Risk Factor For Physical Health Research Articles

S154. TOBACCO SMOKING AND CLINICAL HIGH RISK: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF THE EVIDENCE

BackgroundThere is converging evidence that youths at clinical high risk (CHR) are not only likely to develop the first episode of psychosis but also to develop poor physical outcomes. Some physical health risk factors - such as smoking - have been shown to increase the probability of a frank onset of psychosis in those at risk. A meta-analysis conducted in psychotic patients confirmed that daily tobacco use is associated with an increased risk of psychosis. A significant association between any attenuated psychotic symptoms (that characterize CHR state) and cigarette smoking has been recently shown in a study conducted in South London.Nowadays, it is not completely clear how these findings would translate to the CHR population but a better understanding of how physical health parameters could affect psychopathological outcomes could be beneficial for these vulnerable clinical populations. To shed light on the percentage of smokers in CHR populations, an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature has been carried out. Our main aim was to test whether the probability of being a smoker was higher in the CHR subjects or in the control group.MethodsThe literature search was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. We systematically scrutinized from literature inception to 2019 the following on-line databases: Web of Science Core Collection, BIOSIS Citation Index, KCL-Korean Journal Database, MEDLINE, Russian Science Citation Index, SCiELO Citation Index.We have considered all the relevant studies reporting the smoking status in CHR subjects and in control groups.We used the odds ratio (OR) as effect size measure and data were pooled using a random effect approach.ResultsPreliminary data show that CHR individuals were more likely to use tobacco that matched healthy controls. Specifically, the overall OR of 2.016 (p<.001 95%CI=1.476–2.749) indicated a higher likelihood that CHR individuals would use tobacco compared to controls. Heterogeneity was not significant (I²=30.193 p=0.11). The visual inspection of funnel plots did not reveal a clear suggestion for publication bias and the Egger’s test was non-significant (p=0.10).DiscussionOur systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that is crucial to investigate physical health outcomes such as tobacco use as part of clinical practice in CHR services. Unfortunately, current CHR assessment tools are entirely based on the measurement of psychopathological features and do not include an assessment of these parameters on a regular basis.

Determinants of Subjective Poor Sleep Quality in Social Media Users Among Freshman College Students.

IntroductionSocial media (SM) usage has increased markedly among young adults. It is linked to poor sleep quality (PSQ), a risk factor for mental and physical health concerns. This study identified the determinants of PSQ in SM users among freshman college students.Material and MethodsA cross-sectional design was used and 842 students completed a self-administered questionnaire. Analyses were performed using the χ2 test to examine differences in the characteristics of poor and good sleepers and logistic regression to estimate the risk of PSQ with reference to SM usage patterns.ResultsAround 75.40% (n = 635) of the participants had PSQ. There was a significant difference in the PSQ rate between males (66.3%) and females (79.3%, p < 0.001), those who were physically active (67.2%) and those who were not (82.4%, p < 0.001), those who were mentally depressed (86.5%) and those who were not (61.5%, p < 0.001), and those with anxiety (87.8%) and those without (64.3%, p < 0.001). The risk of PSQ was lower among students who used SM for education (OR = 0.65, CI = 0.42 to 0.99, p = 0.048), had higher laptop usage (OR = 0.67, CI = 0.47 to 0.96, p = 0.03), and had higher SM usage during daytime (OR = 0.46, CI = 0.32 to 0.67, p < 0.001). The risk of PSQ was higher among those who reported SM usage at bedtime (OR = 1.69, CI = 1.01 to 2.81, p = 0.046).DiscussionAmong SM users, PSQ was related to sociodemographic features, lifestyle characteristics, and health-risk factors. Further research is required to confirm these findings.

