Physical Map Research Articles

One hundred years of comparative genetic and physical mapping in cultivated oat (Avena sativa)

Context Researchers have been accumulating information concerning the locations of genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.) for more than 100 years. Aims The aim of this work was to create an inventory of genes and QTLs found in cultivated hexaploid oat and produce tools to make this resource more useful. Methods By using the positions of perfectly matched, single nucleotide polymorphism markers, each centimorgan (cM) location along the consensus map was assigned to a location on the OT3098 v2 physical map found on the GrainGenes database website (https://wheat.pw.usda.gov/jb/?data=/ggds/oat-ot3098v2-pepsico). This information was then used to assign physical locations to the genes and QTLs in the inventory, where possible. Key results A table comparing the major genetic maps of hexaploid oats to each other, to the 2018 oat consensus map, and to physical chromosomes was produced. Genome browser tracks aligning the consensus map regions and the locations of the genes and QTLs to OT3098 v2 were added to GrainGenes. Conclusions Many oat genes and QTLs identified using genetic mapping could be assigned positions on physical oat chromosomes. However, many of these assigned regions are quite long, owing to the presence of large areas of reduced recombination. Specific examples of identified patterns of recombination between the genetic and physical maps and validated gene and QTL locations are discussed. Implications These resources will assist researchers performing comparative genetic and physical mapping in oat.

Karyotypic characterization of Centromochlus schultzi Rössel 1962 (Auchenipteridae, Centromochlinae) from the Xingu River basin: New inferences on chromosomal evolution in Centromochlus.

Centromochlinae is a widely diverse subfamily with more than 50 species and several taxonomic conflicts due to morphological similarity between Tatia and Centromochlus species. However, cytogenetic studies on this group have been limited to only four species so far. Therefore, here we present the karyotype of Centromochlus schultzi from the Xingu River in Brazil using classic cytogenetic techniques, physical mapping of the 5S and 18S rDNAs, and telomeric sequences (TTAGGG)n. The species had 58 chromosomes, simple NORs and 18S rDNA sites. Heterochromatic regions were detected on the terminal position of most chromosomes, including pericentromeric and centromeric blocks that correspond to interstitial telomeric sites. The 5S rDNA had multiple sites, including a synteny with the 18S rDNA in the pair 24st, which is an ancestral feature for Doradidae, sister group of Auchenipteridae, but appears to be a homoplastic trait in this species. So far, C. schultzi is only the second species within Centromochlus to be karyotyped, but it has already presented characteristics with great potential to assist in future discussions on taxonomic issues in the subfamily Centromochlinae, including the first synteny between rDNAs in Auchenipteridae and also the presence of heterochromatic ITSs that could represent remnants of ancient chromosomal fusions.

Morphological Study of The Pulai Watershed on Bintan Island, Riau Island

The Riau Islands are a group of small islands whose entire land is divided into watersheds. One of the watersheds in the Riau Islands that is currently the main source of raw water for the community is Sei Pulai. The condition of the watershed on Bintan Island is greatly influenced by its morphometrics. The purpose of this study is to determine the morphological characteristics of the Pulai watershed on Bintan Island. This research was conducted in 2024 with observation by survey. Data processing is carried out by physical mapping of watersheds (soil, slope and geology). The results of the analysis showed that the Island watershed was included in the category of high rainfall (average rainfall of 2,500 -< 3,000 mm/year) but the intensity of rainfall was relatively low with an average ± 19.11 mm/day; the widest geological characteristics were composed of Pre-Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary formations and igneous rocks consisting of granite and diorite; geomorphological characteristics consist of hills and undulating, rivers have low relief, laminar river flows and no rapids are found, with clear river water color; The slope of the Pulai watershed varies with class I slopes covering an area of ±412 Ha (7%); class II covering an area of ±4,071 Ha (74%); class III covering an area of ±897 Ha (16%); class IV covering an area of ±36 Ha (1%) and class V covering an area of ±83 Ha (2%); the shape of the slope of the Pulai watershed which has a hilly area with a sunken slope will produce a sharper hydrograph uplift. In general, the morphological characteristics of the Pulai watershed are geologically dominated by slopes of 8-15%, while geomorphology is dominated by the shape of old volcanic plains. Efforts are needed to rehabilitate and plant protected areas to overcome erosion caused by the slope of hilly land and fragile soil characteristics, especially protected areas outside forest areas during the rainy season.

