Physical Irritation Research Articles

Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS).

Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) has been used as a coupling agent in thermoplastics and thermosetting resins, a cross-linker in silicone sealants, a water repellent component, and in silicone hard-coats for plastics. Acute studies in experimental animals showed a low order of toxicity for MTMS via oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. MTMS was slightly irritating to both eyes and skin in rabbits. A weight of evidence assessment supports that MTMS is not a dermal sensitizer. Available in vitro and in vivo assays indicated MTMS has a low potential for genotoxicity. MTMS did not produce any changes in either reproductive or developmental parameters. Short-term, repeated inhalation in rats produced treatment-related observations in the urinary bladder and kidney. In a 90-day inhalation study in rats, MTMS was associated with production of urinary bladder epithelial hyperplasia, calculi formation, and moderate kidney dilation with hyperplasia of the pelvic epithelium and granulomatous inflammation. However, an expert panel review concluded that changes in the bladder and kidney were adaptive responses to physical or chemical irritation. The NOAEL of 100 ppm (557mg/m3) from the 90-day inhalation study was considered the point of departure for the health-based WEEL derivation. After adjusting to account for duration of exposure and interindividual variability, the resulting 8-h TWA WEEL value of 10 ppm (55mg/m3) is fully expected to provide a significant margin of safety against potential adverse health effects in workers.

Formulasi Sediaan Lip Gel Dari Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) Sebagai Pelembab Bibir

Lips are a facial area that is vulnerable to adverse environmental influences, which can lead to discomfort such as dry, chapped lips, and a dull appearance. Lip gels are commonly used in lip care. Pineapple peel waste (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) contains compounds that can be utilized for lip care. The objective of this study was to determine the formulation of a lip gel preparation by testing its physical properties, irritation, and effectiveness as a lip moisturizer. This study is an experimental study. Base optimization was carried out, followed by formulation of preparations with pineapple peel extract concentrations of F1=3%, F2=5%, and F3=7%, physical evaluation of the preparation, namely organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, spreadability tests, adhesiveness tests, viscosity, pH, irritation tests, and moisturizing effectiveness tests. The results showed that pineapple peel extract can be used as an active ingredient in lip gel preparations. The physical properties of the preparations were semi-solid, yellow to brownish in color with a characteristic pineapple aroma, and did not cause irritation or erythema. All formulas were still within the requirements of good characteristics. The lip gel formulation F2 was more effective based on the results of the percentage increase in moisture content, which was 73.18%.

EVALUATION OF AN ANTI-DANDRUFF SHAMPOO INCORPORATING ETHANOL EXTRACT FROM CORN SILK (ZEA MAYS L.) AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS FUNGUS: FORMULATION AND ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of corn silk (Zea mays L.) extract as an antifungal ingredient in shampoo formulation for treating dandruff caused by Candida albicans. Methods: Plant identification, sampling, preparation of simplisia, phytochemical screening, simplisia characterization, ethanol extraction of corn silk, and the formulation of shampoos with extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, alongside blank and positive controls. The formulations underwent physical evaluation, irritation testing, and antifungal activity testing using the disc diffusion method. Results: The corn silk shampoo formulations were stable during storage, non-irritating, was in thick liquid form with yellowish to brown colour, corn scent, had pH between 5.0-5.8, foaming capacity at 10.3-13.0 cm, with the viscocity ranging 1967-2224 cPs, means it met the required standards for shampoo formulation and characterization. Antifungal testing revealed inhibition zone diameters of 0 mm for the blank (F0), 7.87 mm for F1 (5%), 9.46 mm for F2 (10%), 15.89 mm for F3 (15%), and 18.71 mm for the positive control (C+), with a one-way ANOVA test indicating a significant difference compared to the negative control. Conclusion: Corn silk extract could be effectively formulated into an antifungal shampoo, with the 15% concentration being the most effective against Candida albicans, highlighting its potential as a natural ingredient for anti-dandruff shampoos.