Physical activity, pain interference and comorbidities relate to PROMIS physical function in younger adults following total knee arthroplasty

Purpose To determine if preoperative physical and psychological health risk factors are influential on physical function and satisfaction scores in a cohort of relatively younger adults one year post-total knee arthroplasty. Methods Sixty-five patients were recruited pre- and one year post-total knee arthroplasty. Physical (i.e., body mass index, sex, physical activity level, number of comorbidities) and psychological (i.e., depression, expectations, pain inference) health risk factors were obtained pre-total knee arthroplasty and compared to Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System physical function computerized adaptive testing and satisfaction scores one year post-total knee arthroplasty. Results Bootstrap inclusion fraction methods were performed to compare the stability of each predictor variable prior to final regression analyzes. Poorer preoperative physical activity level (standardized regression coefficient = 0.37; p < 0.01), pain interference (standardized regression coefficient = –0.24; p = 0.03) and greater comorbidities (standardized regression coefficient = –0.27; p = 0.01) resulted in worse physical function scores one year post-total knee arthroplasty. Greater preoperative comorbidities (odds ratio = 0.63; p < 0.01) resulted in worse satisfaction scores one year post-total knee arthroplasty. No other predictor variable had any relationship on either clinical outcome (p > 0.05). Conclusion Younger adults with greater comorbidities, lower physical activity level and higher pain interference scores preoperatively reported poorer functional recovery one year post-total knee arthroplasty. Understanding how preoperative status of younger adults undergoing total knee arthroplasty may lead to better improved surgical decision making and health care delivery for this vulnerable and growing patient subgroup. Implications for Rehabilitation Projections estimate total knee arthroplasty in relatively younger adults (<65 years) will make up the majority of surgical procedures performed in the United States within the next two decades, however little is known in this patient population. This study provides evidence that relatively younger adults with greater comorbidities, lower physical activity level and higher pain interference scores preoperatively result in poorer functional recovery one year post-total knee arthroplasty. The results also suggest greater comorbidities identified preoperatively have the largest influence on one year satisfaction scores in younger adults post-total knee arthroplasty. Modifiable characteristics such as improving physical activity level, incorporating pain management strategies and reducing comorbidities preoperatively or adopting into postoperative rehabilitative care may influence the postoperative physical function and satisfaction scores in relatively younger adults undergoing total knee arthroplasty.

Physical Health Risk Factors across Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying Victim and Offender Groups

ABSTRACTObjectives: This study highlighted the physical health differences, alongside differences in deviant lifestyle and psycho-social adjustment, among traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization and offending groups. Methods: Using a national U.S.-based sample, we first used ANOVA to explore whether the average values of physical health differed across groups. Next, we estimated multinomial logistic regression models to discern whether these various factors differentiated victims, offenders, or victim-offenders, in comparison to students uninvolved in bullying. This analysis also allowed us to discern whether indicators differentiate traditional bullying versus cyberbullying victim and offender groups similarly or differently. Results: We found significant mean differences across victim and offender groups. Some of the indicators of physical health, deviance, and psycho-social adjustment distinguished victim and offender groups in multivariate analysis, and there were both similarities and differences in this regard when comparing traditional bullying versus cyberbullying groups. Conclusions: Findings suggest that physical health risk factors should be thought as important factors in the studies of offending and victimization. Findings also imply that relatively early intervention in adolescents’ health-related risk factors might not only enhance health and physical fitness but also might reduce bullying victimization and offending incidents in the school context.

APPLE-Tree (Active Prevention in People at risk of dementia: Lifestyle, bEhaviour change and Technology to REducE cognitive and functional decline) programme: Protocol.