Identification and Analysis of Candidate Genes Associated with Yield Structure Traits and Maize Yield Using Next-Generation Sequencing Technology.

The main challenge of agriculture in the 21st century is the continuous increase in food production. In addition to ensuring food security, the goal of modern agriculture is the continued development and production of plant-derived biomaterials. Conventional plant breeding methods do not allow breeders to achieve satisfactory results in obtaining new varieties in a short time. Currently, advanced molecular biology tools play a significant role worldwide, markedly contributing to biological progress. The aim of this study was to identify new markers linked to candidate genes determining grain yield. Next-generation sequencing, gene association, and physical mapping were used to identify markers. An additional goal was to also optimize diagnostic procedures to identify molecular markers on reference materials. As a result of the conducted research, 19 SNP markers significantly associated with yield structure traits in maize were identified. Five of these markers (28629, 28625, 28640, 28649, and 29294) are located within genes that can be considered candidate genes associated with yield traits. For two markers (28639 and 29294), different amplification products were obtained on the electrophorograms. For marker 28629, a specific product of 189 bp was observed for genotypes 1, 4, and 10. For marker 29294, a specific product of 189 bp was observed for genotypes 1 and 10. Both markers can be used for the preliminary selection of well-yielding genotypes.

Psychogeography in Planning: A New Methodological Approach via Representations of ‘Body , ‘Urban Space and ‘Walking

Pattern of urban space penetrates the minds and bodies of citizens; this penetration results in a two-folded map: physical and psychogeographic maps. Mental representations enable (re)-reading the invisible components of physical organization through spatial practice. Re-mapping such an authentic spatial knowledge is a crucial but neglected field of enquiry within planning to grasp the gap between ‘what is conceived’ and ‘what is experienced’. ‘Psychogeography’ concentrates on how the environment influences individuals’ feelings and attitudes and therefore –at the intersection of geography and psychology– it presents an epistemological basis to examine such a gap and offers methodological inputs to cover the interrelation among top-down designs of urban space and bottom-up reproductions of ‘the soul’ of the city. Within this context, the main question of the study is “how the representations of walking experience can be used within planning with reference to the two-folded map assumption”. During this examination, theoretical and methodological readings on psychogeography led us to an epistemological baseline, as an initial step to construct a new spatial methodology of the ‘body’ and ‘walking experience’. The studyk is composed of three sub-sections. Firstly, the gap between ‘physical’ and ‘psychological’ maps is conceptualized. Secondly, the concept of psychogeography is defined as a source and method of spatial knowledge within its deficiencies and potentials. Lastly, the term, Dérive, implying ‘deviation’ and ‘resistance’, is discussed as a methodological path in grasping the gap between physical and psychological maps via the experience of body and conception of the designer.

Novel contactless torque sensor based on optical coherence

This work proposes a novel contactless sensor to measure the micro torque of a rotating shaft based on the optical coherence displacement measurement (OCDM) principle. The experimental system features a simple mechanical testing system to measure the torque, a calibration device to establish the measurement baseline, and a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) shaft to improve the theoretical resolution of the system up to 0.003 Nm. The torque measurement results indicate that this sensor achieved a maximum nonlinearity error of 0.0484 %, maximum repeatability error of 0.2771 %, and maximum hysteresis error of 0.2252 %. This high accuracy of our system stems from the use of high-precision optical principles and the novel physical mapping of the torque (i.e., processing scales on the shaft surface to represent the twist angle by designing a laser engraving system) capable of resisting the negative effects of radial vibrations. Additionally, our torque measurement sensor possesses broader applicability by effectively resisting the impacts of temperature variations and electromagnetic interference. These attributes make it excel other torque sensors presented in the literature in recent years.

Neural network for full-Stokes image reconstruction with wavelength and modulation independence

In this paper, we propose a full-Stokes image reconstruction (FIR) network to reconstruct polarization images from a snapshot of random modulated image. The Stokes-Mueller matrix theory demonstrates that a image captured by conventional polarization imaging system is a linear superposition of the four Stokes vectors, thus image decomposition methods can be used for full-Stokes image reconstruction. The network is constructed based on a cycled conditional adversarial network, which is trained utilizing the physical mapping relationships between the Stokes vectors and the modulated images. Simulations and experiments are conducted to demonstrate the network’s wavelength independence and modulation independence, proving the effectiveness of proposed FIRnet. To some extent, our method alleviates the contradiction between measurement time and accuracy of polarization, promoting the application of compact snapshot full-Stokes imaging.

