Physical Form Research Articles

Comparison of Specific Exemption Regulations for Consumer Products Containing Radioactive Isotopes

Background: Practices involving radionuclides at levels below the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) generic exemptions are exempt from regulation without further consideration. Practices involving radionuclides at levels above those generic exemptions may also be exempt from regulation if they meet certain conditions. These are known as specific exemptions, and each country has established its own specific exemption criteria based on the conditions set out in the IAEA General Safety Requirements (GSR) Part 3. Those conditions relate to the physical or chemical form of the radioactive material as well as to its use or the means of its disposal.Materials and Methods: The specific exemption criteria of eight countries (i.e., the United States of America [US], Japan, France, China, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [UK], and Germany) were analyzed. Their similarities and differences as compared with the specific exemption criteria of the Republic of Korea (ROK) were analyzed, and suggestions for revision of the Korean regulations were formulated.Results and Discussion: Each country’s specific exemption criteria are defined based mostly on the IAEA criteria but tailored to its domestic circumstances. The nine countries with their specific exemption criteria can be broadly categorized into three groups: nuclide-specific exemptions for specific products (the ROK and the US), common criteria for all nuclides without specification of particular products (Japan, France, and China), and both specific and common criteria (Australia, Canada, the UK, and Germany).Conclusion: The specific exemption criteria of the different countries examined in this study could be helpful in reviewing the ROK’s specific exemption criteria. Development of common criteria alongside specific criteria for products requiring special attention may be a good way to determine whether new consumer products containing radioisotopes should be regulated.

Physical Activity, Kinesiophobia, Pain Catastrophizing, Body Awareness, Depression and Disease Activity in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Explorative Study.

The aim was to compare the levels of physical activity, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, body awareness, and depression in patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and to explore the associations between these outcomes and disease activity. Seventy-eight patients with AS (n=30) and RA (n=48) were included. Outcomes were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form, the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Body Awareness Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Disease activity levels were determined using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index for AS and the Disease Activity Score 28 score for RA. AS patients were younger, had a higher proportion of men, and were more physically active than RA patients (p<0.05). Both groups exhibited high levels of kinesiophobia but low levels of pain catastrophizing, similar body awareness and mild depression scores. Moderate correlations (r≥0.5) were observed between kinesiophobia and depression, body awareness and pain catastrophizing and depression, and pain catastrophizing and disease activity in AS patients. In RA patients, moderate correlations (r≥0.5) were found between kinesiophobia and pain catastrophizing. Addressing physical activity, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, body awareness, and depression is important in managing AS and RA patients. Notably, correlations among outcomes differed between groups, with more significant correlations in AS. Further studies are needed to explore these in greater detail.

A Journey Through Islamic Art Exhibition: Purification of Form, Ineradicable in Content

Throughout the years, the manifestations of Islamic art from east and west have been diverse in the formalistic aspects but united in its spiritual essence. The wide range of ornamental motifs, stylisation, placement, material, and context is constantly changing according to the current trend of the period, reflecting the historical, social-cultural and economic background it was produced. This ensues that change is inevitably bound to happen, where traditional approach in Islamic art might not be suitable to implement in the modern society due to the unavailability of precious materials and patronage as before. Despite the challenge, the “Islamic” identity in their artworks is still being discretely preserved in their expression despite implementing and combining new techniques, styles, forms, and materials with traditional approaches. This creates an asymmetrical balance that embraces change while maintaining the Islamic principle, philosophy, and spiritual allure in their artistic production where the artists design their art to be parallel and in context with modernity. However, the Islamic identity in contemporary artworks is difficult to identify and challenging to decipher as the visual expression differs significantly from traditional art forms that people are accustomed to, making it vaguely recognised and understood. This constant and dynamic flux of tolerance and acculturation is something that is being visually exhibited by the Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia (IAMM) in their special curation “A Journey Through Islamic Art” that showcases traditional and contemporary form of Islamic art in the same place. Although the curation is impressive, but the visual tension it creates invokes the mind to think deeply about what makes an Islamic art “Islamic” and what is the suitable approach to appropriately fathom and consider the art piece as a work of “Islamic art” as the physical form of calligraphy alone is not sufficient for it to be considered as “Islamic.”

