Physical Inspection Research Articles

Formulasi dan Uji Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Lulur Krim Ekstrak Daun Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.)

Scrub cream is a pharmaceutical preparation which function is to remove dead skin cells, moisturize and brighten the skin with the help of scrub ingredients. One of the natural ingredients used as raw material for scrub cream is fragrant pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.). The aim of this study was to make a cream scrub preparation from pandan extract with various concentrations of 3%, 3.5% and 4%. This research was conducted experimentally. Preparation testing includes organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, irritation test, spreadability test, stability test, and emulsion type test. The results of the physical quality inspection of the scrub cream from pandan Wangi extract showed that the preparation was homogeneous, had an M/A emulsion type, had a pH value of 6.1-6.5, did not cause irritation and did not change during storage for 4 weeks except for the preparation with a concentration of 3.5% because the preparation underwent a change in the breakdown of the emulsion in the preparation on storage starting from the 3rd week. From the research that has been done, it can be concluded that Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb extract can be formulated as a scrub cream with a variation of concentration of 3%; 3.5% and 4% and does not irritate the volunteers' skin.

VAT photopolymerization 3D printing optimization of high aspect ratio structures for additive manufacturing of chips towards biomedical applications

Organ-on-chip and Lab-on-chip are microfluidic devices widely applied in the biomedical field. They are traditionally produced by soft lithography: starting from a mold fabricated by optical photolithography, a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device is obtained by casting and baking. While this technique offers the possibility to produce features with high resolution, it is not flexible enough to respond to the necessity of customization and prototyping. In this study, we propose as alternative the production of devices by digital light processing (DLP), a vat photopolymerization technology, in combination with a commercially available, biocompatible resin. Studying the process factors by a statistical methodology called Design of Experiment (DoE), we were able to achieve small features with high aspect ratio (60). DoE method allowed us to have a deep understanding of the process without the need of any physical inspection of the involved phenomena, and to generate empirical models, correlating the process factors to the dimensions of the final printed object. We proved that this optimization was beneficial also in terms of transparency (evaluated by UV-Vis spectrophotometry), and mechanical strength (evaluated by a compression test) of the printed resin. Finally, a proof-of-concept microfluidic device was fabricated, sealed to a PDMS membrane through an oxygen plasma treatment, and tested against leakage on a microfluidic circuit for one week. As result, we proved that DLP printing is not only a suitable method to develop microfluidic devices, but if correctly optimized it can also reproduce small features in the order of tens of micrometers rapidly.

A Framework for Optimal Sensor Placement to Support Structural Health Monitoring

Offshore or drydock inspection performed by trained surveyors is required within the integrity management of an in-service marine structure to ensure safety and fitness for purpose. However, these physical inspection activities can lead to a considerable increase in lifecycle cost and significant downtime, and they can impose hazards for the surveyors. To this end, the use of a structural health monitoring (SHM) system could be an effective resolution. One of the key performance indicators of an SHM system is its ability to predict the structural response of unmonitored locations by using monitored data, i.e., an inverse prediction problem. This is highly relevant in practical engineering, since monitoring can only be performed at limited and discrete locations, and it is likely that structurally critical areas are inaccessible for the installation of sensors. An accurate inverse prediction can be achieved, ideally, via a dense sensor network such that more data can be provided. However, this is usually economically unfeasible due to budget limits. Hence, to improve the monitoring performance of an SHM system, an optimal sensor placement should be developed. This paper introduces a framework for optimising the sensor placement scheme to support SHM. The framework is demonstrated with an illustrative example to optimise the sensor placement of a cantilever steel plate. The inverse prediction problem is addressed by using a radial basis function approach, and the optimisation is carried out by means of an evolutionary algorithm. The results obtained from the demonstration support the proposal.

