Physical Neglect In Childhood Research Articles

Sex, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Substance Use Disorders in US Military Veterans: Results From the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study.

US veterans report more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) than nonveterans, and a greater number of ACEs has been linked to substance use disorders (SUDs). To date, however, no study has examined whether specific ACEs may be linked to SUDs in this population in a sex-related fashion. We analyzed data from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, a nationally representative survey of 4069 US veterans. ACEs, current alcohol use disorder (AUD), and current drug use disorder (DUD) were assessed using validated self-report measures. Being raised in a household with people with SUDs was independently associated with current AUD. Childhood sexual abuse and having an incarcerated family member were independently associated with current DUD. Sex moderated associations with specific ACEs. Specifically, female veterans who had experienced physical neglect in childhood or were raised with a mentally ill family member in the home were more likely to endorse current AUD and DUD, whereas male veterans who experienced sexual abuse in childhood or who were raised in a home with someone who used substances were more likely to endorse current AUD and DUD. Results underscore the importance of targeted and sex-sensitive interventions in addressing potentially unresolved childhood traumas as part of treatment efforts for SUDs in veterans.

RISK FACTORS FOR HAZARDOUS DRINKING AMONG DEMENTIA FAMILY CAREGIVERS

Abstract Little is known about alcohol use disorder (AUD) among family caregivers of people living with dementia, even though it is suspected as a contributing cause for caregiving outcomes such as elder mistreatment. This study examines the frequency of and potential risk factors for hazardous drinking (one dimension of AUD, measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test AUDIT-C) among a sample of dementia family caregivers (Nf165). We used data from the first wave of an ongoing longitudinal study on daily dementia caregiving experiences. We computed binary logistic regression models using SPSS version 28 to identify potential risk factors. Among our sample, 20% of caregivers identified as positive for hazardous drinking. Caregivers with greater difficulty regulating their emotions (OR= 1.046, P=0.005, [95%CI] = 1.014–1.079) had significantly greater odds for hazardous drinking, as well as those with a history of physical neglect in childhood (OR=1.176, P=0.01, [95%CI] =1.037–1.334) and those who seek social support as a coping mechanism (OR=1.119, P=0.01, [95%CI] = 1.027–1.220). Additionally, the higher number of ADLs their relative needs assistance with the lower the odds (OR=0.775, p=0.01, [95%CI] =0.64–0.94) of hazardous drinking. Demographic factors such as gender and age were not associated with hazardous drinking, though the sample was predominantly female (90%). Findings show that dementia family caregivers experience hazardous drinking at a rate higher than the general population (6–16%) suggesting family caregivers are at a uniquely higher risk for AUD. Furthermore, the potential risk factors could inform future screening efforts to identify family caregivers experiencing hazardous drinking.

Key factors selection on adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury: A support vector machine based approach.

Comparing a family structure to a company, one can often think of parents as leaders and adolescents as employees. Stressful family environments and anxiety levels, depression levels, personality disorders, emotional regulation difficulties, and childhood trauma may all contribute to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors. We presented a support vector machine (SVM) based method for discovering the key factors among mazy candidates that affected NSSI in adolescents. Using SVM as the base learner, and the binary dragonfly algorithm was used to find the feature combination that minimized the objective function, which took into account both the prediction error and the number of selected variables. Unlike univariate model analysis, we used a multivariate model to explore the risk factors, which better revealed the interactions between factors. Our research showed that adolescent education level, anxiety and depression level, borderline and avoidant personality traits, as well as emotional abuse and physical neglect in childhood, were associated with mood disorders in adolescents. Furthermore, gender, adolescent education level, physical abuse in childhood, non-acceptance of emotional responses, as well as paranoid, borderline, and histrionic personality traits, were associated with an increased risk of NSSI. These findings can help us make better use of artificial intelligence technology to extract potential factors leading to NSSI in adolescents from massive data, and provide theoretical support for the prevention and intervention of NSSI in adolescents.

