Physical Feelings Research Articles

Path planning algorithm of the intelligent vehicle considering the passenger feelings

As the autonomous driving vehicle becomes popular, the driver will be completely replaced by autonomous system, but passengers in the vehicle will always exist. Autonomous vehicle has the essential property of transporting people, so the passenger comfortability should be fully considered. In this paper, based on the trust between the passenger and the driver, the passenger physical and psychological feelings are comprehensively considered. Through the real track test data, the support vector machine is used to establish the passenger feeling evaluation model -- to show the relationship between the passenger and the autonomous driving system. And then, based on the evaluation model, a new path planner algorithm is proposed, which is proved by simulation that the re-planning path can significantly improve the passenger comfortability.

Homo Holocaustus, or Autobiographical Female Experience of the Holocaust

The aim of this paper is to present the motif of the Shoah in female autobiographcial prose after the year 2000. The paper shows that, in recent years, more and more female authors in the second and third post-Holocaust generations have been recording their traumatic experience, and that the reason for it lies in the social stigmatization of Jewish people. It is stressed here that the issues of the Holocaust are part and parcel of a cultural taboo and – similarly to female written prose – they are frequently ignored or evaluated negatively. The Holocaust issues are tackled by contemporary young writers of Jewish descent who – contrary to the previous generation authors – have not experienced the mass murder of Jews; nevertheless, they feel its effects today. This paper proves that the research into trauma studies is not really conducted in Poland, and paying attention to a female viewpoint is very rare. The examples referred to in the paper of the autobiographical novels by Ewa Kuryluk, Agata Tuszyńska, Roma Ligocka and Magdalena Tulli demonstrate that this kind of writing is becoming more and more important within the literature focused on the Shoah. Compared to the autobiographical fiction by Marek Bieńczyk, Jan Tomasz Gross and Michał Głowiński, female Holocaust stories are distinguished by their authenticity, emotionality, intimacy and honesty of narration. The stories are devoid of any pathos, and they highlight the figure of a mother. Moreover, their confessions are based on the physical feeling of the legacy which has remained in their hearts and minds after the trauma that their loved ones had to experience. An attempt to describe prose post-Holocaust prose is made in comparison to Jewish literature in Poland, drawing the reader’s attention to the characteristic features of these issues compared to the autobiographical works by men.

براہوئی ادب اٹ نیاڑی تا شاعری نا روایت

Undeniably, Poetry promotes Literacy. It is an individual’s Creativity. Expression of poetry links with physical, intellectual, emotional and natural feelings. Poetry is everywhere, it just needs editing. this article aims to enlighten the works of women in the field of Brahui poetry. there are some women who engraved their names in the history of Brahui poetry. Such as the names of great poetesses are: Tahira Ahsas, Humira Sadaf and Rabiya Khuzdari and many more. Due to these women the Classical and ancient poetry still prevails at the very same way the male writers have also played a great role in the development of Brahui Literature. The rhyme of poetry which was initiated by the ancients and now it is being developed and molded accordingly to the needs and demands of the modern poetry. The art of thyme, melody and logical techniques are also discussed here in. the women who belong to rural areas of Balochistan are presented with their real glamour and shine in this article. which remained unidentified in history of Brahui Literature. No doubt, most of the folk music are sung by women and they made a footstep to progress the literature and Brahui poetry.

Targets of Psychological Work for High Alexithymia People

The article reviewed the modern empirical studies of alexithymia, summarized the theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of alexithymia, describes the difficulties faced by the people with a high level of alexithymia and suggested tips on psychological work with the alexithymic people. The novelty of this research consists in the formulation of the aspects of the practical work of a psychologist in order to increase the level of the adaptation of the alexithymics and improve the quality of their life. At the moment, this problem is covered in only a small amount of research. The main result of the article is the identification of the areas of psychological work with the alexithymics: (1) the improvement of the connection with the body; (2) the correction of personality problems; (3) the psychological assistance in the harmonization of the interpersonal relations. It has been shown that disrupted connection with the body is one of the most significant problems of the alexithymics and the factor which contributes to the development of psychosomatic diseases. For the improvement of the connection with the body the authors suggest such types of psychological work as the differentiation of physical feelings, a fuller understanding of the body map, the ability to control the condition of the body, the acceptance of the body and the increase in the satisfaction with it. The ways of working with the most significant personality problems of the alexithymics are singled out (correction of non-adaptive coping-strategies, low level of life satisfaction, rigidity, and instability of the emotional sphere). The areas of work on improving the relations of the alexithymics with the surrounding people are highlighted (gaining more knowledge about the emotional sphere, working with friends and relatives, teaching communication skills, taking into account the influence of alexithymia). Finally, the conclusion is made about the importance of the integrated psychological work with the people with a high level of alexithymia in order to develop the specific tools for comprehensive assistance to alexithymics.