Observational studies indicate that approximately a third of dementia cases are attributable to modifiable cardiometabolic, physical and mental health, and social and lifestyle risk factors. There is evidence that intensive behaviour change interventions targeting these factors can reduce cognitive decline. [Figure: see text] METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will design and test a low intensity, secondary dementia-prevention programme (Active Prevention in People at risk of dementia: Lifestyle, bEhaviour change and Technology to REducE cognitive and functional decline, "APPLE-Tree") to slow cognitive decline in people with subjective cognitive decline with or without objective cognitive impairment. We will embed our work within social science research to understand how dementia prevention is currently delivered and structured. We will carry out systematic reviews and around 50 qualitative interviews with stakeholders, using findings to coproduce the APPLE-Tree intervention. We plan a 10-session group intervention, involving personalised goal-setting, with individual sessions for those unable or unwilling to attend groups, delivered by psychology assistants who will be trained and supervised by clinical psychologists. The coproduction group (including public and patient involvement [PPI], academic and clinical/third-sector professional representatives) will use the Behaviour Change Wheel theoretical framework to develop it. We will recruit and randomly allocate 704 participants, 1:1 to the intervention: informational control group. This sample size is sufficient to detect a between-group difference at 2 years of 0.15 on the primary outcome (cognition: modified neuropsychological test battery; 90% power, 5% significance, effect size 0.25, SD 0.6). We will work with Public Health England and third-sector partners to produce an effective national implementation approach, so that if our intervention works, it is used in practice.

MULTIPLE METHODS OF ASSESSING DAILY MEDIA USE IN LATE LIFE

Television viewing is a risk factor for obesity and poor physical health. By contrast, close ties to family and friends in late life are often beneficial. This study examined associations between social engagement and television viewing. Participants (N = 313) from the Daily Experiences and Well-being Study completed an initial interview about their social partners and participated in a 5 to 6 day intensive data collection including Ecological Momentary Assessments about their social contact and activities every 3 hours. Participants also wore Electronically Activated Recorders (EAR) which captured snippets of sound in the environment. Multilevel models using self report and EAR data revealed that participants were more likely to watch TV when they were with close family members (e.g., spouse, grown children) than with friends or acquaintances. Findings from these multiple methods suggest that close family may encourage risks (e.g., sedentary behaviors) as well as benefits in late life.

LONELINESS AND ASSOCIATED OUTCOMES IN A LARGE SURVEY OF OLDER ADULTS

Loneliness and social isolation are major risk factors for poor physical and mental health among older adults. Studies demonstrate that loneliness is associated with depression, impaired cognitive performance, increased chronic disease, and mortality. However, the impact on other psychosocial constructs and healthcare outcomes remain understudied. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of loneliness and examine associations with socio-demographic, medical, and psychosocial characteristics in a large national survey of older adults (N=4,525). Overall, 43% of participants reported either moderate or severe loneliness. Older age, female gender, income, depression, hearing difficulty, and poorer health were all associated with loneliness. Purpose of life, resilience, optimism, and a diverse social network were associated with low loneliness. On average, lonely participants had a higher rate of emergency department visits, inpatient admissions, and medical costs. Based on findings, interventions should aim to alleviate loneliness among older adults.

TELEVISION VIEWING AND HEALTH IN LATE LIFE

Television viewing is a risk factor for poor physical and cognitive health. Yet, we know little about associations between current health and frequency of television viewing throughout the day. This study examined associations between multiple assessments of physical and cognitive well-being and television viewing. Participants (N = 313) from the Daily Experiences and Well-being Study completed an initial interview assessing their health and well-being. They also wore an Electronically Activated Recorders (EAR) to capture sound in the environment and an Actical to measure physical activity for 5 days. Coders rated the audiofiles for television viewing. Multilevel models revealed that participants who spent a greater proportion of time tuned into television had: higher BMI, poorer health, expended less energy, were more sedentary, and reported drinking more alcohol and eating more junk food. We discuss findings with regard to potential reciprocal influences between television viewing and poor health.

Evaluation of the physical health of adolescent in-patients in generic and secure services: retrospective case-note review.

