Physical Necessity Research Articles

The Polluter-Pays Principle in International Climate Change Law: Are States Under an Obligation to Price Carbon Emissions?

In a 2010 paper Feng and Buhi suggested that the Copenhagen Accord of 2009 had demoted the principle of common but differentiated responsibility and “silently” elevated the polluter-pays principle to a dominant position in international climate law. As evidence they cited the fact that some non-Annex I parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, including China, had taken positions previously associated only with Annex I parties, in particular on the provision of climate finance to (other) developing countries. Now, eight years later, with the Paris Agreement erected on the conceptual foundation of the Copenhagen Accord, I ask whether the Feng-Buhi hypothesis has gained plausibility. Certainly, the Paris Agreement obliges states to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions more than they would have otherwise. It thereby obliges them to incur a cost, or pay a price, for those emissions mitigated because of the Agreement. In this sense, states are under an obligation to price at least some of their emissions. (The general rule holds even if we exclude the United States and those less wealthy countries whose domestic mitigation effort may not be affected by the Agreement in the short term.) Other elements of the Agreement, detailed in this paper, also signify a treaty-led elevation of the polluter-pays principle in the climate change regime. Has it now therefore gained a legal foothold in the regime, if only implicitly? An alternative narrative is that the parties to the Agreement have agreed to reduce their emissions in response to, not any legal imperative, but what we might call the physical necessity of avoiding global warming of 2°C or above. A stronger counter-narrative points to certain political sensitivities that conspire to keep the polluter-pays principle’s ascendancy quiet, if not entirely “silent”. In practice, however, as I argue, the principle is increasingly being recognized as delivering a positive obligation for states to act. The logical endpoint of this progressive development of the law is that every “polluter-state” is to accept that the emission of greenhouse gases in its territory must come at a cost to the state, as a matter of law. An emerging legal compulsion to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by pricing them is not to be made light of in a field that is almost devoid of substantive law. Open acceptance of the principle may help to speed up and deepen the global response to climate change.

KISS, Psychology and Quantum Physics

KISS, keep it simple stupid, is a popular admonishment to remember not to over complicate things, that the simplest solution is the best. This paper shows how current interpretation of quantum physics reflecting a probabilistic universe is wrong, and arises because those initially determining the interpretation, such as Bohr and Einstein, did not have an adequate depth of psychological understanding to make the determination. In the extended literature debate over causality circa 1928-1938, Einstein failed to overcome Bohr’s naive operational view of science, that the equations that got the right answer reflected what was happening. Neither man appreciating the simplicity of the logic that quantum physics is knowledge, people produce knowledge, therefore how can quantum physics be ‘interpreted’ without a general theory of psychology which exactly answers the prior crucial question -- what exactly is the relationship between human knowledge of the external world and the objects of that knowledge? Second: How can such a precise general theory of knowledge be created without an apt scientific general theory of psychology describing how knowledge is created by people? In 1927, at the Solvay conference in Copenhagen there was no significant insight into psychology, the world dominated by the misdirected and inadequate views of Freud, a view of psychology that did not include creation of knowledge, hence offered no understanding of the relationship between knowledge and the external world to which the knowledge applied. This paper shows how quantum physics gets the correct answer by interpreting the psi (Ψ) function as a probability function, but its success has masked that probability equations are devices that circumvent ignorance. Beneath the quantum equations there are concrete deterministic processes of Reality, called mechanisms, that are the underlying physical necessity whereby occur the events with which we interact directly or by machine. KISS states that all science is knowledge, including the science of psychology. Therefore, all science can only be interpreted through the apt scientific general theory of psychology making such a theory humanity’s intellectual ’senior science’.