Associations of Childhood Neglect With the ACTH and Plasma Cortisol Stress Response in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

Background: Cross-sectional as well as longitudinal studies have linked childhood maltreatment to type 2 diabetes in adulthood with childhood neglect showing the strongest effect on type 2 diabetes risk. However, the mechanisms that link childhood maltreatment to type 2 diabetes are still unclear. Alterations in the psychological and physiological stress response system, specifically the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are a common finding in samples with a background of childhood neglect and are associated with type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the association between childhood neglect and the physiological and psychological stress response in patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy control participants.Method: We assessed emotional and physical childhood neglect in a sample of n = 74 patients with type 2 diabetes and n = 50 healthy control participants. We used the trier social stress test (TSST) to induce a stress response. Blood ACTH and cortisol levels were measured before (T0), directly after (T1) as well as 30 (T2) and 60 (T3) min after the TSST. Participants' subjective experience was assessed via visual analog scales before, directly after as well as at 45 min after the TSST. We used multiple regression analyses to predict the change in self-reported tension between T0 and T1. Multilevel models were applied to predict cortisol and ACTH levels across all measurement points.Results: We found a significant association between moderate to severe childhood neglect and a stronger psychological stress response in patients with type 2 diabetes, that was not present in healthy controls. In type 2 diabetes patients, but not in healthy controls, higher ACTH levels across all measurement points were significantly associated with higher severity of emotional neglect and higher severity of physical neglect was significantly associated with a stronger increase in plasma cortisol from T0 to T1.Conclusions: This is the first study to investigate whether childhood maltreatment in patients with type 2 diabetes could be associated with a dysregulated stress response. Our results show a link between the psychological and physiological stress response and childhood neglect in type 2 diabetes patients. This pathway is thus a possible mechanism connecting type 2 diabetes and childhood neglect.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VIOLENCE IN CHILDHOOD AND INCREASE IN THE BODY MASS INDEX AMONG ADOLESCENTS

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the association between violence in childhood and increase in the Body Mass Index among adolescents. Method: a cross-sectional study, conducted with 136 adolescents aged from 10 to 19 years old, monitored by a Multiprofessional Residency Program in Adolescents' Health, in health units from the municipality of Divinópolis-MG. The anthropometric assessment was conducted from March to June 2018; and information was collected referring to the socioeconomic level, demographic factors, food consumption, and physical activity of the participants. The variable related to violence in childhood was composed of five groups, obtained from a factorial analysis. Multiple regression models were used to identify the variables associated with the increase in Body Mass Index, with a significance level of 5%. Results: the prevalence of excess weight was 31.8%. The adolescents participating in the study consumed soft drinks (66.2%) and industrialized food products (66.9%) every week and ate in front of the TV every day (54.4%). The most prevalent type of abuse was emotional neglect, which affected 100% of the sample under study. An association was evidenced of physical neglect in childhood and intake of industrialized food products with the increase in the Body Mass Index z-score. Conclusion: violence in childhood and the consumption of industrialized food products were associated to the increase in Body Mass Index among adolescents. Investments in public policies for comprehensive promotion of health and protection of children and adolescents are imperious.

Male intimate partner violence: Examining the roles of childhood trauma, PTSD symptoms, and dominance.