To assess physical health needs of adolescent in-patients by routine monitoring. A retrospective analysis of case notes was conducted on a 6-month intake to generic and secure adolescent mental health units in Greater Manchester, UK. Fifty individuals were admitted (52% female, average age 15.84 years). Diagnoses varied and 66% were prescribed medications before admission. All had a physical health assessment, which identified various physical health risk factors. Average body mass index was 25.99 (range 15.8-44), and increased during in-patient treatment for 84% of individuals who had their body mass recorded more than once. A total of 28% of individuals smoked. Lipids and prolactin levels were elevated across the sample. This evaluation strengthens the argument to optimise physical healthcare for adolescent in-patients and develop physical health interventions, particularly given that we observed elevated lipids and prolactin. Physical health and well-being may not be prioritised when assessing and managing young peoples' mental health, despite their increased vulnerability for comorbid conditions.

Connecting Older Adults and Their Families through Social Technology

Abstract Background Older adults often face problems with social isolation, which is a risk factor for poorer mental and physical health. New forms of social technologies (e.g., WhatsApp) provide opportunities to facilitate social connectedness with family members. Understanding older adults’ behaviors and perceptions related to digital communication tools can inform the development of interventions to increase the adoption of these tools for social communication. This study aims to evaluate attitudes and barriers to as well as facilitators of social technology reported by grandparents and grandchildren. The secondary aim is to examine the associations between social technology use and health and well-being outcomes and to identify what factors mediate the use of social technology. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 144 grandchildren (Mage=26.53, SD = 9.17; 81.9% female) were recruited through student mailing lists. Grandparents were invited either through their grandchild or by the research team and recruitment is expected to be completed by September 2019. Three main groups of variables were examined: health and well-being outcomes, social support related outcomes and social technology related outcomes. Results &amp; Conclusions Grandchildren reported very positive attitudes toward social technology as expected. Greater social technology use was associated with better psychological (r =.26, p =.002) and subjective well-being (rs =.20, p =.023), higher psychosocial flourishing (r =.41, p &amp;lt;.001), social support (rs =.22, p =.009) and social connectedness (r =.39, p &amp;lt;.001). Social technology use was not correlated with health, the grandparent-grandchild relationship, loneliness and depression at the bivariate level. Barriers to social technology are security concerns, threat to privacy and constant availability. Facilitators include increased contact, dealing with geographic boundaries and information seeking. Results from grandparents will also be presented. Key messages Social technology has potential to enhance older adults’ lives by facilitating better family relationships, building social support, reducing loneliness and through this improve health and well-being. More research is needed in this area to understand benefits or potential harms and dynamics between younger family members and older adults in use of social technology.

Do poor health behaviors have an impact on the transition from sick leave to disability pension?

Abstract Background High age, being a woman, and having low socioeconomic status are among the important risk factors for transitioning from sickness absence (SA) to disability pension (DP). But, little is known about the effect of poor health behaviors, although there are indications that poor health behaviors increase the risk of both SA and DP. The aims were to study the associations between three poor health behaviors (current smoking, high alcohol consumption and low physical activity levels) and DP among individuals who recently been sickness absent, and to explore whether having multiple poor health behaviors increased the risk of transitioning from SA to DP. Methods This prospective cohort study included 1991 twin individuals aged 20-46 who participated in a survey in 2005 and who had been on long-term SA in the two years preceding baseline (date of answering the survey) data collection of health behaviors (smoking, alcohol and physical activity) and relevant covariates. The participants were followed up for incident all-cause DP until the 31st of December 2012 (mean follow-up 5.2 years). National register data of SA and DP were used, and the association between each health behavior and DP was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. The results are presented as Hazard Ratios (HR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Results Results showed that compared to never smoking, current smoking was associated with a higher risk of transitioning from SA to DP (HR 1.76, 95%CI 1.08-2.84). Alcohol use, lack of physical activity or having several poor health behaviors showed no significant associations. Conclusions Being a current smoker influences the risk of transitioning from SA to DP. Poor health behaviors are well established risk factors for poor physical and mental health. Hence, from a public health perspective it is important to emphasize the value of improving health behaviors in general but also among people with a history of SA. Key messages Many factors including health behaviors influence the risk of transitioning from sickness absence to permanent work incapacity in terms of disability pension. Supporting people on sickness absence to improve their health behaviors, e.g. smoking cessation, could be a promising approach to prevent exit from the labor market through disability pension.

