Physical Plane Research Articles

Toolbox Redesign for Flight Engineer

Toolbox is a tool rack made with the aim that service tools are arranged according to the tools that are often used by technicians and the tools are safer when not in use by Flight Engineers. Flight Engineer is part of aviation safety which is closely related to the physical plane and aspects of maintenance so that Flight Engineering requirements are met. When carrying out their work, Flight Engineers need a container or facility as a place to put Flight Engineer equipment that can contain a lot of work equipment, is efficient, easy to carry and move. The toolbox redesign process is carried out to make changes and add functions from the existing toolbox design and use at that time. This study uses a mixed method with qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative data obtained from interviews and photo documentation obtained from Flight Engineer sources. Quantitative data obtained by observing the measurement of toolbox dimensions at the Juanda Navy Aviation Center and Biak Air Base. The design concept applied to the design of the equipment box is functional. The results of this research are work equipment icon designs, equipment placement layouts in the toolbox, 10 initial toolbox design sketch designs, five alternative toolbox designs, and one selected toolbox design. The two selected toolbox designs will be developed into a final product design.

A consistent shear beam theory for free vibration of functionally graded beams based on physical neutral plane

For a thickness-wise functionally graded (FG) beam, the midplane does not coincide with its physical neutral plane. This paper presents a consistent shear beam theory that guarantees the warping of the cross-section with vanishing shear stress on the surfaces and maximal shear strain/stress at the physical neutral plane. The governing equation of the free vibration of FG beams is derived. For typical end conditions, the characteristic equations are obtained exactly. The numerical natural frequencies are calculated and verified for special cases by comparing the existing solutions. Effects of the exponential gradient of material properties on the natural frequencies are elucidated.

Fractional viscoelastic solution of stratum displacement of a shallow tunnel under the surface slope condition

The unified displacement function (UDF) is presented to describe the deformation behaviours of the tunnel profile along with time under the surface slope condition. Based on the discrete Fourier method, the third-order UDF in the physical plane is expanded to the Laurent series in the complex variable plane. The complex variable method is employed to derive the elastic analytical solution of stratum displacement, when the third-order UDF is taken as the displacement boundary condition of tunnel cross-section (DBCTC). The proposed elastic solution agrees well with the results of the finite element method for the consistent model, which verifies the correctness of the proposed analytical solution. Combining the corresponding principle and fractional Generalized Kelvin viscoelastic constitutive model, the fractional viscoelastic solution under the surface slope condition is determined. The time effect of stratum displacement is presented in two aspects: time-dependent DBCTC and time-dependent material parameters. The parameter analysis is performed to investigate influences of deformation modes of the third-order UDF, slope angle, tunnel radius and fractional order on the time effect of stratum vertical and horizontal displacement.

Nature of God From A Logical Lense

Every living being struggles for existence which but natural. However, Man is a thinking animal and therefore more than surviving on the basis of instincts he goes on analysing a situation and tries to confirm the cause of every phenomenon. To live is to struggle and to struggle does not mean any sort of misfortune. However, the fact that remains is that there are varieties in struggle. On the physical plane it is really unfortunate if the body constitution is not being normal and witnessed by others. But then when it comes to the mental plane, it is behind the screen and only those closely acquainted experience the effect of the shortcomings. Overall scenario is of some deficiency realized by one and all, with rare exceptions, if any. Those who are evolved beings do claim to be unaffected by the worldly affairs but then they are also not spared with regard to the uneasiness. In short, human existence is accompanied by sufferings and it can go without any debate. At the most we may claim that the tender or sensitive souls suffer more than any other type. By birth itself human beings are bound to experience the very need of companionship and a caretaker. As one advances in life, the need remains same but picks up a different configuration. With every phase somehow what remains common is the trust in God expecting him to be always accompanying us. Furthermore, as an add on effect, we also expect him to do justice by monitoring more of our intentions and subsequently actions. A naive mind goes with the available scriptures, word by word, expecting their performance to be cent percent. Much of the harm is done by the societal norms or conventions which have never undergone any revision. Only a meagre percentage of our population that claims to be atheistic is supposed to be exempted from such tensions. The genuine problem with people is not about the existence of God but nature of his functioning. This is because, at any rate, it does not coincide with our rather forced assumptions. Therefore it is wise to get into the historical details right from the creation so that the genuine concept can be understood and placed before the upcoming generation. This paper attempts to cover important philosophies related to this subject.