One approach to understanding perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) by men focuses upon their childhood exposure to abuse or neglect as traumatic experiences, which may lead to PTSD symptoms; these symptoms can serve as risk factors for IPV perpetration. Another approach looks at the societal aspects of inequality between men and women as promoting male dominance over women and leading to IPV. The aim of the current study was to incorporate elements of each approach based on social learning theory through examining the role of dominance as a mediator between early childhood trauma, PTSD symptoms, and IPV perpetration severity. Participants consisted of 234 men drawn randomly from those receiving treatment at 66 domestic violence centers throughout Israel. They completed versions of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale for IPV and Conflict Tactics Scale Parent-Child for history of family exposure to violence and physical neglect, the International Trauma Questionnaire for PTSD, and the Dominance Scale. The results indicated an indirect association between physical neglect in childhood and psychological, physical IPV severity, via PTSD and dominance. The results suggest a more integrated way of conceptualizing trauma, PTSD, and power and control issues for the perpetration of IPV. In addition, they emphasize the need to develop trauma-informed interventions that focus on dominance alongside other important trauma-relevant core themes that increase risk for IPV. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Sexual abuse and physical neglect in childhood are associated with affective theory of mind in adults with schizophrenia

Whereas childhood trauma is associated with reduced nonsocial cognition in schizophrenia, research on the relationship between childhood trauma and social cognition is limited and mixed. The aim of this study was to examine the association between childhood trauma and theory of mind (ToM) in persons with schizophrenia (n = 68) compared to healthy control participants (n = 70). Childhood trauma was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), providing information on physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect and emotional neglect. ToM was indexed by the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC), which yields scores for total, cognitive and affective ToM, and for three error types (overmentalizing, undermentalizing, no mentalizing). Persons with schizophrenia had elevated rates of childhood trauma and lower ToM scores than healthy controls. In the schizophrenia group, associations between sexual abuse and affective ToM was statistically significant. In regression analyses, physical neglect was found to be the strongest predictor of affective ToM. In healthy controls, childhood trauma was not associated with ToM. Follow-up analyses comparing individuals with/without clinically significant childhood trauma, confirmed the findings for the schizophrenia group. No causal inferences can be made in this cross-sectional study, but the results suggest an illness-specific association between both sexual abuse and physical neglect in childhood, and adult affective ToM in individuals with schizophrenia.

Childhood abuse and community violence: Risk factors for youth violence

ObjectiveTo investigate the joint effect of child abuse and neglect (CAN) and community violence (CV) on adolescents with peers that commit youth violence (YV). MethodsThis is a school-based cross-sectional study of 699 students enrolled in four public and nine private schools in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Participants were selected through a complex cluster sampling procedure. CAN was identified using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Exposure to CV was assessed by asking students if they have witnessed cases of lethal violence in the community. YV was measured indirectly through questions about having friends who have committed acts of crime. Multivariate logistic models were used to study the effects of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and emotional and physical neglect in childhood on YV, controlled for confounders, according to different levels of CV. ResultsEmotional abuse OR = 3.32 (CI 95%: 1.79–6.17), sexual abuse OR = 2.33 (CI 95%: 1.20–4.54), and physical neglect OR = 1.81 (CI 95%: 1.02–3.20) increased the odds of YV in adolescents, whether cooccurring with CV or not. Physical abuse OR = 3.95 (CI 95%: 2.29 - 6.80) and emotional neglect OR = 2.93 (CI 95%: 1.83–4.72) are only risk factors for YV involvement when associated with CV. ConclusionsThese findings highlight the relevance of CAN and CV as risk factors for YV and the potential increase in adolescents’ vulnerability when exposed to both. Policies aiming at preventing and dealing with CAN are essential strategies to reduce YV, especially in areas with high levels of CV.

Anxiety-related Endophenotypes and Hazardous Alcohol Use in Young Adults are Associated with a Functional Polymorphism in the SLC6A4 Gene

Background:A functional polymorphism (5-HTTLPR, rs4795541) in the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) gene has been shown as an important candidate for several psychiatric and behavioral traits.Objective:The objective of this study was to examine the possible interaction of this polymorphism with physical neglect in childhood on the presentation of anxiety traits and hazardous alcohol consumption in young Colombian subjects.Methods:272 young adults (mean age: 21.3 years) were evaluated with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale, the Big Five Inventory, the Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale, the Alcohol, Smoking, Substance Involvement Screening Test and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Genotyping for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was carried out using conventional PCR. A linear regression model, corrected by age and gender, was used.Results:We found that individuals with the L/L genotype showed higher scores on physical neglect (p=0.0047), anxiety symptoms (p=0.028), neuroticism (p=0.019) and perceived stress (p=0.035). L/L genotype was a risk factor for hazardous alcohol use in young adults (OR=3.06,p=0.0003). No GxE interactions were observed in our data.Conclusion:Our results provide novel evidence for the role of a functional polymorphism in theSLC6A4gene on the relationship of childhood trauma, anxiety-related traits and risky consumption of alcohol.