Physical test and irritation test of water guava leaf extract (Syzygium aqueum) as a natural spray hand sanitizer

This study explores the manufacture of water guava (Syzygium aqueum) leaf extract-based hand sanitizers as an effective and safe natural alternative for maintaining hand hygiene. Given the importance of hand hygiene in preventing the spread of disease, especially amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of hand sanitizers has increased significantly. However, alcohol-based products are often irritating to the skin. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the potential of water guava leaf extract to improve the effectiveness and convenience of hand sanitizers. Water guava leaves contain active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and phenolics with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. The research method includes extracting water guava leaves, hand sanitizer formulation, and organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, and irritation testing. The tests carried out were physical tests, including organoleptic tests (shape, smell, and colour), pH, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesiveness, and product irritation tests. The research was designed with a posttest-only control group design with true experimental by analyzing the test object after being given treatment. This research is expected to produce products that are useful for the community. The results showed that all hand sanitizer formulas tested had a pH within the safe range of pH 5 for the skin without irritating the skin of the test animals. Formulas with added guava extract showed improved aroma and anti-irritation, with formulas F1 and F2 gaining the highest preference in aroma and colour. This study concludes that water guava leaf extract can be effectively used in the manufacture of hand sanitizers, providing a gentler and skin-friendly alternative to alcohol-based synthetic products.

Designing and Characterizing a Multipurpose Facial Scrub Infused with Chrysopogon zizanioides, Prunus dulcis and Santalum album

This study focuses on the design and characterization of a herbal scrub utilizing natural excipients for skincare applications. The primary objective was to develop a safe and effective product capable of addressing common skin issues such as wrinkles, acne, and excessive oil production. The scrub formulation incorporated a blend of carefully selected excipients, including aloevera, amla, coriander, liquorice, sandalwood, lemon peel powder, khus-khus, almond oil, rose petal extract, and black catechu. Various parameters, including physical appearance, viscosity, pH, spreadability, irritability, stability, and microbial assay, were systematically assessed to comprehensively evaluate the scrub. The results revealed that the scrub demonstrated outstanding cooling effects, skin lightening properties, and efficacy in preventing new pimples. It exhibited a pleasant odor, possessed a brown color, and proved non-irritating to the skin. The scrub's texture was smooth, facilitating easy spreading. In conclusion, the formulated herbal scrub emerged as a safe and efficacious exfoliating product, offering the benefits of glowing skin without any adverse effects. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights into the development of a skincare solution that combines natural ingredients for optimal effectiveness and user satisfaction.

Silk fibroin-based wearable SERS biosensor for simultaneous sweat monitoring of creatinine and uric acid

Sweat biomarkers have the potential to offer valuable clinical insights into an individual's health and disease condition. Current sensors predominantly utilize enzymes and antibodies as biometric components to measure biomarkers present in sweat quantitatively. However, enzymes and antibodies are susceptible to interference by environmental factors, which may affect the performance of the sensor. Herein, we present a wearable microfluidic surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensor that enables the non-invasive and label-free detection of biomarkers in sweat. Concretely, we developed a bimetallic self-assembled anti-opal array structure with uniform hot spots, enhanced the Raman scattering effect, and integrated it into a silk fibroin-based sensing patch. Utilizing a silk fibroin substrate in the wearable SERS sensor imparts desirable properties such as softness, breathability, and biocompatibility, which enables the sensor to establish close contact with the skin without causing chemical or physical irritation. In addition, introducing microfluidic channels enables the controlled and high temporal resolution management of sweat, facilitating more efficient sweat collection. The proposed label-free SERS sensor can offer chemical ‘fingerprint’ information, enabling the identification of sweat analytes. As an illustration of the feasibility, we have effectively monitored the creatinine and uric acid levels in sweat. This study presents a versatile and highly sensitive approach for the simultaneous detection of biomarkers in human sweat, showcasing significant potential for application in point-of-care monitoring.