BİREYLERİN HEDONİK TÜKETİM DAVRANIŞLARINA SOSYAL MEDYANIN ETKİSİ

Günümüzde bireylerin ekonomik davranışlarından, iletişim şekillerine kadar hayatlarına etki eden teknoloji, internet, sosyal medya gibi faktörler, bireylerin tüketim davranışlarında da değişimlere neden olmuş, tüketim kavramı farklı şekillerde yorumlanmaya başlanmıştır. Bu kavramlardan biri olan hedonik tüketim, fiziksel ihtiyaçları karşılamak için yapılan tüketimin aksine duyguları doyurmak, haz almak amacıyla yapılan tüketimi, tüketimden zevk almayı ifade etmektedir. Günümüzde bireylerin duygusal tatminini sağlayan bir başka faktör sosyal medyadır. Sosyal medya aracılığıyla kendini rahat ifade edebilen bireyler giderek zamanlarını daha fazla sosyal medyada geçirmeye başlamış, bu durum tüketime bakış açılarını etkilemiştir. Bu durumda çalışmanın amacı, sosyal medyanın hedonik tüketim davranışlarına etkisinin olup olmadığını saptamaktır. Araştırmada kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Hedonik tüketim ve sosyal medya ile ilgili iki ölçek kullanılarak oluşturulan anket Muğla ilinde 18 yaş ve üzeri bireylere uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre sosyal medyada geçirilen süre ile hedonik tüketim davranışı arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu, sosyal medyanın hedonik tüketim davranışları üzerinde etkisinin olduğu görülmüştür.

Smith predictor-based PI control of a wet granulation process

The need for prediction and reference updating in feedback control of a wet granulation process is addressed. The granulation process is often modeled as a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) linear model with dead-time. Industrial implementation of granulation process poses strict constraints on the process inputs & outputs. The presence of dead-time and the physical necessity of the input-output constraints are the key challenges of the wet granulation control. These challenges motivated the use of model predictive control (MPC) for such processes. In this work, a Smith predictor-based proportional-integral (PI) controller is designed for the dead-time compensation. Accompanied with the reference updating method to handle the physical constraints. The regulation and reference tracking control problems are assessed via closed-loop simulations of the wet granulation model. The ability of the proposed control approach of dead-time compensation and coping with input/output constraints is rigorously proved. The current approach is compared to MPC of a similar granulation process and found superior in terms of output stability, performance and reference tracking.

Enucleated cells reveal differential roles of the nucleus in cell migration, polarity, and mechanotransduction.

The nucleus has long been postulated to play a critical physical role during cell polarization and migration, but that role has not been defined or rigorously tested. Here, we enucleated cells to test the physical necessity of the nucleus during cell polarization and directed migration. Using enucleated mammalian cells (cytoplasts), we found that polarity establishment and cell migration in one dimension (1D) and two dimensions (2D) occur without the nucleus. Cytoplasts directionally migrate toward soluble (chemotaxis) and surface-bound (haptotaxis) extracellular cues and migrate collectively in scratch-wound assays. Consistent with previous studies, migration in 3D environments was dependent on the nucleus. In part, this likely reflects the decreased force exerted by cytoplasts on mechanically compliant substrates. This response is mimicked both in cells with nucleocytoskeletal defects and upon inhibition of actomyosin-based contractility. Together, our observations reveal that the nucleus is dispensable for polarization and migration in 1D and 2D but critical for proper cell mechanical responses.