Examining the independent and joint effects of molecular genetic liability and environmental exposures in schizophrenia: results from the EUGEI study.

Schizophrenia is a heritable complex phenotype associated with a background risk involving multiple common genetic variants of small effect and a multitude of environmental exposures. Early twin and family studies using proxy-genetic liability measures suggest gene-environment interaction in the etiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but the molecular evidence is scarce. Here, by analyzing the main and joint associations of polygenic risk score for schizophrenia (PRS-SCZ) and environmental exposures in 1,699 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 1,542 unrelated controls with no lifetime history of a diagnosis of those disorders, we provide further evidence for gene-environment interaction in schizophrenia. Evidence was found for additive interaction of molecular genetic risk state for schizophrenia (binary mode of PRS-SCZ above 75% of the control distribution) with the presence of lifetime regular cannabis use and exposure to early-life adversities (sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and bullying), but not with the presence of hearing impairment, season of birth (winter birth), and exposure to physical abuse or physical neglect in childhood. The sensitivity analyses replacing the a priori PRS-SCZ at 75% with alternative cut-points (50% and 25%) confirmed the additive interaction. Our results suggest that the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia involves genetic underpinnings that act by making individuals more sensitive to the effects of some environmental exposures.

Adverse childhood experiences among patients with substance use disorders at a referral psychiatric hospital in Kenya

BackgroundSubstance use disorders are a major cause of health and social problems worldwide. Research evidence shows a strong graded relationship of adverse childhood experiences and substance use in adulthood. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and their association with substance use among patients with substance use disorders.MethodThe study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. A total of 134 patients aged 18 years and above receiving inpatient treatment for substance use disorders were recruited into the study. A mental state exam was done to rule out active psychopathology. Data on socio demographic variables, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use was collected using Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire and The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test respectively. Data was analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20 for windows.ResultsMales accounted for the majority of the study participants (n = 118, 88.1%). Only 43.3% (n = 58) of the participants had a family history of substance use disorder. The most frequently used substance was alcohol which was reported by 82.1% of the participants. Nearly 93% of the respondents had experienced at least one ACE and the most prevalent ACE was one or no parent which was reported by half of the respondents. The adverse childhood experiences significantly associated with current problematic substance use were; emotional abuse, having someone with mental illness in the household, physical abuse and physical neglect. Emotional abuse significantly predicted tobacco (A.O.R = 5.3 (1.2–23.9)) and sedative (A.O.R = 4.1 (1.2–14.2)) use. Childhood exposure to physical abuse was associated with cannabis use [A.O.R = 2.9 (1.0–7.9)]. Experiencing five or more ACEs was associated with increased risk of using sedatives.ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of adverse childhood experiences among patients with substance use disorders. Experiencing emotional abuse, having someone with mental illness in the household, physical abuse and physical neglect in childhood are risk factors of substance use disorders. ACEs screening and management should be incorporated in substance abuse prevention programs and policies.