Caregiving experiences and practices: qualitative formative research towards development of integrated early childhood development interventions targeting Kenyans and refugees in Nairobi’s informal settlements

BackgroundEvidence is needed to understand factors that influence child development and caregiving experiences, especially in marginalized contexts, to inform the development and implementation of early childhood development (ECD) interventions. This study explores caregiving practices for young children in an urban informal settlement with Kenyans and embedded refugees, and identifies factors shaping these caregiving experiences, to inform the design and development of potentially appropriate ECD interventions.MethodsA qualitative formative study, which included 14 focus group discussions (n = 125 participants), and 13 key informant interviews was conducted between August and October 2018. Purposive sampling approaches were used to select a diverse range of respondents including caregivers of children below three years of age and stakeholders of Kenyan nationality and refugees. Data were analysed using a thematic approach and the Nurturing Care Framework was used as an interpretative lens.ResultsThere was a fusion of traditional, religious and modern practices in the care for young children, influenced by the caregivers’ culture, and financial disposition. There were mixed views/practices on nutrition for young children. For example, while there was recognition of the value for breastfeeding, working mothers, especially in the informal economy, found it a difficult practice. Stimulation through play was common, especially for older children, but gaps were identified in aspects such as reading, and storytelling in the home environment. Some barriers identified included the limited availability of a caregiver, insecurity, and confined space in the informal settlement, all of which made it difficult for children to engage in play activities. Physical and psychological forms of discipline were commonly mentioned, although few caregivers practiced and recognized the need for using non-violent approaches. Some overarching challenges for caregivers were unemployment or unstable sources of income, and, particularly for refugee caregivers, their legal status.ConclusionThese findings point to the interplay of various factors affecting optimal caregiving for young children in an urban informal settlement with Kenyans and refugees. Integrated ECD interventions are needed for such a mixed population, especially those that strive to anchor along caregivers’ social support system, co-designed together with community stakeholders, that ideally focus on parent skills training promoting nurturing care and economic empowerment.

Development characteristics, problems and countermeasures of major scientific and technological infrastructures in the field of life sciences

The major science and technology infrastructure in the field of life science is an indispensable and important content in the large-science facility landscape. It encompasses cutting-edge, strategic, and fundamental aspects. This field differs from traditional facilities such as particle physics, astronomy and nuclear energy. Moreover, it represents a relatively underdeveloped area in China's facility landscape. Unique characteristics are observed in terms of capital investment, physical form, facility lifespan, digitization degree, organizational structure, project risk, and development effect when compared to traditional facilities. Despite its importance, challenges persist in project establishment, investment, management, and construction. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the condensing mechanism for addressing major scientific issues in the life science field, improve the strategic investment layout, facilitate the localization of technical equipment based on original scientific ideas, and strengthen the differentiated management capacity of life science facilities.

Advances in Chitosan-Based Materials for Application in Catalysis and Adsorption of Emerging Contaminants

The increasing disposal of emerging contaminants in the environment is a worldwide concern due to environmental impacts, such as toxicity, hormonal disorders, and bioaccumulation. The persistence of these pollutants in water bodies makes conventional pollutant removal techniques inefficient or partial, thus requiring the development of new, more effective, sustainable remediation technologies. Therefore, chitosan-based materials have emerged as a promising alternative for application in catalysis and contaminant removal. The biopolymer has functional properties that make it an excellent adsorbent capable of removing more specific pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, microplastics, agricultural pesticides, and perfluoroalkyl and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, which are increasingly in evidence today. Therefore, this review of recent and advanced research into using chitosan to manufacture catalytic and adsorption materials offers an innovative approach to treating contaminants in aqueous environments, significantly reducing their presence and impact. It discusses the advantages of using chitosan as an adsorbent and catalyst and its role as a support for catalysts and biocatalysts. In addition, the review highlights the diversity of the physical forms of chitosan, such as particles, membranes, and hydrogels, and its possible chemical modifications, highlighting its effectiveness in catalytic applications and the removal of a wide range of emerging contaminants.

From the Bio-Psycho-Social Model to the Development of a Clinical-Forensic Assessment Tool for Chronic Pain in Victims of Violence: A Research Protocol.