Global performance of multi-story stiffness-eccentric RC structures subjected to progressive seismic excitations: Shaking table investigations

Asymmetric structures have demonstrated poor seismic performance while experiencing major earthquakes in the past. Such structures exhibit complex vibration characteristics under seismic shaking as there is coupling between the lateral and torsional components of vibration. These coupled vibrations tend to cause weak locations under torsional distress, which eventually leads to the global failure of the structure. This paper presents the experimental evaluation of a plan-asymmetric structure with stiffness eccentricity. The experimental investigation was conducted by means of shake table testing on a 1/4-scaled reinforced concrete (RC) frame shear wall structure exposed to progressive seismic excitations. The structural response is monitored from a global failure perspective both in the elastic and inelastic states under increased torsional vibrations. The experimental findings indicate that: (1) irregularities in a structure can lead to significant amplification of the dynamic response due to induced torsional vibrations (2) the damage in the structure influences the dynamic properties of the structure, which eventually tend to influence the global structural response (3) structural acceleration response is more sensitive to seismic excitations and appears to have more influence on local oscillations compared with structural displacement response and (4) floor rotations excessively increase with the increasing damage state of the structure. Based on the physical inspection and extracted measurements, the shear wall sustained severe damage, whereas beams and columns at the flexible edge of the structure formed plastic hinges in critical zones.

Impact of Maintaining Public University Buildings on Occupants and the Legal Consequences on Management of the Universities in Cross River State, Nigeria

Building maintenance is a very important aspect of every nation's infrastructural development and when properly maintained will preserve the condition of building and other facilities which will in turn reduce the rate of interruption in occupants' services and productivity. This study centered on the impact of maintaining public university buildings and the legal consequences on the management of the university with a population of 56.251 occupants. The author used qualitative and quantitative methods and stratified random sampling techniques for the study. Structured questionnaires were administered as instruments for data collection. 382 questionnaires were sent out, and only 268 copies were returned representing 70% respondent rate; the remaining 30% 114(30%) of the copies produced were not returned and unaccounted for. The return rate is well thought-out as satisfactory for the analysis (Kathari, 2011). Consequently, the 268 copies returned were used for the analysis. And from the qualitative study, physical inspection revealed 14 building elements that were in a state of dis-repair. Hence, finding from the study reveal that regular and periodic maintenance of building element and other facilities will enhance continuing viable improvement of occupants activities and further help them achieve their goal that will usher sustainable growth in the university. The implication of this finding is that, while keeping the public universities on the part of development remain primary in the policy objectives of successive government, one can state that these conditions appear to be a leaning that has been deeply rooted into the system by demonstrating the pervasiveness and systematic nature that lack of regular maintenance has remained a major set-back to the productive development of the Nigerian public university.

Importance of 3D presentation in the consumer's purchase intention

The article reviews existing literature to explore how 3D presentations can enhance the online shopping experience by providing consumers with a more realistic and engaging view of products. This includes discussing the technical requirements for implementing 3D presentations, such as output and input interface devices and interaction techniques, and examining case studies where 3D visuals have successfully improved consumer experience and sales in various sectors. The findings from the review suggest that 3D presentations can significantly impact consumer behavior, improving product understanding, engagement, and purchase intention. By providing an immersive and interactive experience, 3D presentations can overcome the limitations of physical inspection and social interaction typically missing from online shopping. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of businesses adopting 3D presentations as part of their marketing strategies to meet consumer demands and remain competitive in the digital marketplace. This review article offers valuable insights for marketers and e-commerce businesses looking to enhance their online presence and consumer engagement through 3D presentation technologies.

Optimization of SnPd Shell Configuration to Boost ORR Performance of Pt-Clusters Decorated CoOx@SnPd Core-Shell Nanocatalyst

Fuel cells are expected to bring change to the whole human race when commercialized, however, the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) severely hampers their commercial viability. Thus far, platinum (Pt) based catalysts are nearly inevitable due to the harsh redox environment of fuel cells. Thus, minimizing Pt metal loading and increasing Pt utilization is a paramount factor for realizing fuel cell technologies. In this context, herein, we developed a multi-metallic nanocatalyst (NC) comprising Pt-clusters (1 wt.%) decorated SnPd composite shell over cobalt-oxide core crystal underneath (denoted as CSPP). For optimizing the ORR performance of the as-prepared NC, we further modulated the configuration of the SnPd shell. In the optimum case, when the Sn/Pd ratio is 0.5 (denoted as CSPP 1005), the ORR mass activity (MA) is 3034.7 mA mgPt−1 at 0.85 V vs. RHE in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte, which is 45-times higher than the commercial Johnson Matthey-Pt/C (J.M.-Pt/C; 20 wt.% Pt) catalyst (67 mA mgPt−1). The results of physical inspections along with electrochemical analysis suggest that such high performance of CSPP 1005 NC can be attributed to the synergistic collaboration between Pt-clusters, PtPd nanoalloys, and adjacent SnPd domains, where Pt-clusters and PtPd nanoalloys promote the O2 adsorption and subsequent splitting, while the SnPd shell favours the OH− relocation step. We believe that the obtained results will open a new avenue for further exploring the high-performance Pt-based catalysts with low Pt-loading and high utilization.