Physical neglect in childhood as a predictor of violent behavior in adolescent males

Research has established that childhood maltreatment experiences are associated with negative outcomes in adolescence, including violent and antisocial behavior (Chapple et al., 2005). Neglect is the most prevalent form of childhood maltreatment (U.S. DHHS, 2012), the consequences of which require further investigation. This study used archival data to explore whether childhood physical neglect increased the likelihood of violent behavior in a random sample of 85 males between the ages of 12–19 held at a long-term detention facility in the Northeastern United States.An anonymous survey gathered background information and data regarding childhood physical neglect and violent behavior in adolescence. A step-wise hierarchal regression model controlled for the effects of age, self-esteem, personal competency, depression, chemical drug use, family violence and a childhood history of physical abuse. Results showed that a history of childhood physical neglect was the strongest predictor of violent adolescent behavior in this sample when the data was tested for all moderator and mediator effects.

ICD-11 complex PTSD among Israeli male perpetrators of intimate partner violence: Construct validity and risk factors

The International Classification of Diseases 11th Version (ICD-11) will include Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) as a unique diagnostic entity comprising core PTSD and DSO (disturbances in self-organization) symptoms. The current study had three aims: (1) assessing the validity of CPTSD in a unique population of male perpetrators of intimate partner violence; (2) examining whether exposure to different types of traumatic events would be associated with the two proposed CPTSD factors, namely PTSD or DSO; and (3) assessing the differential association of various sociodemographic and symptom characteristics with each factor. Participants were 234 males drawn randomly from a sample of 2600 men receiving treatment at 66 domestic violence centers in Israel. Data were collected using the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) – Hebrew version. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the factorial validity of ICD-11 CPTSD. Cumulative lifetime trauma and physical childhood neglect were associated with PTSD and DSO, while cumulative childhood violence exposure was associated only with DSO. Anxiety was associated only with DSO; depression more strongly with DSO than PTSD. Religious level contributed only to PTSD; compulsory military service only to DSO. The study supports the distinction between PTSD and DSO in the CPTSD construct and introduces the role of cultural variables.

Relationship between infant malnutrition and childhood maltreatment in a Barbados lifespan cohort

ABSTRACTChildhood malnutrition and maltreatment (abuse, neglect) are both prevalent, particularly in resource-limited settings. Despite their known negative impact on child development, there is surprisingly little research documenting their interrelationships. To address this gap, we administered the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire – Short Form (CTQ-SF), a retrospective structured self-report of childhood abuse and neglect, in a Barbadian cohort of 77 adult survivors of infant malnutrition, limited to the first year of life, and 62 healthy controls from the same classrooms and neighborhoods (mean age ± SD = 43.8 ± 2.3 years). This cohort has been followed since birth. Using factor analysis and comparison with archival data addressing similar constructs, we found evidence for reliability and validity of the CTQ-SF in this population. Linear regression analyses, with and without adjusting for childhood household standard of living at three childhood ages, revealed that a history of infant malnutrition was significantly associated with increased levels of self-reported physical neglect in childhood, and, to a somewhat lesser degree, emotional neglect. This study highlights the co-occurrence of infant malnutrition and self-reported maltreatment in childhood in Barbados, with potential public health implications.

Suicidal ideation and its risk factors in borderline personality disorder

Objective To investigate suicidal ideation and its risk factors in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), and raise awareness of suicidal risk in BPD. Methods Patients with BPD were selected from in-patient and out-patient departments as case group(n=84), while 84 subjects were selected as control group, 1∶1 matched by gender and age. Barratt impulsiveness scale, Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire, childhood trauma questionnaire, Beck depression inventory, Beck hopelessness scale and Beck scale for suicide ideation were used to measure the two groups. Results (1)In case group, the number of incidence of suicidal occurred was 84 .The scores of suicidal ideation in the recent week(4.94±4.57 vs 0.50±0.51), suicidal ideation in the worst situation(20.43±6.58 vs 1.26±2.60) and the total score(25.37±9.78 vs 1.76±3.65) were statistically higher than those in control group (t=8.499, 24.972, 20.847, all P<0.01). (2) Multiple regression analysis showed that motor impulsivity, physical neglect in childhood, impulsivity, co-morbidity of axis I disorders, physical abuse in childhood, unemployment and unmarried status were risk factors of suicidal ideation in patients with BPD (β=0.876, 0.640, 0.428, 0.350, 0.236, 0.165, -0.205, all P<0.05). Conclusion The suicide ideation of patients with BPD are prevalent and intense. Awareness of risk factors for patients with BPD, thereby reducing the risk of suicide. Key words: Borderline personality disorder; Suicidal ideation; Risk factor