Formulation and Characterization of Gabapentin-Loaded Bigel For Transpinal Delivery to Brain

In this research, the focus was on the design and evaluation of novel two-phase systems known as bigels (BGs) for the transpinal (TS) drug delivery of gabapentin. BGs combine the advantages of hydrogels and organogels while mitigating the drawbacks of individual gels. The formulation involved preparing hydrogels and organogels using carbopol 940 in varying concentrations, which were later combined in a 1:1 ratio to produce BGs. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated the interaction between the drug and polymer was nil. The formulated BG formulations underwent comprehensive characterization, including assessments of physical appearance, pH, viscosity, swelling index, spreadability, drug content, in-vitro release, ex-vivo permeation, skin irritation, and antiepileptic activity. Formulation B5 emerged as the optimized formulation based on various evaluation parameters. Skin irritation studies demonstrated compatibility with the skin, showing no adverse reactions. In antiepileptic activity, rats receiving gabapentin BG via the TS route exhibited a significant reduction in convulsion duration compared to control groups that received BG without the drug or free drug solution orally. Conclusively, the study suggests that the developed BGs containing gabapentin, when applied through the TS route on the back of the neck, hold promise for reaching the brain effectively. This method presents a potential avenue for enhanced drug delivery in the control of epilepsy.

Preparation and Evaluation of Herbo- Mineral Scrub using Banana Peel Powder

The objective of this study to prepare good and e effctive Herbo-Mineral scrub for face.This research article includes formulation and evaluation of a face scrub for lightening using banana peel powder.our face skin comes in direct contact of environmental factors like pollutant, dust particles etc. and having number of dead cells .to remove the dead skin and make face skin lightening, healthy, cleaned some facial prepration required . This scrub prepration contain banana peel powder which are safer for use it also they possess antioxidant, anti-ageing, lightening, and emollient properties , this scrub is prepared using simple mixing method . The scrub contain the vitamins, minerals, nutrients for the skin. The prepared scrub was evaluated for evaluating various parameters including physical appearance, colour, texture, odour, pH, viscosity, irritability, washability, homogenecity, extrudability, and spreadability, successful outcomes were achieved across all tested parameters and uatedd fruitful results for all the parameter tested. Thus the prepared formulation can be used effectively as it shows good scrubbing properties and it can be used to make a healthy, clean, lightening and glowing skin,

A Case of Severe Abomasal Sand Impaction in a Farmed White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Florida.

The University of Florida's Cervidae Health Research Initiative (CHeRI) conducted a post-mortem examination of a two-year-old white-tailed doe deceased at a northern Florida white-tailed deer farm. The carcass of the deer had notable emaciation and bloating. Upon opening of the carcass, there was pneumonia and the rumen was tympanic and enlarged. Additionally, the abomasum was distended and contained approximately 5 kg of sand. It is not uncommon for white-tailed deer to engage in geophagia (eating soil or sand), which typically does not result in diseases or fatalities. However, in this animal, we suspect a chronic process that created a physical barrier, hindering nutrient absorption and resulting in physical irritation of the abomasal mucosa with subsequent inflammation. This may have caused a disturbance in immune system function, allowing opportunistic bacteria to colonize and invade other organs, such as the lungs, contributing to the animal's death.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE OF YOUNG PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT ACCENTUATIONS OF CHARACTER

The purpose of the work is to show the results of a theoretical and empirical study of the features of the emotional intelligence of young people with different accents and styles of humor. Methodology. 88 young men of late adolescence took part in the study - students of Kyiv secondary schools. Methods: 1) theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific literature on research issues; 2) diagnostic standardized methods: diagnostic test of character accentuation types (A.E. Lychko); emotional self-awareness test (O.I. Vlasova); questionnaire of emotional intelligence (D.V. Lusin); empathy questionnaire (Mehrabiana); questionnaire "Styles of humor" (Martin; 3) Descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the relationships between the results of the empirical study. The results. The researchers found that the most developed interpersonal emotional intelligence is characteristic of young people with a labile accentuation type, who are characterized by low self-awareness and high mood variability. High intrapersonal emotional intelligence is significantly associated with the astheno-neurotic type of accentuation, which is characterized by increased mental and physical fatigue and irritability in everyday life. This type of accentuation of the character turned out to be predominant among the researched (22%). Regarding the use of humor by the researched people, it was found that young men with demonstrative and hyperthymic types of character accentuations prefer an aggressive style of humor, which is destructive in content and directed at others. This significantly distinguishes them from young men of the age-standard development, for whom the most characteristic is a self-supporting style of humorous attitude to life events, which has a constructive meaning and productively affects the personality of the young man and his environment.