Editor's Note

Editor's Note Rebecca Rovit, Associate Professor In his seminal essay, "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture" (1973), Clifford Geertz cautioned that to counter the "ever-present" danger of losing touch with the realities of our times, cultural analyses must engage what he referred to as "the hard surfaces of life—with the political, economic, stratificatory realities within which men are everywhere contained—and with the biological and physical necessities on which those surfaces rest."1 Forty-five years later, many of us in theatre and performance studies have adopted Geertz's call for social engagement, relying on interdisciplinarity to inform our scholarly analyses and our performance practices. Moreover, the visual and performing arts provide us with a natural site for social action. In this first issue of 2018 I am pleased to feature an array of authors whose articles—particularly in our special section on Dramatic Theory—resonate with our turbulent times. As a prelude to our guest-edited section, two authors consider the theoretical and practical potential of the dramatic work and its implications for performance. In "'Ulysses' Craft': Euripides and Levinas," Dylan Shaul takes up ancient strife in his examination of the satyr play genre, using the work of Emmanuel Levinas to explore the work of art as a site for ethical transformation. The art work also serves as a locus for a series of negotiations: between self and other, the individual and the masses, being and becoming, and war and peace. Significantly, the author emphasizes the ontological drama that Levinas establishes with the notion of hospitality in welcoming the other in a face-to-face encounter between Self and Other. Amy Steiger shifts our focus from the theoretical to the practical, while also incorporating the experiential in "Paradoxical Sleep and Flights of Imagination: Sleep Rock Thy Brain and the Performance of Research." She elucidates the transdisciplinary process by which a public university collaborated with the Actors Theatre of Louisville (2013) to produce a triptych of plays about sleep. Informed by the insights of sleep scientists and psychologists, the performance project created what the author suggests could be a model for new forms of public scholarship in theatre. Further, the Louisville artistic experiment exemplifies how communities can provide networking opportunities for institutions (including universities) and businesses to forge working relationships across the arts and STEM fields. When Geertz advocated that we create meaningful frameworks in which to examine aspects of social action, he suggested that such an examination would "plunge" us into "the existential dilemmas of life."2 At the core of our special section, titled "Dramatic Theory?" and guest-edited by Eero Laine, lies the idea of theatre as a site for cultural and theoretical intervention. I would like to acknowledge those people who continue to make the publication of JDTC possible. Thank you to the College of Arts and Sciences for your sustained support of the journal. My gratitude also goes to Michelle Heffner Hayes, Chair of the newly-formed (as of 1 July) Department of Theatre & Dance. New to our [End Page 1] editorial staff is Jocelyn Buckner, who begins her two-year term as Book Review Editor with this issue. I also am pleased to welcome Chris Hall as our new Managing Editor. Chris is a second-year doctoral student in the English Literature Department at KU. A recipient of the Hall Center for the Humanities Doctoral Fellowship, Chris researches modernism in light of imperialism and colonialism. His dissertation examines modernity through the lens of "worlds"—frameworks for discourses, material realities, and art—in order to erode oppressive boundaries of separation and difference. Finally, I extend my heartfelt thanks to each of you who so willingly has reviewed for the journal. Your active engagement in the peer-review process helps us to keep our standards high in publishing new scholarship in each issue. We encourage new authors and returning ones to send your submissions to jdtc@ku.edu. My four years as Editor will come to a close with the Fall 2018 issue. Be on the lookout for our announcement of my successor. In the meantime, we at JDTC wish each of you a happy and productive summer. Rebecca Rovit, Associate...

The Myth of the Artist in George Morland’s Studio

The Myth of the Artist in George Morland’s Studio Francesca Bove (bio) The Artist in His Studio with His Man Gibbs is the last image that George Morland, the celebrated eighteenth-century painter of rural scenes, painted of himself (fig. 1, circa 1802). The canvas stands out amongst other British self-portraits of the period for the unusual importance it gives to the setting of the painter’s activity. A disheveled Morland is here surrounded by various objects alluding to both his art and his dissolute lifestyle. The visit to the artist’s painting room, a cliché of much Old Master self-portraiture,1 seems here to be reversed into a parody: Morland’s studio appears as the cold and squalid attic which (as one of his obituaries would put it) “served him for every purpose.”2 The impenetrable eyes and shadowy expression which were by now conventionally accepted to indicate a condition of artistic melancholy become a dumb look and a pathetic grimace, as Morland looks over his shoulder at us, showing no interest in greeting his guests.3 Similarly, the high seriousness of art is diminished by its juxtaposition with cooking: the artist at the easel is mirrored by his servant Gibbs at the stove, as if painting was a mere means of fulfilling physical necessities. This article explores Morland’s studio in this self-portrait as a crucial site for the construction of his artistic personality. In describing his art as the direct expression of his imagination, his lifestyle as outrageously bohemian, and himself as a painter disinterested in material rewards and misunderstood [End Page 151] by the cultural establishment, willing to sacrifice his life for the love of art, Morland invented an extremely modern persona and recommended to posterity his own myth. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. George Morland, The Artist in His Studio with His Man Gibbs, circa 1802. Oil on canvas. 63.5 × 76.2 cm. Image courtesy of Nottingham City Museum and Art Gallery, Nottingham. Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792) had passed away a decade earlier, but his towering figure still offered the model of the ideal artistic personality for Morland’s contemporaries. This was not surprising, given that Reynolds had been the most successful British artist of his age, the leading figure of contemporary artistic debates, and the author of a large number of self-portraits diffused through print. In his Discourse VI, he had stated: “The purport of this discourse…is, to caution you against that false opinion, but too prevalent among artists, of the imaginary powers of native genius, and its sufficiency in great works.”4 As President of the Royal Academy, an institution founded on the idea that art could be taught, Reynolds had promoted the image of the morally-impeccable intellectual artist, whose [End Page 152] refinement was the product of a solid academic education based on the imitation of exemplary artworks. Consistent with these views, Reynolds’s self-portraits frequently stressed his status as man of letters and his achievement of an elevated social position.5 In their outward appearance, Morland’s earlier self-portraits had adhered to this vision of the artist: here he described himself as a polite and elegant individual in full control of his mental faculties.6 Nevertheless, these earlier self-portraits already subtly transgressed Reynolds’ model by stressing the sitter’s sensibility and imagination, indicating that Morland saw art as the spontaneous and original product of his interiority rather than the derivative output of academic knowledge. The rules governing the London art world at the turn of the nineteenth century were indeed distant from those that Reynolds had promoted through the Royal Academy, despite the changes that the very existence of this institution had wrought both in artistic production and among artists as a professional class. The establishment of regular public art exhibitions meant an increasing pressure for painters to produce original works that could stand out from crowded walls and cater to a newly enlarged audience.7 Artists were therefore increasingly compelled to pursue expressiveness rather than imitation.8 Simultaneously, the painterly profession was distancing itself from other artistic endeavors with more practical aims, and painters...