Flow field modeling of airfoil based on convolutional neural networks from transform domain perspective

For complex flow problems such as wall-bounded turbulence with multi-scale and strongly nonlinear characteristics, the non-orthogonal and non-uniform meshes commonly used in numerical simulation limit the direct use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The flow field is usually projected onto a uniform Cartesian mesh to use the convolution operation, which inevitably leads to the problem of missing information about the turbulent flow field in the near-wall region. To address this limitation, a method is proposed for flow field modeling using CNN from the perspective of the transform domain. Specifically, the flow field is transformed from the non-uniform physical plane to the uniform computational plane. From the view of the transform domain, the flow governing equations will naturally generate variables used to characterize the geometry through the coordinate transformation without the need to design specific features. Moreover, since the computational plane is uniform and orthogonal, the convolution can be used directly without interpolation preprocessing. For the case of shape-based flow field modeling of the 2D airfoil and 3D wing under high Reynolds number conditions, the velocity and pressure of the turbulent boundary layer can be predicted very well by this method, even in the discontinuous shock wave region. In addition, the pros and cons of two different but common modeling frameworks represented by CNN and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) are presented. The modeling error of CNN is one order of magnitude smaller than that of POD, and the relative error of the integral force of CNN is less than 1%. This work shows that the proposed method has significant advantages of high accuracy and interpretability, and provides an efficient solution for parameter space research.

Olympic education in the process of forming humanistic values in school students

This article analyzes the importance of the Olympic education in the system of formation of humanistic values among the younger generation. Olympic education is considered as an innovative educational technology, which provides a complex effect on the formation of personality in the spiritual and the physical plane. This technology conforms to the national education development strategy in Ukraine contributes to the improvement of the system of education of children and youth on the basis of universal values, it promotes the physical, moral and spiritual development of the younger generation, the formation of socially mature personality, preparing young people for the conscious choice of spheres of life.
 The analysis of international experience in the implementation of national Olympic education systems made it possible to single out the main groups of programs: Olympic education programs implemented by the Organizing Committees of the Olympic Games; programs of a complex nature; programs implemented in general educational institutions, programs based on mass sports events; programs based on Olympic-themed competitions. The paper presents the characteristics of the Olympic education system in the world, presents the model of formation of value orientations of high school students. This model contributes to the integration of Olympic education into the educational process, solving the main tasks of the educational process at the current stage. The implementation of a variable model is possible taking into account a set of organizational and pedagogical conditions: general ones that ensure the effectiveness of the educational process; separate ones that determine the mechanism of formation of value orientations; scientific and methodical, aimed at positive dynamics in improving the qualifications of teachers, the level of their professional competence.

Semi-hyperbolic patch characterized by 2D steady relativistic Euler equations

In this paper, we consider the semi-hyperbolic patch characterized by 2D steady relativistic Euler equations. Employing the angle variables, the 2D steady relativistic Euler equations are transformed into a first-order hyperbolic equations. Given a smooth streamline and the boundary data, we find a C1,16-continuous sonic curve. Inside the semi-hyperbolic patch with the boundaries of the streamline associated with a characteristic curve, utilizing the partial hodograph method, a C1,16-continuous sonic-supersonic solution for 2D steady relativistic Euler equations is obtained. We will finally consider the corresponding regularity in the physical plane.

Free vibration of size-dependent FGM Mindlin microplates in viscous fluid

This paper studies the free vibration of size-dependent functionally graded material (FGM) microplates in contact with viscous fluid. The Mori-Tanaka model is applied to formulate the continuous gradual variation of material properties of FGM microplates along thickness direction. A non-classical microplate model is established based on the modified couple stress theory, which considers the size effect by introducing the material length scale parameter. A physical neutral plane is introduced to eliminate the stretching-bending coupling effect. The motion of viscous fluid is defined by Navier-Stokes equations, with which the hydrodynamic loading on microplates is determined with consideration of inertial effect and viscous damping effect. The governing equations for FGM microplates in contact with viscous fluid are derived using the Hamilton’s principle and solved by differential quadrature method. Numerical results are obtained to discuss the influences of the aspect ratio, fluid depth, slenderness ratio, fluid viscosity, gradient index, fluid density, and size parameter on the vibration behaviors of microplates in contact with viscous fluid.