Patterns of eating behaviors, physical activity, and lifestyle modifications among Bangladeshi adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background Several safety measures like movement restrictions, closure of educational institutions, and social distancing measures continue over the world including Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to examine the patterns of eating behaviors, physical activity, and lifestyle modifications among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic residing in Bangladesh. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed among 490 adolescents in Bangladesh from December 2020 to May 2021. The survey was carried out through a semi-structured web-based questionnaire that asked questions about socio-demographics (i.e., age, sex, marital status, education, residence), perceived health status and quality of life, anthropometrics (i.e., height, weight), dietary habits (i.e., frequency of eating, daily intake of certain foods, number of meals eaten daily), and physical activity (i.e., modified version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form [IPAQ-SF]), as well as, pre- and during COVID-19 information on stress, and sleep. Results During the pandemic, 43.7% participants reported weight gain; and 23.5% reported an increased number of meals per day during COVID-19. Additionally, the participants’ eating habits diverged from the local balanced diet principles and were more akin to ‘unhealthy’ eating patterns. Though, during the COVID-19 pandemic, physical exercise slightly increased (>3 times/ week: 8.2% vs. 13.5%; p<0.001) compared to pre-COVID-19 period, the screen time for entertainment increased drastically (>5 hours/ week: 12.2% vs. 27.3%; p<0.001). Compared to the pre-pandemic, a sizeable proportion of individuals experienced more physical tiredness, emotional exhaustion, irritation, and stress (p<0.001) during the pandemic. During the pandemic, 47.5% of participants experienced different sleep difficulties. Conclusions Although lockdowns and social distancing are important safety measures to protect people from COVID-19, findings reveal that they might cause a variety of lifestyle changes, physical inactivity, and psychological issues in Bangladeshi adolescents.

A Case study- Jalaukavacharan-Leech Therapyin management of Vranagranthi (Keloid)

Keloid is a type of scar that results from the overgrowth of dense fibrous tissue which is usually develops after healing of a skin injury. In other words, it represents an abnormal scar formation. The tissue extends beyond the borders of the original wound and does not usually regress spontaneously. It causes cosmetic deformity, itching, pain, and stress ultimately resulting in compromised quality of life and diminished functional performance. The treatment of Keloid is often difficult because there is an associated high risk of recurrence. Vrana represents a vast part of Shalyatantra and the pathogenesis of Keloid is similar to Vrana granthi which has been explained as a growth of mass at the site of Vrana following dietetic complications or any physical irritation in a Vrana patient. Jalaukavacharana (leech therapy) is a parasurgical type of Raktamokshana and is considered as the most unique and effective method of bloodletting. Leeches are widely used in most disorders ranging from skin disease with evidence of successful results. In the present paper, an effort has been made to case of keloid that have been conducted in Ayurveda as para surgical procedure.

MHD peristaltic two-phase Williamson fluid flow, heat and mass transfer through a ureteral tube with microliths: Electromagnetic therapy simulation

The ureter typically experiences a frequency of one to five peristaltic contractions per minute. However, it is important to note that these contractions can be disrupted by various physical and mechanical irritants. Ionic contents in the urine make it electrically conducting and responsive to electromagnetic body forces. MHD can be deployed in bio magnetic therapy to control or mitigate symptoms associated with peristaltic pumping in the urinary system. This article therefore focuses on the hydromagnetic effects on flow patterns of urine with debris (monoliths). The mechanism of urine flow is largely coordinated by the kidneys. The flow inside the ureter is interrupted by microliths, which are generated by the sedimentation of excretory products. To simulate this, a two-phase formulation is adopted, comprising the electromagnetic urological viscous fluid phase and the particulate phase for solid grains. The peristaltic propulsion of two-phase liquid in the ureter is simulated as a sinusoidal wave propagation of incompressible non-Newtonian fluid. The Williamson viscoelastic model is deployed for the rheology. Heat transfer is also included with Soret thermo-diffusion and viscous heating effects. Long wave and low Reynolds number approximations are employed based on lubrication theory. The mass, momentum, energy and concentration conservation equations with associated boundary conditions are rendered non-dimensional via appropriate scaling transformations. A numerical solution is achieved via BVP4C MATLAB quadrature. Graphical visualizations of the velocity, temperature and concentration (solid grains) are given for the influence of suspension parameter ( ζ ), Hartmann number (M), Prandtl number (Pr), Weissenburg number (We), particle volume fraction (C), Eckert number (Ec), Soret number (Sr), Schmidt number (Sc). The novelty of the present work is therefore the simultaneous consideration of a generalized two-phase model, wall slip, non-Newtonian characteristics, cross diffusion, viscous dissipation, mass diffusion, magnetic body force and curvature effects in peristaltic urological transport, which has not been undertaken previously. The detailed simulations reveal that the flow velocity is reduced due to the presence of solid particles and the channel curvature, in comparison to the flow in an unobstructed channel devoid of solid particles. Enhancing the hydrodynamic slip parameter speeds up the movement of particles and fluid near the channel walls, boosts wall skin friction, raises pressure difference in the pumping area, and amplifies bolus magnitudes.The rise in peristaltic pumping results in a reduction in solid particle concentration, which is significant phenomena.This theoretical approach may aid in treating conditions such as Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). The computations effectively demonstrate that significant manipulation of urological pumping characteristics can be achieved with an electromagnetic field. Some new features of two-phase ureteral dynamics are highlighted as relevant to magnetic therapy techniques, which may be beneficial to clinicians.