Metaphysics of the principle of least action

Despite the importance of the variational principles of physics, there have been relatively few attempts to consider them for a realistic framework. In addition to the old teleological question, this paper continues the recent discussion regarding the modal involvement of the principle of least action and its relations with the Humean view of the laws of nature. The reality of possible paths in the principle of least action is examined from the perspectives of the contemporary metaphysics of modality and Leibniz's concept of essences or possibles striving for existence. I elaborate a modal interpretation of the principle of least action that replaces a classical representation of a system's motion along a single history in the actual modality by simultaneous motions along an infinite set of all possible histories in the possible modality. This model is based on an intuition that deep ontological connections exist between the possible paths in the principle of least action and possible quantum histories in the Feynman path integral. I interpret the action as a physical measure of the essence of every possible history. Therefore only one actual history has the highest degree of the essence and minimal action. To address the issue of necessity, I assume that the principle of least action has a general physical necessity and lies between the laws of motion with a limited physical necessity and certain laws with a metaphysical necessity.

企業からみた物理の必要性 : キャノン中央研究所 副所長 花田博氏にお聞きする(特集)

企業からみた物理の必要性 : キャノン中央研究所 副所長 花田博氏にお聞きする(特集)

An economic evaluation of a programme for chronic complex patients in a context of integration

Introduction: Serveis de Salut Integrats Baix Emporda, SSIBE (Integrated Health Services Baix Emporda) is a healthcare organization which provides primary, acute and chronic care to a population of 130,000 inhabitants (17% aged 65 and over) in Catalonia, Spain. SSIBE put into effect a Proactive Attention Programme for patients with chronic, complex conditions in 2011. The population was identified as Chronic Complex Patient (CCP) by a predictive model which was based on health status (provided by Clinical Risk Group –CRG- system), pharmaceutical expenditure, and utilization of health resources. The interventions of the programme were: 1- Identification label (2011): it was available in the electronic medical record to identify CCP; 2- CCP lists (2012): delivered to primary doctors encouraging them to do a proactive attention; 3- CCP Day Hospital (2012): it was put into effect for preventing emergency admissions; 4- Shared Individual Intervention Plan (2012) health professionals wrote down physical, psychic, and social necessities of the patients. 5- Support Programme for Discharges (from 2010 to 2013): specialised care notified primary care of discharges; In order to carry out the evaluation of the programme we grouped the target population into three groups randomly: the Partial Intervention Group (PIG): interventions 1 and 3-5 were applied; the Total Intervention Group (TIG): interventions from 1 to 5 were applied; and the Control Group (CG), usual care. Previously, we assessed the processes and clinical effectiveness of the programme and the findings didn’t show relevant differences among groups. That encouraged us to close the whole evaluation process through an economic evaluation to measure the economic impact of it. Theory / Methods: The objectives were: to determine which intervention group was the better option, to obtain basic information about costs and how these had evolved in time horizon; and to know better the consumption patterns of the interventions groups in the integration context. Method: economic evaluation - minimization-cost analysis. Catchment: 4 areas in Baix Emporda managed by SSIBE. Population target: 6,490 patients aged 18 and over. Time horizon: 2011 (zero year); 2012 (put into effect of the interventions); 2013 (consolidation of the programme). Perspective from analysis: 1) activity, individual contacts (visits, admissions, re-admissions, medical sessions, etc.) of patients done during the time horizon, and 2) costs, the activity expressed in monetary units. Both perspectives had the following approaches: - Annual analysis: it was considered the annual activity of target population. - Time-series analysis: it was considered the whole activity of non-exitus population who were assigned to the same group each year. Results: For the zero year, the per-capita cost (net of drug cost) was: CG: 2.300€, PIG: 2.500€, and TIG: 2.540€. For the following years, it increased in CG / TIG while in PIG, it decreased only in 2012. For the time-series, the per-capita cost increased in all groups. The range cumulative variation of percentage was: PIG: 20%; CG: 31%, TIG: 35%. Approximately 60% of patients with chronic, complex conditions needed one or two resources. Nearly 35% needed from three to four resources and only the 2% of them needed all resources available. Discussion: In spite of our findings which are similar to ones of the other research, we know better how the cost has change over time and which combination of resources was more common among all those with chronic, complex conditions. Conclusion: Nonetheless the per-capita cost increased in all groups during the time analysed, there is not a clear evidence to determine which intervention group is the better option. 1. Key findings to date: The factors which could have increased the per-capita cost can be: the exacerbations suffered by patients, the combination of three or more health resources, the major complexity of patients treated. 2. Lessons learned: To know about the consumption patterns of the patients can be a clue when we decide to put into effect health programmes. 3. Limitations: The factors which could have affected the programme can be the organizational culture, the behaviour consumption of patients, the time to consolidate the interventions of the programme, and the external factors such as economic crisis. 4. Future research: The consumption patterns of all those with chronic, complex problems could be a key to understand better how the integration, coordination context works.