Violence against women impacts a minimum of 35% of the global female population, encompassing sexual, physical, and psychological forms. Perpetrators of this violence include partners, family members, or strangers. Its ramifications are substantial, evident in the prevalence of chronic pain reported by between 48% and 84% of women who have experienced abuse, with an odds ratio of 2.08. Notably associated diagnoses include pelvic/vaginal pain, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome/bowel symptoms, abdominal pain, migraine/headache, and back and neck pain. These diagnoses significantly limit a woman's ability to participate in daily activities, such as exercising or working, leading to genuine disability. Despite substantial evidence, the precise cause and etiology of these conditions remain unclear. Adhering to the bio-psycho-social model, it is conceivable that chronic pain in victims of violence cannot be attributed to a single factor alone, but rather to a combination of all three: biological, psychological, and social factors. Uncovering these factors could have significant clinical and legal implications. On one hand, it would be possible to conduct screenings to avoid developing chronic pain. and guide individuals toward the correct treatment. On the other hand, victims could seek compensation for chronic pain resulting from violence. Considering the limited knowledge about the causes of chronic pain and the absence of tools to identify risk factors or a set of tests for evaluating victims of violence, the goal of the research described in this project protocol is to pinpoint the specific contributing factors for chronic pain due to violence victimization. Additionally, it aims to devise a comprehensive protocol for assessing these factors in forensic science.

Role of physical activity for glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Lifestyle modification and physical activity are very important parts of diabetes management. Regular physical activity has been shown to improve glycemic control through increased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. The aims of this study were to assess the glycemic level and pattern of physical activity among type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from July 2022 to October 2022 among 305 purposively recruited diabetic patients who came to receive care at the outpatient department of a teaching hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to describe socio-demographic information. Physical activity was assessed using the validated version of international physical activity questionnaire short form/ global physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ/GPAQ). Glycemic control was measured by HbA1C report done within 120 days of the interview. Blood pressure and body mass index were also measured at the time of inclusion. The physical activity level was categorized according to IPAQ scoring protocol as high level, moderate level and low level. Chi square test was carried out to determine the association of physical activity with type-2 DM, body mass index, glycemic and blood pressure control. Statistical significance was defined as p&lt;0.05. Results: Among the participants only 0.3% had high level of physical activity. Moderate level of physical activity was found among 32.8% and low level of physical activity has been found among 66.9%. Among the participants 92.1% spent their time sitting during the weekdays while the time spent at home, at work, while doing course or class and during leisure activities. Among them 21% had the maximum 10 hours sitting time during the last week. The study showed that the persons who spent walking on at least 7 days has negative correlation with blood glycemic level and among them who spent time on sitting has positive correlation with blood glycemic level. Nearly two thirds of the respondents were female. The mean age was 53.09 ± 12.15 years. Majority of the participants were from urban area (69.83%) and the rest are from rural (21.31%) and sub urban (8.2%) area. There was no significant relation of level physical activity with any sociodemographic factors except monthly income, which showed low monthly income was associated with higher level of physical activity. Conclusion: The findings of our study focus on developing more awareness and providing facilities for physical activity to achieve the glycemic goal. BIRDEM Med J 2024; 14(3): 143-150

Justice-Based Regulation: A New Paradigm in Copyright Protection

Copyright, as a special right of creators, develops automatically under the declarative value once a work is happened in a physical form, with certain limitations as prescribed by law. This study investigates the current limitations in legal protection for copyright owners and proposes a justice-based regulatory framework. The research is structured around three central questions: 1) Why does the existing legal framework for copyright protection fail to deliver justice for copyright owners? 2) What are the essential shortcomings in the current regulations? 3) How can these values be restored to safeguard justice-based protection? Engaging a constructivist paradigm and a sociological legal method, this research utilizes socio-legal methods, including expressive analysis of both primary and secondary data. Data collection was conducted through literature reviews and field studies, with qualitative methods applied to analyse the findings. The study reveals substantial gaps in the current legal framework, particularly within Articles 1, 8, and 9 of the Copyright Law, which ineffectively safeguard the rights of copyright owners. These deficiencies are exacerbated by the widespread misuse of artificial intelligence technologies that modify original works, undermining the economic rights of creators. The analysis finds three main areas of weakness: legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture. The current legal provisions are ineffective in practice, implementation mechanisms are flawed, and societal attitudes towards copyright are driven by pragmatism, leading to frequent violations and unfair royalty distribution. To address these issues, the study recommends a comprehensive modernization of the legal framework, focusing on value and normative modernizations. Key proposals include amendments to the Copyright Law No. 28 of 2014 and Government Regulation No. 56 of 2021 to establish a more equitable and justice-oriented system for copyright protection.