Existence and regularity of solutions of a supersonic-sonic patch arising in axisymmetric relativistic transonic flow with general equation of state

In this article, we prove the existence and regularity of a smooth solution for a supersonic-sonic patch arising in a modified Frankl problem in the study of three-dimensional axisymmetric steady isentropic relativistic transonic flows over a symmetric airfoil. We consider a general convex equation of state which makes this problem complicated as well as interesting in the context of the general theory for transonic flows. Such type of patches appear in many transonic flows over an airfoil and flow near the nozzle throat. Here the main difficulty is the coupling of nonhomogeneous terms due to axisymmetry and the sonic degeneracy for the relativistic flow. However, using the well-received characteristic decompositions of angle variables and a partial hodograph transformation we prove the existence and regularity of solution in the partial hodograph plane first. Further, by using an inverse transformation we construct a smooth solution in the physical plane and discuss the uniform regularity of solution up to the associated sonic curve. Finally, we also discuss the uniform regularity of the sonic curve.

Phreatic seepage around a rectilinear cutoff wall: The Zhukovsky-Vedernikov-Polubarinova-Kochina dispute revisited

The problem of steady 2-D potential Darcian flow from a flat-bottomed reservoir of a coffer or other type of dam, separated from an empty tailwater by an impermeable vertical sheet piling, is one of the pillars in groundwater hydrology and soil mechanics. Analytical solutions to this problem are presented in the books by Forchheimer, Zhukovsky, Vedernikov, Polubarinova-Kochina, Harr, among others. For the case of seepage with a phreatic line, descending from the downstream face of the cutoff, the formulae presented in classical textbooks - despite the simplicity of conformal mappings of the complex potential quarter-plane onto the Zhukovsky half-strip - have lacunae and flaws. We discuss and clean the mismatch in the abovementioned formulae. The classical analytical solutions in the textbooks deal with the regime of no backwater, for which the magnitude of the specific discharge vector at infinity coincides with hydraulic conductivity of the soil. We obtain a general solution for most general flows with backwater, for which the specific discharge at infinity is zero and the free surface has an inflection point in the physical plane. The capillary fringe in the hodograph domain is imaged by a circular cut. The pressure head infinitely deep under the cutoff-wall is infinite. A circular tetragon in the hodograph domain is conformally mapped onto the quadrant in the complex potential plane via a reference plane. In the case with backwater, one extra condition is needed to fix a mathematical solution. For this purpose, the location of a point on the free surface is fixed. Mathematically, two affixes in the reference plane are found by solving a system of two nonlinear equations (in the no backwater case, only one affix is found and one equation is solved). We also examine flow with a phreatic line in a low-permeable layer (e.g. concrete apron of a dam) with an Λ-shaped topology of streamlines, bounded from the left by a cutoff. Seepage from a dam reservoir through a subjacent highly-permeable alluvium induces the pore water motion in the upper layer. A Hilbert boundary-value problem is solved for the complex potential in this cell. In the Kirkham-Brock type boundary condition along the interface between the two layers, the horizontal component of the specific discharge is constant. Phreatic surfaces rising on the downstream face of the cutoff caps Λ−shaped streamlines, which turn around a hinge point on the interface between two layers of contrasting permeability.

Endometriosis: Homoeopathic perspective

Endometriosis is a disease of contrast. It’s a benign condition, but malignancy transformation is also possible. Cyclic hormones stimulate growth but continuous hormones suppress it. Homoeopathy plays prime role in providing the healthy existence in both physical and mental plane without any side effects and can come across in women who is exposed to Endometriosis.