Hand eczema: a common diagnosis in everyday practice

Hand eczema is one of the most common dermatoses at the doctor’s office during visits. There is some evidence that the prevalence rates reach almost 15% of the population. This disease greatly affects patients’ quality of life, work activities and other areas of life. The eczema pathogenesis is quite complex and is built up of genetic factors, environmental effects and various irritating agents. Disturbances of skin barrier also plays a significant role in the development of the disease. For example, patients with atopic dermatitis often suffer from hand eczema. Excessive hand hygiene (frequent washing and use of alcohol-based products) also increases the risk of developing this unpleasant dermatosis. Clinical features distinguish acute from chronic eczema. Acute eczema manifests as erythema, oedema, and vesicular rashes. The chronic course is characterized by skin thickening, peeling, erosion and cracks. Exacerbations occur 2 or more times per year. Hand eczema can be divided into irritant, which develops in response to contact with physical, mechanical, and chemical irritants, and allergic, which is provoked by contact with an allergen that induces type IV immune response. It is also common to distinguish protein contact dermatitis, which refers to a subtype of allergic eczema. Traditionally, moisturizers and topical corticosteroids are used for the treatment of hand eczema. Among topical corticosteroids, methylprednisolone aceponate (Advantan®) is especially worth noting. In addition to the pronounced therapeutic effect, the option to use it once a day is an undoubted advantage over many other drugs. This fact has a positive effect on therapy adherence. This topical corticosteroid is well tolerated and highly effective for the treatment of eczematous dermatitis, which is confirmed by many-year experience in using it.

Physical stability test and irritation test of lotion moringa oleifera leaves ethanol extract with variation concentration

Physical stability test and irritation test of lotion moringa oleifera leaves ethanol extract with variation concentration

Hypothesis Explaining Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma During Infection with Schistosoma Haematobium

Schistosome worms are blood-dwelling flukes that cause chronic infection in more than 200 million people and are thought to be responsible for 500,000 deaths annually. During infection with Schistosoma haematobium, eggs are deposited in the mucosa and submucosa of the bladder and lower ureters. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder is a long-term sequela of chronic infection. The mechanisms underlying the association between S. haematobium and SCC of the bladder are largely unknown, with all reports to date exclusively demonstrating epidemiological evidence linking S. haematobium infection with SCC of the bladder. Scientists hypothesised that the parasite antigens might induce alterations in epithelial cells towards cancer. Scientists used Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and treated the cells in culture with S. haematobium total antigen (Sh). Results showed increased proliferation, increased S-phase and decreased apoptosis, as well as down-regulation of tumor suppressor p27 and up-regulation of anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 (Botelho et al., 2009). Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones and is recognized as a key event in cell proliferation and carcinogenesis and spread of malignant lesions (Dematei et al., 2017). S. haematobium is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (Hodderet al., 2000). Another factor that may play a major role in bladder carcinogenesis in schistosomiasis patients is the presence of continuous physical irritation and inflammation produced by Schistosoma eggs in the bladder mucosa. The adult S. haematobium worms inhabit the veins of the perivesical plexus, where the female lays eggs. Some eggs pass through the bladder mucosa and are excreted in the urine. Other eggs are trapped in the tissue. A chronic inflammatory reaction is initiated, with the invasion of histiocytes and other inflammatory cells into the bladder, the formation of granulomas and eventually fibrosis. In addition, the eruption of the eggs through the mucosa stimulates reparative urothelial hyperplasia and cell turnover (Rosin et al., 1994). In our article we try to explain possible mechanism of conversion normal cells into tumor cells from the position of karyogamic theory.