An empirical research study on deluging quackery outlets across Sindh, Pakistan and propositions to deal with confounding factors of rising quackery.

To estimate the prevalence of medical quackery, to identify the confounding factors of the rising trend, and suggest possible ways to eliminate the menace. This empirical study was conducted from July 2019 to June 2020 in six divisions of the Sindh province of Pakistan, and comprised field inspection reports and data collection based on healthcare establishments' physical inspection, verification, and action on non-compliant units. Data was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed. Of the 3,063 healthcare establishments, 568(18%) were visited in Larkana, 641(21%) in Shaheed Benazirabad (SBA), 527(17%) in Mirpurkhas, 700(23%) in Hyderabad, 110(4%) in Sukkur, and 517(17%) in Karachi. Overall, 2,152(70%) outlets were shuttered and fined for violating anti-quackery laws, while 911(30%) were issued warning notices. The healthcare system in the Sindh province was found to be struggling, with quackery continuing to proliferate.

PHYSICAL WATER QUALITY CONTAMINATED BY SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS IN SUMBERSARI DISTRICT, JEMBER REGENCY

Introduction: Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH) or worm infection is an infection caused by intestinal nematode worm group that can be infectious through the soil medium. One straightforward transmission route is through contaminated water consumption as water is needed daily. This study aims to know the association between quality of physical water and STH contamination in the Sumbersari District, Jember Regency, water sources. Methods: This research is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. Data was obtained from water physical quality inspection and STH contamination in the water laboratory. The 30 samples were taken purposively. Results and Discussion: The results of the data analysis of the association between water temperature and STH contamination showed a p-value of 0.014, the association between watercolor with STH contamination showed a value of 0.566, and the association between odor and TDS of water with STH contamination was not analysed. Statistics analysis results showed a significant association between the quality of water physics and STH contamination in the water sources in Sumbersari District, Jember Regency, with a score of 0.022. Conclusion: The physical quality of water has a positive correlation with STH contamination in water sources in Sumbersari District, Jember Regency.

Pocket histology at cardiac implantable electronic device replacement: What’s new?

Repeated procedures involving the cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) pocket increase the infection risk, and the extent of pocket adhesions may prolong the procedure time. Few data on pocket histology at the time of CIED replacement are available. The purpose of this study was to describe CIED pocket histology in a cohort of patients undergoing CIED replacement or upgrade. All consecutive patients undergoing CIED replacement or upgrade at our center between November 2019 and May 2020 were enrolled. Subclinical pocket infection was ruled out by physical inspection and laboratory parameters before the procedure. Pocket tissue specimens from the anterior and posterior pockets were obtained intraoperatively. A systematic histological analysis of capsular thickness, fibrous connective tissue, neovascularization, inflammation, and calcifications was performed. Thirty patients (6 women, 20%) were enrolled. The mean capsular thickness was 0.8 ± 0.3 mm in the anterior wall and 1.1 ± 0.4 mm in the posterior wall. Subcapsular fibrosis was mild and multifocal in the anterior wall and moderate and focal in the posterior wall. Neovascularization was focal in most cases, and vessel remodeling mainly involved the tunica media. Chronic inflammation was usually mild and nongranulomatous, and in a quarter of cases, subacute exudative fibrous inflammation was detected in the posterior pocket wall. The CIED pocket is a histopathologically dynamic environment, given the coexistence of both a subacute foreign body response and fibrous tissue growth, implying continuous remodeling due to an injury-repair mechanism. Strategies to interact with foreign body response might minimize inflammatory pocket activity, especially device encapsulation by tight fibrous tissue, and possibly complications related to repeated CIED procedures.