Sedentary behaviour and their association with academic performance among high school students in South Tamil Nadu

Background: Sedentary behaviour refers to activities that require very low energy expenditure where sitting or lying is the dominant posture. It is reported that children spend approximately 80% of their day in sedentary behaviours. It is an important risk factor for physical, psychological and socio-emotional health among school children. Epidemiological studies have shown that spending excessive time in sedentary behaviors have a negative impact on academic performance. The objectives of this study were to study the proportion of sedentary behaviours among high school students. To find out whether any association exist between sedentary behaviors with academic performance.Methods: A cross sectional study conducted from July to September, 2018 among high school students in a government school, Kanyakumari district. 213 students from class 9th and 10th standard participated in our study. Permission was obtained from school authorities after explaining the purpose of study. Data was collected using a pre tested questionnaire. Study variables included internet usage, watching television, duration of sleep, physical activity and academic performance. Data was entered in MS-Excel, analyzed for proportions, chi-square using SPSS version 16.0.Results: 61% watched TV more than 2 hours a day. 59.6% of the students spend &gt;2 hours a day for internet browsing. 60% of the students spend &lt;30 minutes a day for doing exercise. 45% of the students reported sleeping for 8 to 10 hours. Internet browsing and watching TV have shown significant association with academic performance.Conclusions: Sedentary behaviours are on the rise among school children. Multi component school-based interventions are necessary to minimize sedentary behaviours among school children.

Warrior Wellness: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial of the Effects of Exercise on Physical Function and Clinical Health Risk Factors in Older Military Veterans With PTSD.

Military veterans living with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) face significant physical and functional health disparities, which are often aggravated over time and in the context aging. Evidence has shown that physical activity can positively impact age-related health conditions, yet exercise trials in older adults with mental disorders are rare. Our study was a tailored and targeted pilot exercise intervention for older veterans with PTSD. Fifty-four older veterans with PTSD (mean age = 67.4 years, 90.7% male, 85.2% non-white) were randomized to supervised exercise (n = 38) or wait-list usual care (n = 18) for 12 weeks. Physical activity (MET-min/wk) and aerobic endurance (assessed with the 6-minute walk test) were primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were physical performance (strength, mobility, balance), cardiometabolic risk factors (eg, waist circumference), and health-related quality of life. At 12 weeks, a large effect of the intervention on physical activity levels (Cohen's d = 1.37) was observed compared to wait-list usual care. Aerobic endurance improved by 69 m in the exercise group compared to 10 m in wait-list group, reflecting a moderate between-group effect (Cohen's d = 0.50). Between-group differences on 12-week changes in physical performance, cardiometabolic risk factors, and health-related quality of life ranged from small to large effects (Cohen's d = 0.28-1.48), favoring the exercise arm. Participation in supervised exercise improved aerobic endurance, physical performance, and health-related clinical factors in older veterans with PTSD; a medically complex population with multiple morbidity. Group exercise is a low-cost, low-stigma intervention, and implementation efforts among older veterans with PTSD warrants further consideration.

Connections Between Insomnia and Cognitive Aging.

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder among older adults, and a risk factor for poor physical and mental health. However, the relationship between insomnia and cognitive health is not well understood. Here, we review observational studies that have investigated whether insomnia is associated with deficits in objective cognitive performance and an increased risk of dementia, magnetic resonance imaging studies that have assessed grey matter volumes and white matter microstructure, and interventional studies that have explored whether the treatment of insomnia can improve cognitive outcomes. There are inconsistent findings regarding impaired performance in objective cognitive tests and reduced grey matter volumes, and limited, emerging, evidence that suggests that insomnia is associated with an increased risk of dementia and reduced white matter integrity. Although the interventional literature is still in its infancy, there is some indication that treatment may have an impact on vigilance. Well-powered studies examining sources of heterogeneity are warranted.