Patient-reported outcomes in total hip arthroplasty for patients with anatomically contoured femoral heads

Introduction: Iliopsoas tendinitis after total hip arthroplasty (THA) has become more prevalent with the increased use of large-diameter femoral heads impinging on native surrounding tissues. Anatomically contoured heads (ACH) are soft-tissue-friendly femoral heads created to minimise this issue. This retrospective study assesses iliopsoas tendinitis prevalence and re-operations in primary THAs with ACH, while determining the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) achievement and improvement with 5 patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 53 ACHs from January 2020 to July 2023. Patients who completed Hip Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score–Physical Function Short Form (HOOS-PS), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function Short Form 10a (PF SF-10a), PROMIS Global Health (GH)-Mental, or PROMIS GH-Physical, and pain score questionnaires were identified. PROM scores were collected preoperatively and at 3-month and 1-year postoperative intervals. Comparisons using chi-square and ANOVA tests were applied. Results: The rates of achieving MCID and improvement within the first year were (69.2 vs. 76.9%) for PROMIS GH-Physical, (38.5 vs. 46.2%) for PROMIS GH-Mental, (71.4 vs. 92.9%) for HOOS-PS, (80.0 vs. 80.0%) for PROMIS PF SF-10a, and (74.0 vs. 91.7%) for pain scores. PROM scores at 3 months and 1 year significantly varied across all categories, except for PROMIS GH-Mental. No patients had iliopsoas tendinitis, dislocations, or re-operations. Discussion: ACH implants may alleviate anterior hip pain, while maintaining comparable strength and bio-compatibility to conventional femoral heads. This study underscores the early safety and potential of ACH implants in reducing iliopsoas tendinitis and impingement.

SnO2 encapsulated in alginate matrix: Evaluation and optimization of bioinspired nanoadsorbents for azo dye removal.

Synthesized SnO2 NPs demonstrate potential capacity to adsorb toxic azo dye. Powder X-ray diffraction and SEM imaging confirmed the rutile phase and spherical morphology of SnO2 NPs. Average particle size has been confirmed to be approximately 3 nm through TEM analysis. Adsorption capacity is attributed to the high surface and presence of oxygen vacancy confirmed through BET and XPS, respectively. To mitigate the leaching of NPs in treated water, the encapsulation of NPs in sodium alginate (SA) has been proposed as an environmentally friendly, biocompatible, and economic solution. This study specifically focuses on investigating the parameters for the encapsulation of NPs within a sodium alginate matrix using CaCl2 as cross-linker, including effect of physical shape of encapsulation, effect of sodium alginate and CaCl2 concentration on the encapsulation efficiency and overall adsorption efficiency. Experimental results indicated that the physical form of encapsulation, such as spherical, wire-like, or irregular shape maintained consistent adsorption efficiency, which indicates its versatility. For effective encapsulation of NPs and adsorption, SA and CaCl2 concentration are suggested to be within the range of 0.2-0.3 g and > 0.5 M, respectively..

Observation of the Art and Ideology of the Architectural Gate of the Great Mosque of Jami' Singaraja: Involvement of Hinduism, Islam, and the Kingdom of Buleleng

This research aims to uncover the complex process of integration and collaboration between the Kingdom of Buleleng, Hinduism and Islam, which is evident in the gate design of the Jami' Singaraja Grand Mosque. The paper uses a logical and concise structure that includes common academic sections, ensuring a clear and necessary flow of information and causal relationships between statements. It uses appropriate vocabulary for the particular subject and adheres to grammatical correctness, conventional structure, clear and logical structure, and balanced judgment. The objective was achieved by using three methods, namely Aditya Wardana's gate architecture method examines the aesthetic nuances and significance of the extrinsic layers associated with the construction of the gate under study, the semiotic method proposed by Riffaterre establishes the implied meaning of the physical form of the gate in question and the ideological method is used to analyze the results of the first two methods to provide a more comprehensive interpretation of the explicit and implied meanings. This study concludes that the gate architecture of the Jami' Singaraja Grand Mosque contributes to the negotiation between environmental sensitivity and the ethics of cultural beauty. This can be observed through three findings a symbol of social status that values responsible pluralism, the obligation to bring joy, maintain expressive values, and dissolve negative elements, a reminder of the guidelines of social life, inner purity, and psychological wisdom; and an ideology of togetherness for the Muslim profile that must pay attention to inclusive personality, mass mobilization for social care, and reproduction of individual piety.