Management of patients with allergic diseases during pregnancy: lecture

ABSTRACT. In connection with the considerable increase of prevalence of allergic diseases (AD) there all more often are situations, when it will be to decide the question of management of patients a doctor with an allergy during pregnancy. Prevalence of AD (allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis, allergic phenotypes of bronchial asthma and hives, atopic dermatitis, food/drug/insect allergy, anaphylaxis) among pregnant women can arrive 30 %. It is possible to distinguish three types of influence of pregnancy on clinical motion of AD: 1) presence of pregnancy does not affect motion of AD; 2) on a background pregnancy comes remission of AD; 3) on a background pregnancy arise up intensifying of AD and their motion are burdened. It is difficult to predict exactly how the course of AD will occur during pregnancy, while the nature of treatment of a pregnant woman with AD and the level of their control are extremely important. At pregnancy diagnosis of AD is based on data of allergic anamnesis, food diary, physical inspection. Thus realization of skin and provocative tests with allergens contra-indicated. Application of provocative tests is also forbidden with a histamine, а methacholine and an acetylcholine. At treatment of pregnant from AD must be taken into account possible side effects of antiallergic drugs. Setting of modern medicinal facilities allows in most cases to control motion of allergic pathology for pregnant and avoid development of side effects of drugs. Treatment of AD during pregnancy the best result must provide for a mother and child. Medical workers must inform the women of reproductive age and pregnant of potential risks and present/absent proofs of unconcern/ununconcern of diagnostic and curative events.

A Rural Transit Vehicle Management System and Condition Predictor Model

In an ongoing effort to improve mobility and quality of life for Alabama ‘s citizens, a computer database system has been developed to improve the States ability to manage and assess the condition of its rural transit fleet. The development of this management program consisted of a physical inspection of all state-owned vehicles. Upon completion of the physical inventory, the research team developed a vehicle inventory database to track Alabama s public transit vehicles and a data model to predict the condition of individual vehicles. The prediction model is presented as a tool to allow the State Department of Transportation to assign an individual vehicle condition rating for each vehicle, without the cost of a physical inventory. This vehicle rating is intended to support the equitable acquisition and disposal of vehicles reflecting the varied roadway conditions and socioeconomic conditions found statewide.

Potential Benefit of Structural Health Monitoring System on Civil Jet Aircraft.

Structural health monitoring represents an interesting enabling technology towards increasing aviation safety and reducing operating costs by unlocking novel maintenance approaches and procedures. However, the benefits of such a technology are limited to maintenance costs reductions by cutting or even eliminating some maintenance scheduled checks. The key limitation to move a step further in exploiting structural health monitoring technology is represented by the regulation imposed in sizing aircraft composite structures. A safety margin of 2.0 is usually applied to estimate the ultimate loading that composite structures must withstand. This limitation is imposed since physical nondestructive inspection of composite structures is really challenging or even impossible in some cases. However, a structural health monitoring system represents a viable way for a real time check for the health status of a composite structure. Thus, the introduction of structural health monitoring should help into reducing the stringent safety margin imposed by aviation regulation for a safe design of composite structures. By assuming a safety margin reduction from 2.0 to 1.75 thanks to the installation of permanently attached sensors for structural health diagnostics, this paper assesses the potential fuel savings and direct operating costs through a multidisciplinary analysis on a A220-like aircraft. According to the foreseen level of technology, addressed through the number of sensors per square meter, a DOC saving from 2% up to 5% is achievable preserving, at the same time, all the key aircraft performance.

Hybrid Wavelet Scattering Network-Based Model for Failure Identification of Reinforced Concrete Members

After earthquakes, qualified inspectors typically conduct a semisystematic information gathering, physical inspection, and visual examination of the nation’s public facilities, buildings, and structures. Manual examinations, however, take a lot of time and frequently demand too much work. In addition, there are not enough professionals qualified to assess such structural damage. As a result, in this paper, the efficiency of computer-vision hybrid models was investigated for automatically detecting damage to reinforced concrete elements. Data-driven hybrid models are generated by combining wavelet scattering network (WSN) with bagged trees (BT), random subspace ensembles (RSE), artificial neural networks (ANN), and quadratic support vector machines (SVM), named “BT-WSN”, “RSE-WSN”, “ANN-WSN”, and “SVM-WSN”. The hybrid models were trained on an image database containing 4585 images. In total, 15% of images with different sorts of damage were used to test the trained models’ robustness and adaptability; these images were not utilized in the training or validation phase. The WSN-SVM algorithm performed best in classifying the damage. It had the highest accuracy of the hybrid models, with a value of 99.1% in the testing phase.