Dynamic Analysis of Sigmoid Bidirectional FG Microbeams under Moving Load and Thermal Load: Analytical Laplace Solution

This paper presents for the first time a closed-form solution of the dynamic response of sigmoid bidirectional functionally graded (SBDFG) microbeams under moving harmonic load and thermal environmental conditions. The formulation is established in the context of the modified couple stress theory to integrate the effects of microstructure. On the basis of the elasticity theory, nonclassical governing equations are derived by using Hamilton’s principle in combination with the parabolic higher-order shear deformation theory considering the physical neutral plane concept. Sigmoid distribution functions are used to describe the temperature-dependent thermomechanical material of bulk continuums of the beam in both the axial and thickness directions, and the gradation of the material length scale parameter is also considered. Linear and nonlinear temperature profiles are considered to present the environmental thermal loads. The Laplace transform is exploited for the first time to evaluate the closed-form solution of the proposed model for a simply supported (SS) boundary condition. The solution is verified by comparing the predicted fundamental frequency and dynamic response with the previously published results. A parametric study is conducted to explore the impacts of gradient indices in both directions, graded material length scale parameters, thermal loads, and moving speed of the acted load on the dynamic response of microbeams. The results can serve as a principle for evaluating the multi-functional and optimal design of microbeams acted upon by a moving load.

Shock wave solution for the planar, cylindrically, and spherically symmetric flows of non-ideal relaxing gas

In the present article, we investigate one-dimensional non-ideal relaxing gas to study solution of shocks for planar and non-planar flows, more specifically cylindrically symmetric, and spherically symmetric flows. The analytic solution of the problem is determined in the characteristic plane. It signifies that linear solution in this plane reveals non-linear behavior in the physical plane. Also, the condition of shock formation has been determined by analyzing the growth and deterioration of shocks using transport equations. It is observed that nature of the solution completely depends upon relaxing gas parameters and non-idealness. All computations are done using computational package MATHEMATICA. • Shock wave solution to the non-ideal relaxing gasdynamic system is studied. • The condition of shock formation is determined. • The growth and deterioration of shocks is discussed. • Impact of relaxing gas and non-ideal parameters on the evolution of shock is studied.

A physics and data co-driven surrogate modeling approach for temperature field prediction on irregular geometric domain

In the whole aircraft structural optimization loop, thermal analysis plays a very important role. But it faces a severe computational burden when directly applying traditional numerical analysis tools, especially when each optimization involves repetitive parameter modification and thermal analysis. Recently, with the fast development of deep learning, several Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) surrogate models have been introduced to overcome this obstacle. However, for temperature field prediction on irregular geometric domains (TFP-IGD), CNN can hardly be competent since most of them stem from processing for regular images. To alleviate this difficulty, we propose a novel physics and data co-driven surrogate modeling method. First, after adapting the Bezier curve in geometric parameterization, a body-fitted coordinate mapping is introduced to generate coordinate transforms between the irregular physical plane and regular computational plane. Second, a physics-driven CNN surrogate with partial differential equation (PDE) residuals as a loss function is utilized for fast meshing (meshing surrogate); then, we present a data-driven surrogate model based on the multi-level reduced-order method, aiming to learn solutions of temperature field in the above regular computational plane (thermal surrogate). Finally, combining the grid position information provided by the meshing surrogate with the scalar temperature field information provided by the thermal surrogate (combined model), we reach an end-to-end surrogate model from geometric parameters to temperature field prediction on an irregular geometric domain. Numerical results demonstrate that our method can significantly improve accuracy prediction on a smaller dataset while reducing the training time when compared with other CNN methods.

Domestication, Design and Technological Objects: Affordance and the Challenge of the Virtual

In its relationship with technological objects, design has historically used aesthetic, stylistic and symbolic devices to tame what was perceived as wild. Drawing on the ideas offered by the framework of domestication, this paper addresses the issue of the relevance of the relationship between user and technological object in an era characterised by the rapid transformation of physical objects towards dematerialisation. Does it still make sense to speak of affordance in the face of a shift from the physical plane to the virtual in the user-object relationship? And what happens to this relationship when technology loses its materiality and becomes ephemeral?

On the dynamic response of bi-directional functionally graded nanobeams under moving harmonic load accounting for surface effect