A Study on the Difference of Perceptions on Urban Regeneration depending on Resident Characteristics

The purpose of this study is to find out the differences of perceptions on urban regeneration issues by resident characteristics in Daegu. Survey questionnaires were composed of 7 questionnaires in 4 fields – perception to residential environment & urban regeneration, the most important issue in urban regeneration and type of implementation. Total 2,016 surveys were selected, and the independent-sample t-test, ANOVA, post-hoc analysis, and chi-square analysis were applied for analyses. Results showed that gender, age, houisng type, ownership and residence periods statistically influenced on the perception to residential environment & urban regeneration, the most important issue in urban regeneration and type of implementation. Especially, resident’s housing type and residence periods showed statistically significant in six questions except type of implementation and the most important urban regeneration issue respectively. Age groups also showed significant differences in five questions except satisfaction to physical environments and necessity of urban regeneration. Gender and ownership showed only differences in three questions. Results showed that considering resident’s characteristics are important when urban policy makers prepare for strategic urban regeneration plan.

The necessity of feedback physics in setting the peak of the initial mass function

A popular theory of star formation is gravito-turbulent fragmentation, in which self-gravitating structures are created by turbulence-driven density fluctuations. Simple theories of isothermal fragmentation successfully reproduce the core mass function (CMF) which has a very similar shape to the initial mass function (IMF) of stars. However, numerical simulations of isothermal turbulent fragmentation thus far have not succeeded in identifying a fragment mass scale that is independent of the simulation resolution. Moreover, the fluid equations for magnetized, self-gravitating, isothermal turbulence are scale-free, and do not predict any characteristic mass. In this paper we show that, although an isothermal self-gravitating flow does produce a CMF with a mass scale imposed by the initial conditions, this scale changes as the parent cloud evolves. In addition, the cores that form undergo further fragmentation and after sufficient time forget about their initial conditions, yielding a scale-free pure power-law distribution $\mathrm{d} N/\mathrm{d} M\propto M^{-2}$ for the stellar IMF. We show that this problem can be alleviated by introducing additional physics that provides a termination scale for the cascade. Our candidate for such physics is a simple model for stellar radiation feedback. Radiative heating, powered by accretion onto forming stars, arrests the fragmentation cascade and imposes a characteristic mass scale that is nearly independent of the time-evolution or initial conditions in the star-forming cloud, and that agrees well with the peak of the observed IMF. In contrast, models that introduce a stiff equation of state for denser clouds but that do not explicitly include the effects of feedback do not yield an invariant IMF.