Prevalence and Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Among Women and Men in Mexico: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

This article presents the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and correlates of different forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) among women and men in Mexico. To identify studies, a comprehensive search strategy was developed and executed across 11 databases (Academic Search Complete, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Science). From the 1,746 studies screened, 155 full-text articles were reviewed, and this systematic review included 27 studies involving 249,557 participants to determine the prevalence of physical, psychological, sexual, threats, and other forms of IPV, according to gender and other sociodemographic characteristics. Overall IPV prevalence was 16.4%, with significant differences across pregnant and non-pregnant women. Physical IPV prevalence was 14.7%, revealing higher rates in men (29.5%) compared to women (14.2%). Psychological IPV prevalence was 27.3% and sexual IPV was at 6.6%, with differences across evaluation periods. Threats and other IPV forms showed a prevalence rate of 14.2% and 21.5%. Meta-regression analyses included gender, education, marital status, rural residency, pregnancy, age, and evaluation period. This study demonstrates that IPV is a critical public health concern in Mexico, impacting both women and men. It shows the vulnerability of rural residents, youth, and pregnant women. However, understanding IPV complexities in Mexico requires nuanced considerations of demographic and situational contexts. Urgent initiatives from municipal, state, and federal governments are needed to combat IPV, focusing on prevention and support for affected individuals.

Impact of awareness of sports policies, school, family, and community environmental on physical activity and fitness among children and adolescents: a structural equation modeling study

BackgroundUnderstanding the impact of environmental factors on physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) is crucial for promoting a healthy lifestyle among children and adolescents. This study examines how awareness of sports policies, school, family, and community environments influence PA and PF in Chinese youth.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 2747 children and adolescents (mean age 12.90 ± 2.49; 48.2% male) from 17 schools across five Chinese cities. Environmental factors were assessed via questionnaires, and PA levels were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF). PF metrics, including BMI, waist-to-height ratio, grip strength, vertical jump, and 20-m shuttle run test (20-mSRT), were measured onsite. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to explore relationships between environmental factors and PA/PF outcomes.ResultsThe school environment scored highest (78.0 ± 9.5), while the community environment scored lowest (38.7 ± 18.0). Family environment positively influenced low-intensity PA (LPA) (β = 0.102, P < 0.001) but negatively affected moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) (β = -0.055, P = 0.035). Community environment and awareness of sports policies positively impacted MVPA (β = 0.216, P < 0.001; β = 0.072, P = 0.009, respectively). Family environment positively influenced BMI reduction (β = -0.103, P < 0.001) but negatively affected grip strength (β = -0.063, P = 0.018). Community environment improved grip strength and 20-mSRT performance (β = 0.088, P = 0.002; β = 0.065, P = 0.027).ConclusionsSchool environments, despite high scores, do not significantly impact PA and PF. Community environments, though scoring lower, positively affect MVPA, grip strength, and 20-mSRT. Awareness of sports policies boosts MVPA, while family environments support LPA and BMI but are inversely related to MVPA and grip strength. Integrated strategies involving community infrastructure, family support, and policy awareness are essential for promoting active lifestyles among children and adolescents.

Virtual reality: towards a better prediction of full body illusion — a mediation model for healthy young women

The application of advanced embodied technologies, particularly virtual reality (VR), has been suggested as a means to induce the full-body illusion (FBI). This technology is employed to modify different facets of bodily self-consciousness, which involves the sense of inhabiting a physical form, and is influenced by cognitive inputs, affective factors like body dissatisfaction, individual personality traits and suggestibility. Specifically, VR-based Mirror Exposure Therapies are used for the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN). This study aims to investigate whether the “Big Five” personality dimensions, suggestibility, body dissatisfaction and/or body mass index can act as predictors for FBI, either directly or acting as a mediator, in young women of similar gender and age as most patients with AN. The FBI of 156 healthy young women immersed in VR environment was induced through visuomotor and visuo-tactile stimulations, and then assessed using the Avatar Embodiment Questionnaire, comprising four dimensions: Appearance, Ownership, Response, and Multi-Sensory. Data analysis encompassed multiple linear regressions and SPSS PROCESS macro’s mediation model. The findings revealed that the “Big Five” personality dimensions did not directly predict FBI in healthy young women, but Openness to experience, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism exerted an indirect influence on some FBI components through the mediation of suggestibility.