Health needs assessment of workers in Kaveh industrial city.

Background: Health needs assessment (HNA) is essential for allocation of limited resources to the most prioritized problems. HNA in work places has gained increasing importance. Kaveh industrial city is the largest and oldest industrial city in Iran, with a wide range of different industries, making it an exemplary industrial city in Iran. This study was done to conduct health needs assessment of workers in Kaveh industrial city. Methods: In this study, intensive HNA approach and qualitative method were used. In-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted to collect information related to health risk factors, and Delphi method was used to prioritize these risk factors. A total of 74 key informants participated in this study, which constituted more than 80% of the total related experts of Kaveh industrial city. Results: The main identified health challenge was inefficiency of the existing Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) control and monitoring system. The most important physical health risk factors were smoking and obesity and the most prioritized psychosocial risk factors were stress and lack of appropriate management and organizational culture. Ergonomic issues and noise pollution were the prioritized work environmental factors and inappropriate placement of pollutant industries in the industrial city was the most prioritized bioenvironmental risk factor. Unsafe road to industrial zone and poor safety devices used by workers were the most prioritized occupational injuries risk factors. Conclusion: Addressing the identified health needs of workers in Kaveh industrial city is of high importance. Also, redefining the HSE control and monitoring system should be prioritized

Race and Objective Social Isolation: Older African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and Non-Hispanic Whites.

Social isolation is a major risk factor for poor physical and mental health among older adults. This study investigates the correlates of objective social isolation among older African Americans, Black Caribbean immigrants, and non-Hispanic Whites. The analysis is based on the older subsample (n = 1,439) of the National Survey of American Life. There are eight indicators of objective social isolation: no contact with neighbors, neighborhood groups, friends, family members, religious congregation members, not being married and no romantic involvement, living alone, and not being a parent. Very few older Americans are socially isolated from family and friends. Non-Hispanic Whites are more likely than both African Americans and Black Caribbeans to live alone, to be childless, and have limited contact with religious congregation members. For both African Americans and Black Caribbeans, being female is protective against social isolation, but for both populations, men are more likely to be married or have a romantic partner. For African Americans, residing in the South is also protective against social isolation. This analysis provides greater clarity on racial and ethnic differences in social isolation among older adults, as well as within-group differences in objective social isolation among African Americans and Black Caribbeans.

Poor Sleep Quality of Hospitalized Geriatric Patients in General Hospital in Karawaci, Tangerang, Banten Province, Indonesia

&lt;p&gt;Background: In Indonesia, geriatric population in the year 2005 was 15.8 million (7.2 % population), and expected to reach 11.34% in the year 2020. There was growing evidence for poor sleep as an independent risk factor for poor physical and mental health. Geriatric population may be particularly vulnerable to effects of sleep disturbance due to significant age-related changes in both sleep and inflammatory regulation&lt;br /&gt;Objective: To study the epidemiological (gender, age group) and health status (co-morbidities), sleep quality according to Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and its associations in geriatric population hospitalized in General Hospital in Karawaci, Tangerang, Banten Province, Indonesia.&lt;br /&gt;Materials and Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted from January to June 2014. A total of 92 subjects aged 60 years and above were selected consecutively from hospitalized geriatric patients for this study. The data was analyzed by means and proportions.&lt;br /&gt;Results: The male and female subjects were 51.1% and 48.9%. Mean age was 66.79 + 5.448 years. The age group of 60 – 75 years and above 75 years was 92.4% and 7.6% consecutively. Subjects with diabetes, hypertension, allergy, asthma, cardiac failure and chronic kidney disease were 30.4%, 62.0%, 18.5%, 21.7%, 21.7%, 20.7% consecutively and 63.0% with more than 2 co-morbidities. According to PSQI 72.8% subjects have poor sleep quality. Associations between poor sleep quality to epidemiological and health status were not significant except for diabetes (RR= 3.208 [95% CI: 1.045 – 9.848], p = 0.022) and chronic kidney disease (RR= 6.247 [95% CI: 0.902 – 43.279], p = 0.017)&lt;br /&gt;Conclusions: Seventy two percents of subjects have poor sleep quality, and associations between poor sleep quality to epidemiological and health status were not significant except for diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;