Health-related quality of life in elderly chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis

Objective: evaluating the quality of life of elderly chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment. Methods: It was a descriptive and transversal study performed with 58 patients in a hemodialysis center. The World Health Organization Quality of Life - bref (Whoqol-bref) questionnaire was used to measure the quality of life of the participants of the study. Data were analyzed descriptively, using SPSS version 21. Results: the majority of the participants were male (62%); aged between 60 and 75 years (84%); married (58%); retired or receiving illness aid (80%); Catholic (86%). Most patients had at least four years of formal education (80%); received between one and two Brazilian minimum wage (77%); classified their health as “fragile” or “very fragile” (58%); had been on hemodialysis for more than a year (80%), and its prevalence was 60% between one and six years. The arteriovenous fistula was present in 88% of the patients. High blood pressure was the main primary cause of the chronic kidney disease in 48.64% of the patients. Regarding the quality of life of the elderly patients measured by the Whoqol-bref questionnaire, the Physical was the most affected domain with an average of 43.94. It was found a significant statistical difference between quality of life of the elderly chronic kidney disease patients and years of formal education in the following domains: Social Relationships (p=0.001), Environment (p=0.029) and General Quality of Life (p=0.013). A significant statistical difference was also reported between quality of life of elderly chronic kidney disease patients and family income in the Environment (p=0.006) and General Quality of Life domains (p=0.031). Conclusions: studies on quality of life offer strategies to health workers that allow them to measure physical, psychological, social and environmental necessities in a way to meet the real needs of elderly patients undergoing renal therapy.

BP Neural Network Model-Based Physical Exercises and Dietary Habits Relationships Exploration

With the continuous progress of society, increment of social pressure, people have paid little and little attentions to physical exercises and dietary necessity. Take Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang and Baotou university students as research objects, targeted at physical exercises time and dietary habits, it starts investigation. Make principal component analysis of investigation results, results indicates that cereal intake is principal component in dietary habits; strenuous exercise time and general physical exercise time are the principal components in physical exercise. Utilize BP neural network model, analyze these seven cities’ physical exercises and dietary habits conditions, the result indicates that except for Shenzhen, all the other six cities haven’t reached the standard.

Fractional quantum Hall effect revisited

The topology-based explanation of the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is summarized. The cyclotron braid subgroups crucial for this approach are introduced in order to identify the origin of the Laughlin correlations in 2D (two-dimensional) Hall systems. Flux-tubes and vortices for composite fermions in their standard constructions are explained in terms of cyclotron braids. The derivation of the hierarchy of the FQHE is proposed by mapping onto the integer effect within the topology-based approach. The experimental observations of the FQHE supporting the cyclotron braid picture are reviewed with a special attention paid to recent experiments with a suspended graphene. The triggering role of a carrier mobility for organization of the fractional state in Hall configuration is emphasized. The prerequisites for the FQHE are indicated including topological conditions substantially increasing the previously accepted set of physical necessities. The explanation of numerical studies by exact diagonalizations of the fractional Chern insulator states is formulated in terms of the topology condition applied to the Berry field flux quantization. Some new ideas withz regard to the synthetic fractional states in the optical lattices are also formulated.

The Only Probability Is Verbal Probability

Abstract In 1977 van Fraassen showed convincingly, and in detail, how one can give a dissentive answer to the question “[a]re there necessities in nature?”. In this paper, I follow his lead and show in a similar fashion and detail, how it is possible to give a dissentive answer to: Are there probabilities in nature? This is achieved by giving a partial analysis – with the aid of Kaplanian pragmatics – of objective chance in terms of that credence that is reasonable where prevailing laws and conditions exhaust one’s evidence. This template belongs firmly within the established Bayesian program of analysing objective chance as ultimate belief. Its contribution to that program is the same as van Fraassen’s contribution to the empiricist program of analysing physical necessity; namely, it demonstrates the logical possibility of such an analysis.