'A Third Country': Irish Border Communities

Inserting a border where one did not previously exist transforms the mental and physical map of individuals and communities. Those who live along the Irish Border regard themselves as distinct from the rest of Northern Ireland or Ireland – ‘a third country’, that is neglected, and distinct from both Belfast and Dublin. This paper explores the neglect and belated ‘discovery’ of the problems facing border areas: the local impact of partition on population and the economy, the image of the border as a zone of violence and lawlessness, and the importance of the parish and community identities, together with the question of sectarianism. Official interest in the border (apart from security matters), only emerged in 1983 when the Economic and Social Committee of the EEC issued a report on Irish Border Areas highlighting the serious socio-economic problems. Since the 1990s border communities, both north and south, have benefited significantly from an array of programmes funded by the EU, the British and Irish governments and international donors. Most of the practical difficulties of life along the border, such as customs and security posts, were removed during the 1990s, with the introduction of the EU Single Market and the end of paramilitary violence. This has enabled some restoration of traditional cross-border networks. Britain’s decision to leave the EU threatened to restore these administrative barriers, but concerted efforts by the Irish government and the strong support from the EU ensured that this was avoided. Although the Irish border has practically disappeared on the ground, legacies remain. Over the past century it has reconfigured community and personal identities, and it remains a potent political symbol for both nationalists and unionists.

Modern changes in climatic characteristics and minimum flow of the rivers in the basin of lake Sevan

Formulation of the problem. Studies and data on modern changes in the winter minimum average monthly flow of the rivers of the Lake Sevan basin and their climatic characteristics have acquired great practical importance and considerable interest due to the increased use of water resources for the purposes of various types of economic activities, in particular, in connection with the development of the economy, hydropower, irrigation, population growth and rising living standards. Especially relevant are the calculations of the minimum flow in relation to solving the problems of water supply for settlements, industrial enterprises. The aim of the work. Assessment of modern changes in the winter minimum average monthly runoff of rivers in the Lake Sevan basin and their climatic characteristics. Methods. The following methods were used in the work: mathematical-statistical, extrapolation, interpolation, spatial analysis, analogy, correlation and cartography. Results. A physical map has been compiled with a network of meteorological stations and hydrological posts in the Lake Sevan basin. Close correlations were obtained between the values of the winter minimum average monthly runoff and the average runoff of the winter period for a hydrological year. These dependences can be used for preliminary estimates of the minimum runoff of the winter low-water period of unstudied rivers in the territory under consideration. In the course of the research, the winter minimum average monthly discharges were calculated by months and for the entire observation period, the average value of the minimum runoff for the winter low water, and the linear trend of the climatic characteristic. Based on the obtained results, a map of the distribution of the modul of the average minimum runoff of the winter low-water period and the coefficients of the linear trend of the winter air temperature were constructed. Examples of curves of long-term changes in precipitation amounts for the autumn and winter periods, the sum of positive temperatures and the number of days with a positive average daily air temperature in the winter period for a series of meteorological stations in the study area are presented. The rivers of the Lake Sevan basin are characterized by an uneven spatio-temporal distribution of winter minimum runoff and climatic characteristics, changes in the winter average monthly minimum runoff, precipitation amounts for the autumn and winter periods are multidirectional, and air temperature changes are only an upward trend. In the area under consideration, there is mainly (by 8 out of 12 stations under study) a tendency to decrease in the values of the minimum average monthly river flow. The conducted studies lead us to the conclusion that the main factor causing changes in the low-water runoff of the rivers in the Lake Sevan basin in winter is the air temperature, or rather, its increase. It follows from this that when calculating and forecasting winter runoff, it is necessary to relate the values of runoff and air temperature.

Comparison of Hi-C-Based Scaffolding Tools on Plant Genomes.

De novo genome assembly holds paramount significance in the field of genomics. Scaffolding, as a pivotal component within the genome assembly process, is instrumental in determining the orientation and arrangement of contigs, ultimately facilitating the generation of a chromosome-level assembly. Scaffolding is contingent on supplementary linkage information, including paired-end reads, bionano, physical mapping, genetic mapping, and Hi-C (an abbreviation for High-throughput Chromosome Conformation Capture). In recent years, Hi-C has emerged as the predominant source of linkage information in scaffolding, attributed to its capacity to offer long-range signals, leading to the development of numerous Hi-C-based scaffolding tools. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has been a paucity of comprehensive studies assessing and comparing the efficacy of these tools. In order to address this gap, we meticulously selected six tools, namely LACHESIS, pin_hic, YaHS, SALSA2, 3d-DNA, and ALLHiC, and conducted a comparative analysis of their performance across haploid, diploid, and polyploid genomes. This endeavor has yielded valuable insights in advancing the field of genome scaffolding research.