The Impact of Organizational Structure and Funding Sources on the Work and Health of Employed Caregivers in Children\u2019s Homes in Ghana

The strategies by which work is organized and carried out and the sources from which organizations obtain funding and other resources for their operations may influence employee outcomes including work performance and health. This study explored how organizational structure (dormitory vs family unit) and funding sources (government vs private) influence the work and health of individuals employed as caregivers in children’s homes in Ghana. Using qualitative research techniques we collected data from fifty-seven caregivers across three children’s homes in Ghana. We found that the structure adopted by children’s homes influence caregiver work performance by increasing work stress levels, complicating some caregivers’ ability to bond with the children and limiting the amount of time that some caregivers have to spend with their own families. These influences then exposed caregivers to physical, mental and social health risk factors including injuries from slips and falls, mental strain, and loss of social support. We also found that funding source influence the frequency of training caregivers receive, the extent of help caregivers receive with their own healthcare costs as well as the extent to which caregivers utilize international regulations like child rights principles in doing their jobs. Our findings suggest a need for stakeholder reconsideration of work design and strategizing for the homes taking into account caregiver health and well-being.

"Loneliness predicts self-reported cold symptoms after a viral challenge": Correction to LeRoy et al. (2017).

As part of a larger parent study, 213 healthy participants completed the Short Loneliness Scale (LON) and the Social Network Index (SNI) at baseline. They were given nasal drops containing rhinovirus 39 (RV39; i.e., a common cold virus), then quarantined for 5 days during which they reported on subjective cold symptoms in addition to being monitored for objective indicators of infection. Data from 160 of the participants (who were infected with the virus) were used in the present analyses. A hierarchical multiple regression revealed that baseline loneliness predicted self-reported cold symptoms over time (assessed via area under the curve), over and above demographic variables, season of participation, and depressive affect. Interestingly, social network size and diversity did not predict cold symptoms. These findings suggest that the perception of loneliness is more closely linked to self-reported illness symptoms than objectively measured social isolation. Assessing psychosocial factors such as loneliness when treating and evaluating the common cold could contribute to health care practitioners' understanding of their patients' experiences with acute illness. (PsycINFO Database Record

Hidden care: Revelations of a case-note audit of physical health care in a community mental health service.

People with severe mental illness (SMI) are widely reported to be at an increased risk of morbidity and premature death due to physical health conditions. Mental health nurses are ideally placed to address physical and mental health comorbidity as part of their day-to-day practice. This study involved an audit of hardcopy and electronic clinical case-notes of a random sample of 100 people with SMI case managed by community mental health service in metropolitan South Australia, to determine how well physical health conditions and risk factors, screening, and follow-up are recorded within their service records. Every contact between 1 July 2015 and 30 June 2016 was read. One-way ANOVA, Scheffe's test, and Fisher's exact test determined any significant associations across audit variables, which included gender, age, income, living arrangement, diagnosis, lifestyle factors, recording of physical health measures, and carer status. A focus on physical health care was evident from everyday case-note records; however, because this information was 'buried' within the plethora of entries and not brought to the fore with other key information about the person's psychiatric needs, it remained difficult to gain a full picture of potential gaps in physical health care for this population. Under-reporting, gaps and inconsistencies in the systematic recording of physical health information for this population are likely to undermine the quality of care they receive from mental health services, the ability of mental health service providers to respond in a timely way to their physical healthcare needs, and their communication with other healthcare providers.