Solvent Minimized Synthesis of Amides by Reactive Extrusion

AbstractHerein, we report on the translation of a small scale ball‐milled amidation protocol into a large scale continuous reactive extrusion process. Critical components to the successful translation were: a) understanding how the different operating parameters of a twin‐screw extruder should be harnessed to control prolonged continuous operation, and b) consideration of the physical form of the input materials. The amidation reaction is applied to 36 amides spanning a variety of physical form combinations (liquid‐liquid, solid–liquid and solid‐solid). Following this learning process, we have developed an understanding for the translation of each physical form combination and demonstrated a 7‐hour reactive extrusion process for the synthesis of an amide on 500 gram scale (1.3 mols of product).

Solvent Minimized Synthesis of Amides by Reactive Extrusion.

Herein, we report on the translation of a small scale ball-milled amidation protocol into a large scale continuous reactive extrusion process. Critical components to the successful translation were: a) understanding how the different operating parameters of a twin-screw extruder should be harnessed to control prolonged continuous operation, and b) consideration of the physical form of the input materials. The amidation reaction is applied to 36 amides spanning a variety of physical form combinations (liquid-liquid, solid-liquid and solid-solid). Following this learning process, we have developed an understanding for the translation of each physical form combination and demonstrated a 7-hour reactive extrusion process for the synthesis of an amide on 500 gram scale (1.3 mols of product).

Resilient forces: The role of intangible capital in mitigating financial contagion dynamics

This essay explores the mechanics of financial shocks within a globalized framework, employing a two-country macroeconomic model to distinguish between core and periphery economies. Our research indicates that intangible assets, serving as stable collateral, respond more robustly to economic shocks than traditional physical forms. Moreover, the study highlights the complex transmission mechanisms of productivity and leverage shocks, revealing that while the financial sector effectively assimilates the positive economic outcomes resulting from a productivity shock, leverage shocks, despite depleting capital, paradoxically stimulate overall economic output.

Low back pain and kinesiophobia in pregnant women.

During pregnancy, many pregnant women experience lumbopelvic pain due to mechanical, systemic, and hormonal reasons and this pain and fear of movement (kinesiophobia) causes daily life limitations. To examine low back pain (LBP), kinesiophobia, disability, and related conditions that develop together during pregnancy. The was a cross-sectional and analytical study. The presence, severity, and duration of pain in the lumbopelvic region were questioned. Postpartum LBP was evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire, disability using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), pain intensity using a visual analog scale (VAS), physical activity levels using the physical activity level during pregnancy questionnaire and the international physical activity questionnaire short form, and kinesiophobia was evaluated using the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. The study comprised 120 pregnant women with a mean age of 27.4 ± 6.1 years. It was observed that 42.3% of the pregnant had LBP (n= 69). The mean body mass index (BMI) was 73.6 ± 16.2 kg/m2, and the mean VAS score was 5.5 ± 2 cm. When we divided the group according to the presence of LBP, age (p= 0.49), gestational week (p= 0.75), and gravida (p= 0.81) were similar. BMI (p= 0.038) and ODI scores (p< 0.001) were higher in the group with LBP. LBP in pregnant women has a higher frequency than in the normal population, regardless of age, gestational week, and gravida. Obesity appears to be a risk factor for LBP and increases disability. Kinesiophobia in pregnant women is significantly associated with obesity and disability. Unless there are contraindications, a physically active pregnancy process and regular exercise should be recommend.

Type-R physicalism

ABSTRACT In this paper, I argue for an often-neglected solution to the conceivability argument: the reconciliatory response. Its advocates state that, even if zombies are metaphysically possible, it does not follow that all versions of physicalism are false. To make the reconciliatory response, we must construct a theory that counts as a version of physicalism (because it makes higher-level facts count as physical) but also allows for the metaphysical possibility of zombies. Call any physicalist theory that can make the reconciliatory response type-R physicalism. In this paper, I discuss one version of type-R physicalism: stochastic ground physicalism (SGP). First, I argue that type-R physicalism, construed as SGP, offers physicalists an attractive rationalist package that no other version of physicalism can provide. Second, I address two concerns that have been underexplored in the literature. First, the charge that SGP is incoherent because it fails to provide metaphysical explanations. Second, the charge that type-R physicalism is not a genuine form of physicalism because the supervenience of the phenomenal on the physical is a necessary condition for any formulation of physicalism. I argue that both concerns are ill-founded.