Identification and Analysis of Candidate Genes Associated with Maize Fusarium Cob Resistance Using Next-Generation Sequencing Technology

The pressure to reduce mineral fertilization and the amount of pesticides used has become a factor limiting production growth, as has the elimination of many crop protection chemicals from the market. A key condition for this to be an effective form of protection is the use of varieties with higher levels of resistance. The most effective and fastest way to assist in the selection and control of pathogens is the conducting of genome-wide association studies. These are useful tools for identifying candidate genes, especially when combined with QTL mapping to map and validate loci for quantitative traits. The aim of this study was to identify new markers coupled to genes that determine maize plant resistance to fusarium head blight through the use of next-generation sequencing, association and physical mapping, and to optimize diagnostic procedures to identify selected molecular markers coupled to plant resistance to this fungal disease. As a result of field experiments and molecular analyses, molecular markers coupled to potential genes for resistance to maize ear fusariosis were selected. The newly selected markers were tested against reference genotypes. As a result of the analyses, it was found that two markers (11801 and 20607) out of the ten that were tested differentiated between susceptible and resistant genotypes. Marker number 11801 proved to be the most effective, with a specious product of 237 bp appearing for genotypes 1, 3, 5, 9 and 10. These genotypes were characterized by a field resistance of 4–6 on the 9° scale (1 being susceptible, 9 being resistant) and for all genotypes except 16 and 20, which were characterized by a field resistance of 9. In the next step, this marker will be tested on a wider population of extreme genotypes in order to use it for the preliminary selection of fusarium-resistant genotypes, and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase 1 gene coupled to it will be subjected to expression analysis.

Breeding design in wheat by combining the QTL information in a GWAS panel with a general genetic map and computer simulation

A large amount of genome-wide association study (GWAS) panels together with quantitative-trait locus (QTL) information associated with breeding-targeted traits have been described in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, the application of mapping results from a GWAS panel to conventional wheat breeding remains a challenge. In this study, we first report a general genetic map which was constructed from 44 published linkage maps. It permits the estimation of genetic distances between any two genetic loci with physical map positions, thereby unifying the linkage relationships between QTL, genes, and genomic markers from multiple genetic populations. Second, we describe QTL mapping in a wheat GWAS panel of 688 accessions, identifying 77 QTL associated with 12 yield and grain-quality traits. Because these QTL have known physical map positions, they could be mapped onto the general map. Finally, we present a design approach to wheat breeding by using known QTL information and computer simulation. Potential crosses between parents in the GWAS panel may be evaluated by the relative frequency of the target genotype, trait correlations in simulated progeny populations, and genetic gain of selected progenies. It is possible to simultaneously improve yield and grain quality by suitable parental selection, progeny population size, and progeny selection scheme. Applying the design approach will allow identifying the most promising crosses and selection schemes in advance of the field experiment, increasing predictability and efficiency in wheat breeding.

Physical mapping of genome and epigenome marks of orchidaceous plants using visualization technology: understanding genomic orientation and implications

Physical mapping of genome and epigenome marks of orchidaceous plants using visualization technology: understanding genomic orientation and implications

Identification and introgression of a novel leaf rust resistance gene from Thinopyrum intermedium chromosome 7Js into wheat.

A novel leaf rust resistance locus located on a terminal segment (0-69.29 Mb) of Thinopyrum intermedium chromosome arm 7JsS has been introduced into wheat genome for disease resistance breeding. Xiaoyan 78829, a wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium partial amphiploid, exhibits excellent resistance to fungal diseases in wheat. To transfer its disease resistance to common wheat (Triticum aestivum), we previously developed a translocation line WTT26 using chromosome engineering. Disease evaluation showed that WTT26 was nearly immune to 14 common races of leaf rust pathogen (Puccinia triticina) and highly resistant to Ug99 race PTKST of stem rust pathogen (P. graminis f. sp. tritici) at the seedling stage. It also displayed high adult plant resistance to powdery mildew (caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). Cytogenetic and molecular marker analysis revealed that WTT26 carried a T4BS·7JsS chromosome translocation. Once transferred into the susceptible wheat genetic background, chromosome 7JsS exhibited its resistance to leaf rust, indicating that the resistance locus was located on this alien chromosome. To enhance the usefulness of this locus in wheat breeding, we further developed several new translocation lines with small Th. intermedium segments using irradiation and developed 124 specific markers using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing, which increased the marker density of chromosome 7JsS. Furthermore, a refined physical map of chromosome 7JsS was constructed with 74 specific markers, and six bins were thus arranged according to the co-occurrence of markers and alien chromosome segments. Combining data from specific marker amplification and resistance evaluation, we mapped a new leaf rust resistance locus in the 0-69.29Mb region on chromosome 7JsS. The translocation lines carrying the new leaf rust resistance locus and its linked markers will contribute to wheat disease-resistance breeding.