The Composition of Zoophilic Fly Species in Eastern Ukraine

Zoophilic Diptera plays a leading role in the epizootic foci formation of many infectious and parasitic diseases and directly affects the quality of livestock products. The current study aimed to analyze the number and species composition of parasitic Diptera in industrial, farm, and homestead agrobiocenoses of large and small cattle, pig, and poultry farms in Eastern Ukraine. The research involved entomological collection during the peak activity daylight hours in early May, July, and early September 2021-2022 per farm. A total of 360 entomological collections were made, and 4310 zoophilous flies were examined. In livestock farms of five districts of the Kharkiv region of Ukraine, 28 species of zoophilic flies were registered, among which Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Stomoxys calcitrans, Lucilia sericata, Protophormia terraenovae, and Drosophila species were dominant species. The analysis revealed that cattle biocenoses hosted 27 fly species, pigs had 8 species, and poultry and small cattle each had 7 species. The study indicated an increase in the population of Musca autumnalis, the main species in the pastures, near livestock premises during the summer. Stomoxys calcitrans was also recorded in livestock agrobiocenoses. The species Musca domestica, Musca autumnalis, and Stomoxys calcitrans account for 78.8% to 88.3% of the entire complex of zoophilous flies. The two species of Ortellia caesarion (shiny dung beetle) and Ortellia cornicina (green dung beetle), known for their role as manure mineralizers and deemed non-threatening to animals, were completely absent during the research period. The findings indicated the species of Eristalis tenax in agrobiocenoses in 2021. Therefore, it can be concluded that zoophilic flies are physical irritants to animals and potential carriers of many infectious diseases, especially diseases caused by unicellular organisms.

Effects of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Combination on Physical Stability and Irritability of Gluthathione Peel-Off Masks

Effects of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Combination on Physical Stability and Irritability of Gluthathione Peel-Off Masks

In Situ Tyrosinase Monitoring by Wearable Microneedle Patch toward Clinical Melanoma Screening.

Despite the potential indicating role of tyrosinase (TYR) in cutaneous melanoma, how to capture the real changes of TYR in suspicious skin remains a major challenge. Unlike the traditional human serum test, this study reports a sensing platform that incorporates a wearable microneedle (MN) patch and trimetallic Au@Ag-Pt nanoparticles (NPs) for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and colorimetric dual-mode detecting TYR in human skin in situ toward potential melanoma screening. In the presence of TYR, catechol immobilized on MN is preferentially oxidized to benzoquinone, which competitively impedes the interaction of MN and Au@Ag-Pt NPs, triggering the SERS-colorimetric signal reciprocal switch. Using a B16F10 mouse melanoma model, our platform is capable of noninvasively piercing the skin surface and detecting TYR levels before and during anti-PD-1 antibody treatment, which would be highly informative for prognostic judgment and illness monitoring of melanoma. Through in situ sensing for capturing the metabolic changes of TYR in advance, this platform was successfully applied to discriminate the melanoma subjects from skin moles and normal ones (p < 0.001), as well as screen potential melanoma from lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-negative patients. Melanoma growth and prognosis can still be monitored through recording the continuous change of TYR levels. More importantly, the well-defined flexible and stretchable characteristics of the MN patch allow robustly adhering to the skin without inducing chemical or physical irritation. We believe this platform integrating MN-based in situ sensing, TYR responsiveness, and SERS/colorimetric dual-readout strategy will have high clinical importance in early diagnosis and monitoring of cutaneous melanoma.

The Moderating Role of Age Beliefs on the Relationships Between Physical Symptoms, Depression, and Irritability in Menopausal Women

The Moderating Role of Age Beliefs on the Relationships Between Physical Symptoms, Depression, and Irritability in Menopausal Women