Hospital pharmacy management in a tertiary care charitable hospital: Compliance study with quality standards

ObjectiveTo perform a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the practice and infrastructure with applicable legislations governing hospital pharmacy while the secondary objective was to calculate the average dispensing time of a prescription in the hospital pharmacy. Materials and methodsA prospective observational study was carried out in the hospital pharmacy for one year. A blend of quality control parameters was drafted after referring various guidelines put forward by the statutory bodies. Qualitative data was collected by continuous observation, physical inspection and after a thorough interview of hospital pharmacists. The collected data was summarized and compared with the standards. Quantitative data on the minimum requirement of hospital pharmacy infrastructure and dispensing time was collected by using the designed data collection form and analysis was performed using SPSS (version 20.0). ResultsThe hospital pharmacy met all the criteria that are necessary to satisfy legal requirements, availability of medicine, medicine and general safety and most of the quality parameters. However, few deviations were observed in the management of the drug store. The shortage in the floor space and waiting area was identified. The average dispensing time without waiting was 113.93 ± 28.92 s and the time spent collectively for dispensing and waiting was measured to be 533.13 ± 128.51 Sec. The average waiting time in the hospital pharmacy was approximately around 419 Sec. ConclusionMajority of the quality parameters were noted to be compliant with the standards. Few deviations were identified and measures to improve them were suggested.

Formulasi Sediaan Pewarna Pipi dalam Bentuk Padat dengan Menggunakan Ekstrak Buah Buni (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng)

Buni fruit (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng) is a plant that contains anthocyanin pigments that can give a red color. The purpose of this study was to make cheek dye preparations in solid form using buni fruit extract (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng) as a dye. The extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol containing 2% citric acid. The cheek coloring formula that was made was using buni fruit dye with a concentration of 10; 12.5; 15 and 17.5%. The tests carried out include: physical quality inspection (homogeneity, polish test, crack test), irritation test, and stability test. Formula with a concentration of 10% produces a pale cream color; preparation with a concentration of 12.5% ​​produces a cream color, a concentration of 15% produces a weak pink color and a concentration of 17.5% produces a dark pink color. The results of the physical quality examination of the preparation showed that the preparation had a homogeneous color, good polish at a concentration of 17.5% because it produced a clear pink color during polishing and did not crack when dropped from a height of 25 cm. Preparations are not irritating. From the observation of the shape, it was found that all the cheek coloring preparations made did not change shape from the initial form of printing for 90 days at room temperature storage. From the results of color observations, all preparations made remained stable during storage at room temperature for 50 days, on day 55 the color of the preparation began to fade, this was due to unstable anthocyanins. The odor of the preparation remained stable in storage for 90 days of observation at room temperature. These results indicate that buni fruit extract can be used as a colorant in cheek coloring preparations.

Co-Existence of Atomic Pt and CoPt Nanoclusters on Co/SnOx Mix-Oxide Demonstrates an Ultra-High-Performance Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity.

An effective approach for increasing the Noble metal-utilization by decorating the atomic Pt clusters (1 wt.%) on the CoO2@SnPd2 nanoparticle (denoted as CSPP) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is demonstrated in this study. For the optimum case when the impregnation temperature for Co-crystal growth is 50 °C (denoted as CSPP-50), the CoPt nanoalloys and Pt-clusters decoration with multiple metal-to-metal oxide interfaces are formed. Such a nanocatalyst (NC) outperforms the commercial Johnson Matthey-Pt/C (J.M.-Pt/C; 20 wt.% Pt) catalyst by 78-folds with an outstanding mass activity (MA) of 4330 mA mgPt−1 at 0.85 V vs. RHE in an alkaline medium (0.1 M KOH). The results of physical structure inspections along with electrochemical analysis suggest that such a remarkable ORR performance is dominated by the potential synergism between the surface anchored Pt-clusters, CoPt-nanoalloys, and adjacent SnPd2 domain, where Pt-clusters offer ideal adsorption energy for O2 splitting and CoPt-nanoalloys along with SnPd2 domain boost the subsequent desorption of hydroxide ions (OH−).