Exploring the Relationship Between Attribute Discrepancy and Avatar Embodiment in Immersive Social Virtual Reality.

Social virtual reality (VR) is an emerging set of platforms where users interact while embodying avatars. Given that VR headsets track real physical movements and map them onto one's avatar body, the nature of one's digital representation is an important aspect of social VR. However, little is known about how the visual proximity of an avatar to the self shapes user experience in naturalistic, social VR environments. In this article, we use this context to explore how embodiment is influenced by the perceived differences between the physical attributes of a user and the virtual attributes of their avatar. We selected a number of attributes for this measure that have been shown to be important for customization and representation in VR. Participants created an avatar, spent time in social VR, and reported on their experience in a questionnaire. Our results demonstrate a significant negative association between attribute discrepancy and avatar embodiment, the psychological experience of one's virtual body as their own body. We discuss implications for theories of self-representation and suggest urgency on the part of games and VR designers to improve the methods of creating avatars.

A subaerial origin for the mid-Ediacaran Johnnie valleys, California and Nevada: Implications for a diachronous onset of the Shuram excursion

Mid-Ediacaran incised valleys in the Johnnie Formation of eastern California are of interest for their broad time concordance with comparable features elsewhere (e.g., the Wonoka canyons of South Australia), and the largest negative carbon isotope anomaly in Earth history (the Shuram excursion). The Johnnie valleys have been previously interpreted as originating through mass wasting in a submarine setting at a continental margin, and perhaps as a result of syndepositional tectonism. New data suggest an alternative scenario: that the valleys were cut by a combination of fluvial incision and subaerial mass wasting concomitant with sea-level lowering in excess of 200 m, and were subsequently drowned and filled by marine sediments representing paleowater depths as great as tens of meters. Critical evidence from a series of outcrops in the southern Nopah Range includes (1) a new estimate of the erosional relief of the valleys of at least 208 m; (2) the presence in the basal fill of polymictic conglomerate/breccia with a quartz sand matrix that is locally associated with stratified quartz sandstone, suggesting both local and far-traveled fill components; and (3) beds and blocks of giant ooid packstone-grainstone indicative of shallow marine sedimentation during the early stages of valley filling. The conglomerate/breccia is channelized and associated locally with cross-stratification. Our interpretation is based upon a total of forty-five measured sections, physical stratigraphic mapping supported by sub-meter scale resolution 3-D drone imagery, as well as carbon isotope analyses. Comparable valleys, arguably of the same age, and likewise attributed to subaerial incision in earlier studies, are present at or near the top of the Caddy Canyon Quartzite of northern Utah and southeastern Idaho (a straightline distance of ∼ 850 km). Our working hypothesis is that both sets of valleys correspond in time with Gaskiers glaciation (∼580 Ma). Given that negative δ13C values have been obtained from both below and (new data) within the basal valley fill, and correlated by most workers with the Shuram excursion, we infer that the Shuram encompasses rather than postdates the Gaskiers event in eastern California, and that the onset of the excursion may be diachronous at a global scale.

Data‐Driven Fuzzy Weights‐Of‐Evidence Model for Identification of Potential Zeolite‐Bearing Environments on Mars