This paper presents an investigation of the dynamic behavior of bi-directionally functionally graded (BDFG) micro/nanobeams excited by a moving harmonic load. The formulation is established in the context of the surface elasticity theory and the modified couple stress theory to incorporate the effects of surface energy and microstructure, respectively. Based on the generalized elasticity theory and the parabolic shear deformation beam theory, the nonclassical governing equations of the problem are obtained using Lagrange’s equation accounting for the physical neutral plane concept. The material properties of the beam smoothly change along both the axial and thickness directions according to power-law distribution, accounting for the gradation of the material length scale parameter and the surface parameters, i.e., residual surface stress, two surface elastic constants, and surface mass density. Using trigonometric Ritz method (TRM), the trial functions denoting transverse, axial deflections, and rotation of the cross sections of the beam are expressed in sinusoidal form. Then, with the aid of Lagrange’s equation, the system of equations of motion are derived. Finally, Newmark method is employed to find the dynamic responses of BDFG subjected to a moving harmonic load. To validate the present formulation and solution method, some comparisons of the obtained fundamental frequency and dynamic response with those available in the literature are performed. A parametric study is performed to extensively explore the impact of the key parameters such as the gradient indices in both directions, moving speed, and excitation frequency of the acting load on the dynamic response of BDFG nanobeams. The obtained results can serve as a guideline for assessing the multi-functional and optimal design of micro/nanobeams acted upon by a moving load.

Menopause: The transition of life and homoeopathy

Menopause is a stage of a woman's life that happens naturally. Some women have little to no difficulty during this transitional phase, but for others, the menopause can be a particularly uncomfortable time due to the fluctuating hormonal levels. Homoeopathy, with its gentle individualising approach, can provide a healthy existence in both mental and physical plane without side effects due to the complexity of the symptoms that might be encountered in each woman's journey through the menopause.

Review over the ayurvedic drugs in the management of COVID-19

The immense threptic potential of Ayurveda science due to its three-dimensional holistic approach towards health viz physical, mental and spiritual plane, attracted Western population. Its preventing measures like avoiding Prasnaga (sexual contact), Gatra Sansparsha (touching) etc to break the chain of transmission of infective agents. The emergence of pandemic of new communicable disease like SARS and Corona virus disease-19, the scientific fraternity had to rethink the methods of preventing and controlling infectious diseases. Promotion of the health of the human being is key to prevention of infectious diseases in Ayurveda. Ayurveda drugs plays an important role due to anti-inflammatory and Anti-viral effect in the management of COVID-19.

Increasing the personal autonomy of preadolescents from rural areas

The role of sports activities in the training and development of school graduates cannot be disputed. The benefits of this type of activity can be manifested in several aspects: development of motor indicators, maintenance of optimal physical health as well as development of cooperation skills, interpersonal relationships and personality traits, among which personal autonomy is thought to be one of the most important acquisitions. Preadolescence is a stage characterised both by significant changes in the physical and mental plane. The maximum use of sport in school can be achieved by initiating and carrying out extracurricular sports programmes adapted to the needs of students and the specifics of the grade. The research was conducted between 2018 and 2021 in two schools from rural areas in Vrancea County. The study involved 40 participants (30 boys and 10 girls) aged between 12 and 15 years. A comparative analysis of the results obtained by students in the control and experimental groups was performed through the SPSS program using the statistical method for Independent Samples t-Test, Levene’s Test and Cohen’s d. The results obtained from the statistical analysis support the idea that students participating in the extracurricular sports programme have a higher level of autonomy, are more confident in their future and opportunities and show determination, stability and perseverance in their own beliefs and principles.

THE MODEL OF FREE SPREADING A FLOW RAPID BEHIND A RECTANGULAR PIPE

The article considers the free spreading of a turbulent stationary two-dimensional open potential water flow into a wide diverting riverbed behind a non-pressure pipe of a rectangular section. A system of nonlinear partial differential equations of motion has been adopted as the mathematical model of the flow in the physical plane. When moving to the plane of the velocity hodograph, the nonlinear system of equations is transformed into a linear system with respect to partial derivatives. Using the obtained system of equations, various problems along the flow of two-dimensional water streams have been solved analytically. The paper determines the flow kinetics parameter t and the angle q characterizing the direction of the local flow velocity vector at the intersection points of an arbitrary equipotential and an arbitrary current line. The X, Y coordinates of these points are found. The peculiarities of changing the angle θ during the transition of the vertical front of the XD are taken into account.
 Article proposes a module for the transition from a two-dimensional water flow model to a one-dimensional one. This module is necessary for using the laws of flow resistance and taking into account the resistance forces.
 The model proposed in this paper is a development of analytical methods for calculating potential flows with previously unknown boundaries and before the flow expands. It allows determining the entire range of geometric and kinematic parameters of the flow with an error not exceeding 10%.
 The adequacy of the model for all flow parameters improves the accuracy of previously existing methods. This allows the designers of road culverts to increase its reliability.