Detecting Oral Cancer: The Potential of Artificial Intelligence.

Physical inspection is a simple way to diagnose oral cancer. Most cases of oral cancer, on the contrary, are diagnosed late, resulting in needless mortality and morbidity. While highrisk screening populations appears to be helpful, these people are often found in areas with minimal access to health care. In this paper, we have reviewed several aspects related to oral cancer, such as its cause, the risk factors associated with it, India's oral cancer situation at the moment, various screening methods, and the ability of artificial intelligence in the detection and classification purpose. Oral cancer results can be enhanced by combining imaging and artificial intelligence approaches for better detection and diagnosis. This paper aims to cover the various oral cancer screening detection techniques that use Artificial Intelligence (AI). In this paper, we have covered the imaging methods that are used in screening oral cancer and, after that, the potential of AI for the detection of oral cancer. This paper covers some of the main concepts regarding oral cancer and various AI methods used to detect it.

Damage mechanics based analysis of hail impact on metal roofs

Hail is one of the leading causes of annual property damage, that in turn results in economic loss and material waste. The associated risk affects several industries and parties including owners, insurance carriers and building material manufacturers. Due to the lack of detailed understanding of hail impact consequences, damage to building materials due to hail impact is primarily assessed by means of physical (visual) inspection supported by experimental data. Previously presented analytical and numerical models proposed in the literature have not offered a sufficiently robust representation of the damage on building materials due to hail impact. In this study, we present a novel model for hail deformation and impact damage in the hailstorm impact speed range.The proposed hailstone model is based on a strain-rate dependent and pressure-dependent visco-plastic model which allows for the representation of the different deformation regimes that hailstones experience during impact. The model is calibrated based on split-Hopkinson bar experimental results available in the literature. The model is then validated against widely accepted results of hailstone impact on metal sheets. The numerical experiments show that the model successfully captures hail strength, ductility and energy dissipated during impact. Consequently, the validation study shows the capability of the model to represent experimentally observed contact force changes during impact, which is achieved at an accuracy higher than the currently available models. In addition, the modeled response of hailstone deformation and damage is compared qualitatively to high speed camera images available in the literature. Additional parametric studies are performed to investigate the deformation and fracture of metal roofing subject to hail impact. The parametric studies investigate how different impact conditions (e.g. hail size, shape, strength and density, and roof detailing) affect the response and behavior of the metal roofing, associated deformation and potential fracture of the steel material. The proposed numerical modeling framework allows for a more reliable investigation of boundless design variations, while mitigating the labor-intensive costs and material waste associated with physical testing which is widely adopted in the industry right now.

Indoor Air Quality Monitoring and Characterization of Airborne Workstations Pollutants within Detergent Production Plant.

The indoor air quality (IAQ) of five workstations within a detergent production unit was monitored. Particulate matter (PM) was measured using a gravitational settlement method, and later characterized. To ascertain the quality of indoor air within the workstations, which could directly or indirectly affect the health and performance of the workers, a physical inspection of the plant premises was undertaken. The mean value of the following air-quality parameters; particulate matter(PM2.5), particulate matter (PM10), formaldehyde (HCHO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature (T) and percent relative humidity (%RH) were obtained within the range of 24.5–48.5 µg/m3, 26.75–61.75 µg/m3, 0.0–0.012 mg/m3, 0.09–1.35 mg/m3, 1137–1265 ppm, 25.65–28.15 °C and 20.13–23.8%, respectively. Of the particulate matter components characterized, sodium oxide (Na2O)—25.30 mg/m3, aluminum oxide (Al2O3)—22.93 mg/m3, silicon dioxide (SiO2)—34.17 mg/m3, sulfur trioxide (SO3)—41.57 mg/m3, calcium oxide (CaO)—10.94 mg/m3 and iron III oxide (Fe2O3)—19.23 mg/m3, were of significance. These results, compared with international standards for industrial indoor air quality, suggest that indoor air contamination emanating from the chemicals used in production workstations is traced to the design of the plant structures and the activities carried out within the workstations.