handling and processing of Muntingia calabura fruits. The study aimed to form physical, mechanical and colour database for Muntingia calabura fruits. Results of the study found that the polar and equatorial diameter ranged from 14.30±0.99 mm and 15.51±0.98 mm, respectively. The weight and the volume were 2.49±0.39 g and 1.12±0.21 cm3, respectively. The particle density, bulk density and porosity ranged 0.97±0,10 g/cm3, 0.57±0.03 gr/cm3 and 40.90±6.59% respectively. The average skin strength and elasticity of the average moisture content of 80.79 ± 0.50 % were 309.60±80.89 g-forces and 38.83±1.63 mm, respectively. The angle of repose on the surface of the acrylic, aluminium, stainless steel and plywood was 23.45±5.390, 24.20±4.770, 25.66±5.000 and 25.93±7.850 respectively with the static friction of 0.44±0.12, 0.45±0.10, 0.49±0.11, and 0.50±0.17 respectively. The coordinate CIE L*a*b* c* and h* of the average colour of samples was 44.914±5.011, 30.274±4.055, 10.460±2.787, 32.288±2.722 and 0.008±0.004.

A Redox-Innocent Uranium(IV)-Quinoid Metal-Organic Framework.

Quinoid-based ligands constitute the most common class of redox-active ligands used to construct electrically conductive and magnetic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Whereas this chemistry is intensively explored for transition-metal and lanthanide ions, any related actinide compound has not received attention. In particular, the MOF chemistry of actinide ions in the lower oxidation states is underexplored. We herein report the synthesis, and structural and physical property characterization of a uranium(IV) quinoid-based MOF, [U(Cl2dhbq)2(H2O)2]·4H2O (1, Cl2dhbq2– = deprotonated 2,5-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxybenzoquinone). 1 is a rare example of a U(IV)-based coordination solid and the first material to incorporate bona fide reducible bridging ligands. Despite the anticipated thermodynamic driving force, no indications of valence tautomerism are evident from magnetometry, near-IR spectroscopy, and X-band electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. These initial results suggest that reduction potentials alone are insufficient as guidelines for the prediction of the occurrence of electron transfer in uranium–quinoid-based materials.

Physical Properties of [A6Cl][Fe24Se26](A = K, Rb) with Self-Similar Structure**Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No. 2016YFA0300504, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11574394, 11774423, 11822412), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the Research Funds of Renmin University of China (RUC) (15XNLQ07, 18XNLG14, 19XNLG17).

We have successfully synthesized two novel compounds [A6Cl][Fe24Se26] (A = K, Rb). The key structural units of them are FeSe octamers, consisting of edge-shared FeSe4 tetrahedra. Two kinds of FeSe octamer layers with different connection configurations stack along the c axis, forming a three-dimensional (3D) TiAl3-type structure. Interestingly, the 3D structural topology of these ocatmers in one unit cell is similar to the local atomic arrangement of themselves, i.e., self-similarity in structure. Physical property characterizations indicate that both the compounds exhibit insulating antiferromagnetism with Neel temperatures TN ∼ 110 K and 75 K for [K6Cl][Fe24Se26] and [Rb6Cl][Fe24Se26].

Synthesis and Characterization of Physical Properties of MgO Thin Films by Various Concentrations

Abstract In this work, magnesium oxide was elaborated on a glass substrate at 450°C by a pneumatic spray technique. The structural, optical, and electrical properties were studied at different MgO concentrations (.05, .10, .15, and .2 mol L−1). Poly-crystalline MgO films with a cubic structure with a strong (002) preferred orientation were observed at all sprayed films, with a maximum crystallite size of 21.4 nm attained by the sprayed film at .2 mol L−1. Good transmission was found in the deposited MgO thin films with lowest molarity. The transmission of MgO thin films decreases rapidly as the wavelength increases in the range of 300–400 nm and then increases slowly at higher wavelengths. The bandgap of MgO thin films decreases as the molarity increases, and the band gap values range between 4.8 and 4.3 eV. The Urbach energy values range between 375 and 519 meV. The electrical resistance of our films is on the order of 2 × 107Ω. The prepared MgO thin films were suitable for electronic packaging; they are capable to provide very stable and high secondary electron emission combined with low bandgap energy and low electrical resistance.