Biomechanical Analysis of Different Knee Prosthesis Biomaterials Using Fem

Metal alloys have been the materials of choice since the start of orthopedic surgery. Orthopedic materials must fulfill the mechanical, biological and physical necessities of their proposed utilization. Knee joint is the most complex joint in human body gets the discriminating loads in different moving conditions. Accordingly the material utilized for knee implant assumes exceptionally essential part for long survival of knee prosthesis. The materials that are utilized as biomaterials incorporate polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Out of those materials cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium alloys, stainless steel and Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene are most usually utilized biomaterials for knee implants. The objective of this paper is to prepare 3D CAD model of prosthetic knee joint from available literature and study the distribution of von-mises stresses, contact pressure, total deformation and in the same by assigning it the different combination of biomaterials for femoral and tibial components. 3D modeling software PRO ENGINEER 5.0 is used for 3D modeling of knee implant and finite element analysis software ANSYS 12.0 is used for numerical estimation of von-mises stresses and contact pressure. The aim is to find out the FEM results considering different flexion angles of knee joint for different biomaterials compare the results and find out the best biomaterial for knee implant design for total knee replacement.

Neutrino masses and Higgs vacuum stability

The Standard Model electroweak vacuum has been found to be metastable, with the true stable vacuum given by a large, phenomenologically unacceptable vacuum expectation value $\approx M_{P}$. Moreover, it may be unstable in an inflationary universe. Motivated by the necessity of physics beyond the Standard Model and to accommodate non-zero neutrino masses, we investigate vacuum stability within type-II seesaw and left-right symmetric models. Our analysis is performed by solving the renormalisation group equations, carefully taking into account the relevant threshold corrections. We demonstrate that a phenomenologically viable left-right symmetric model can be constructed by matching it with the SM at one-loop. In both models we demonstrate the existence of a large area of parameter space where the Higgs vacuum is absolutely stable.

Evidence for overpressure generation by kerogen-to-gas maturation in the northern Malay Basin

Gas generation is a commonly hypothesized mechanism for the development of high-magnitude overpressure. However, overpressures developed by gas generation have been rarely measured in situ, with the main evidence for such overpressures coming from source rock microfractures, the physical necessity of overpressures for primary migration, laboratory experiments, and numerical modeling. Indeed, previous in-situ observations suggest that gas generation only creates highly localized overpressures within rich source rocks. Pore-fluid pressure data and sonic velocity–vertical effective stress plots from 30 wells reveal that overpressures in the northern Malay Basin are primarily generated by fluid expansion and are located basinwide within the Miocene 2A, 2B, and 2C source rock formations. The overpressures are predominantly associated with gas sampled in more than 83% of overpressure measurements and have a sonic-density response consistent with gas generation. The association of fluid expansion overpressures with gas, combined with the sonic-density response to overpressure and a regional geology that precludes other overpressuring mechanisms, provides convincing in-situ evidence for basinwide gas generation overpressuring. Overpressure magnitude analysis suggests that gas generation accounts for approximately one-half to two-thirds of the measured excess pore pressure in the region, with the remainder being generated by coincident disequilibrium compaction. Thus, the data herein suggest that gas generation, if acting in isolation, is producing a maximum pressure gradient of 15.3 MPa/km (0.676 psi/ft) and not lithostatic magnitudes as commonly hypothesized. The gas generation overpressures in this article are not associated with a significant porosity anomaly and represent a major drilling hazard, with traditional pore-pressure prediction techniques underestimating pressure gradients by 2.3 ± 1.5 MPa/km (0.1 ± 0.07 psi/ft).

The Pragmatic Maxim and the Idea of Necessity in Mathematical Inquiry

Abstract In this paper we examine the pragmatic meaning of mathematical necessity. While Peirce writes extensively on the pragmatic meaning of a "would be", he does not provide a developed account of the pragmatic meaning of a mathematical "must be". After examining several possibilities such as information relative accounts, conceivability, the ideal world, and possible worlds accounts, we consider mathematical necessity in terms of his overall pragmatism whereby metaphysical notions are understood in terms of their pragmatic effects, and, in particular, their role in inquiry. We argue that mathematical necessity should be considered a regulative hypothesis. Peirce often addresses questions of modality, such as whether to posit real possibility or physical necessity, by appealing to what is good for inquiry. Just as the hypothesis of the real world constrains and directs inquiry in science, positing the reality of mathematical possibility (or what Peirce sometimes calls " substantive possibility") can also be seen to constrain and direct mathematical inquiry as well as natural science. The necessity of mathematics may, in the end, be stipulated in the form of a hypothesis, just as the reality of the natural world functions as a hypothesis in Peirce's system. The effect of positing this ideal world of substantive possibility lies both in its effects within mathematical inquiry, and ultimately within the natural sciences as mathematical conclusions constrain the hypotheses we see fit to entertain.