AbstractThe evolution of the climate and hydrochemistry of Mars is still a mystery but it must have been at least occasionally warm and wet to have formed the ancient fluvial and lacustrine landforms observed today. Terrestrial examples and geochemical modeling under proposed early Mars conditions show that zeolite minerals are likely to have formed under alkaline (pH > 8) conditions with low water/rock ratio and surface temperatures below 150°C. The identification and spatial association of zeolites on the surface of Mars could thus be used to reconstruct the paleoclimate, paleohydrochemistry, and geological evolution of some locations on Mars. Previous studies identified the zeolite analcime and discuss the difficulties of identifying other zeolite species on the surface of Mars using orbital spectroscopy. We used published global mineralogical, geological, geomorphological, hydrological, physical, and elemental abundance maps and the locations of hydrous minerals detected and mapped using orbital data to create a map that delineates favorable areas to look for zeolites on Mars. We used the data‐driven fuzzy‐based Weights‐of‐Evidence method to identify and map favorable areas for zeolites on the surface of Mars up to ±40° latitude toward the poles. The final map shows that the eastern and western Arabia deposits, some sites in the Medusae Fossae formation, and some areas within and near Valles Marineris, Mawrth Vallis, highlands north of Hellas, and the Terra Cimmeria and Terra Sirenum regions would be favorable areas to look for zeolites using targeted orbital spectral analysis or future in situ observations.

Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for Hundred-Pod and Hundred-Seed Weight under Seven Environments in a Recombinant Inbred Line Population of Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a significant oil and cash crop globally. Hundred-pod and -seed weight are important components for peanut yield. To unravel the genetic basis of hundred-pod weight (HPW) and hundred-seed weight (HSW), in the current study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population with 188 individuals was developed from a cross between JH5 (JH5, large pod and seed weight) and M130 (small pod and seed weight), and was utilized to identify QTLs for HPW and HSW. An integrated genetic linkage map was constructed by using SSR, AhTE, SRAP, TRAP and SNP markers. This map consisted of 3130 genetic markers, which were assigned to 20 chromosomes, and covered 1998.95 cM with an average distance 0.64 cM. On this basis, 31 QTLs for HPW and HSW were located on seven chromosomes, with each QTL accounting for 3.7-10.8% of phenotypic variance explained (PVE). Among these, seven QTLs were detected under multiple environments, and two major QTLs were found on B04 and B08. Notably, a QTL hotspot on chromosome A08 contained seven QTLs over a 2.74 cM genetic interval with an 0.36 Mb physical map, including 18 candidate genes. Of these, Arahy.D52S1Z, Arahy.IBM9RL, Arahy.W18Y25, Arahy.CPLC2W and Arahy.14EF4H might play a role in modulating peanut pod and seed weight. These findings could facilitate further research into the genetic mechanisms influencing pod and seed weight in cultivated peanut.

The first mitochondrial genome of Melastoma dodecandrum resolved structure evolution in Melastomataceae and micro inversions from inner horizontal gene transfer

Melastoma dodecandrum is recognized as an ideal industrial subshrub in Melastoma with special characters, like medicinal component, edible fruits, bizarre heteromorphic stamen flowers. Because of strong tolerance to drought and poor land, now it is gradually domesticated into functional economic crops. These special development characters and reported abundant metabolites are suspected to have influence by the mitochondria. To get a better understand of this potential species, we first generated the circle mitochondrial genome with Pacbio-Illumina hybrid sequencing strategy. Finally, the 411,944 bp physical map of M. dodecandrum displayed a long intergenic region segmentation structure and from the comparison with other plant mitogenomes, we unveiled large-scale rearrangements of conserved genes caused by micro inversions. A new insight highlighted the lateral gene transfer from nuclear, chloroplast to mitochondrial genome, consistent fragments captured functional genes like Cytb6f. In the generalized analysis of energy and metabolism genes, we detected a loss of ccmFN and a repeat of cox1 in the whole mitogenome, making it contain relatively complete energy metabolic system. Abnormal selective pressure occurred among the genes in mitogenome and chloroplast, inferring different driving forces of selection existed in the transfer of organic and nuclear genetic materials from hybridization event. This manifested a phylogenetic conflict between the mitochondrial gene and chloroplast gene tree. Eventually, our newly assembled mitogenome will add the knowledge of general trends in mitogenome evolution within dicotyledons and lay solid foundation to the future industrial development.

IoT Terminal Architecture Model

The physical Information mapping relationship and function in the sense and control domain is described using entities such as gateway, sense, and control device in the existing IoT reference architecture. However, due to the lack of research on the IoT terminal architecture, there have been difficulties in the research and application of IoT terminal technologies. Starting from the trend analysis of application development of IoT systems, this article proposes an IoT terminal architecture reference model IoT TARM that integrates gateway and sense and control device functions. It analyses the architecture and functional characteristic enhancement acting on the IoT systems due to the IoT TARM. It summarizes the low-power, reconfigurable, lightweight, and platform characteristics of IoT TARM and expounds on the relationship between IoT TARM and the existing IoT architecture.