Evaluating the Relationship Between Childhood Abuse and Neglect, Interpersonal Hostile-Dominance, and Aggression in Psychiatric Hospitals

This study examined whether interpersonal hostile-dominance (HD) mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and aggression in 200 psychiatric inpatients (M age = 38.32 years, 66% male). Childhood emotional (50.5%), physical (42.0%), and sexual (42.0%) abuse, and emotional (46.5%) and physical (41.0%) neglect of moderate to extreme severity was reported. More severe emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and physical neglect in childhood were associated with higher HD. Higher levels of HD and all forms of childhood abuse and neglect were associated with aggression; HD mediated the relationship between childhood emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and physical neglect and aggression. Findings highlight the high prevalence of childhood trauma in adult psychiatric inpatients. Further, childhood trauma contributes to HD, which increases the risk of aggression.

The Association Among Childhood Maltreatment, Somatic Symptom Intensity, Depression, and Somatoform Dissociative Symptoms in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Single-Center Cohort Study

Research demonstrates strong associations between childhood maltreatment and health problems that include dissociative symptoms and fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). We assessed the associations among childhood maltreatment, somatic symptom severity, depression, and somatoform dissociative symptoms in all consecutive adult FMS patients of a tertiary referral pain medicine center between January 2010 and December 2011. Childhood maltreatment was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, somatoform dissociative symptoms with the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire, somatic symptom severity with the Patient Health Questionnaire–15 and depression by the Patient Health Questionnaire–2. A total of 117 patients (84% women) were included in the analysis, of whom 20.5% reported severe emotional abuse, 8.6% severe physical abuse, 12.8% severe sexual abuse, 25.6% severe emotional neglect, and 12.0% severe physical neglect in childhood and adolescence. On average, patients reported high levels of somatoform dissociative symptoms and moderate levels of somatic symptom severity and depression. Somatoform dissociative symptoms and emotional abuse were moderately correlated (r = .32). In hierarchical regression analysis, gender (p = .01) and somatic symptom severity (p < .0001) but not childhood maltreatment and depression were significant predictors of somatoform dissociative symptoms. Reports of somatoform dissociative symptoms by FMS patients might be attributed to their tendency to report multiple somatic symptoms.

The Relationship between Childhood Trauma and Medically Self-Sabotaging Behaviors among Psychiatric Inpatients

This study was designed to explore the relationship between five forms of childhood trauma and medically self-sabotaging behaviors (i.e., the intentional induction, exaggeration, and/or exacerbation of medical symptoms). Using a cross-sectional sample of convenience, 120 psychiatric inpatients were surveyed about childhood sexual, physical, and emotional abuses, the witnessing of violence, and physical neglect, as well as 19 medically self-sabotaging behaviors (i.e., intentional behaviors that represent attempts to sabotage medical care). As expected, in this sample there were high prevalence rates of trauma (62.5% emotional abuse, 58.3% witnessing of violence, 46.7% physical abuse, 37.5% sexual abuse, 28.3% physical neglect). Simple correlations demonstrated statistically significant relationships between sexual abuse and physical neglect and medically self-sabotaging behaviors. Using multiple regression analysis, only physical neglect remained a unique predictor of medically self-sabotaging behaviors. These findings indicate that among psychiatric inpatients there appears to be a relationship between physical neglect in childhood and the generation of medically self-sabotaging behaviors in adulthood. Perhaps physical neglect in childhood contributes to the generation of somatic behaviors in adulthood for the purpose of eliciting caring responses from others.