Multi-Layered Perceptual Model for Haptic Perception of Compliance

Haptic rendering of compliance is widely used in human–computer haptic interaction. Haptic impressions of virtual objects are usually controlled through rendering algorithms and devices. However, subjective feelings of compliance are easily affected by physical properties of objects, interactive modes, and so on. So it is important to ascertain the mapping relations between controlled physical parameters and subjective perceptual feelings. In this paper, a multi-layered perceptual model was built based on psychophysical experiments to discuss these relationships in a simplified scene. Interactive signals of physical stimuli are collected by the physical receptor layer, handled by the subjective classifier layer and finally generate the evaluation results of compliance. The physical perceptual layer is used to extract useful interaction features affecting perceptual results. The subjective classifier layer is used to analyze the perceptual dimensionality of the compliance perception. The final aim of the model is to determine the mapping relationships between interaction features and dimensions of perception space. Interactive features are extracted from the interaction data collected during the exploring process, perceptual dimensionality of the compliance perception was analyzed by the factor analysis method, and relations between hierarchical layers were obtained by multi-linear regression analysis. A verification test was performed to show whether the proposed model can predict the perceptual result of new samples well. The results indicate that the model was reliable to estimate the perceptual results of compliance with an accuracy of approximately 90%. This paper may contribute a lot to the design and improvement of human-computer interaction and intelligent sensing system.

Basal insulin persistence in Brazilian participants with T2DM.

Real-world effectiveness of basal insulin therapy is affected by poor treatment persistence, often occurring soon after initiation. This analysis is part of an international cross-sectional study conducted in T2DM patients and is intended to describe the reasons behind non-persistence to insulin therapy in Brasil. Responders to an online survey in seven countries were classified as continuers (no gap of ≥7 days), interrupters (interrupted therapy for ≥7 days within first 6 months, then restarted), and discontinuers (terminated therapy for ≥7 days within first 6 months, and did not start it again before the survey). We present the results from the Brazilian cohort. Of 942 global respondents, 156 were from Brasil, with a mean age of 34 years and a mean of 5.8 years since T2DM diagnosis. Reasons contributing to insulin continuation (n=50) were improved glycemic control (82%) and improved physical feeling (50%). Common reasons for interruption (n=51) or discontinuation (n=55) were, respectively, weight gain (47.1%, 43.6%), hypoglycemia (45.1%, 38.2%), and pain from injections (39.2%, 49.1%). However, not all patients who reported weight gain and hypoglycemia as a reason for interruption or discontinuation experienced these: 16/24 (66.7%) and 22/24 (91.7%) participants had weight gain, and 13/23 (56.5%) and 15/21 (71.4%) had hypoglycemia, respectively. The most important reason for possible re-initiation for interrupters and discontinuers, respectively, was persuasion by the physician/HCP (80.4%, 72.7%). The benefits of basal insulin therapy motivated continuers to persist with the treatment; experienced or anticipated side effects contributed to interruption and discontinuation. Physician and patient training is key in the treatment of diabetes.

Effect of exergames on physical outcomes in frail elderly: a systematic review

The aim of this systematic review was to understand the exergames that can be applied to the pre-frail and frail elderly people, to evaluate whether these games have a positive impact on physical outcomes in pre-frail and frail older adults, and to explore user's subjective feelings and compliance. PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched until January 15, 2019. Only randomized controlled trials published in English for human beings were eligible. The review included studies which examined the effects of exergames on physical outcomes, feasibility and/or subjective feelings of pre-frail and frail older adults. Two researchers assessed the risk bias of all articles independently using the Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. Seven randomized controlled trials with 243 pre-frail and frail older adults met inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Results of the studies were heterogeneous. Physical outcomes (included muscle strength, balance ability, mobility function, gait and falls), subjective feeling outcomes, feasibility, attendance and some other functional outcomes were reported. Exergames improved balance and mobility function of frail elderly, and it showed a tendency to increase muscle strength when combined with resistance training. As far as the limited evidence was concerned, exergames were feasible and generally accepted by participants.

Acceptability of Routine Evaluations Using Patient-Reported Outcomes of Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events and Other Patient-Reported Symptom Outcome Tools in Cancer Outpatients: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre Experience.

Recent studies have demonstrated improved outcomes with real-time patient-reported outcome questionnaires (PRO questionnaires) using questions adapted for patient use from the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Outside of the clinical trial setting, limited information exists on factors affecting the completion of PRO questionnaires in routine practice. The primary aim of this prospective cross-sectional study was to evaluate patient willingness to complete PRO questionnaires on a regular basis and to better understand responder biases to improve patient feedback. Patients performing PRO-CTCAE toxicity and symptom PRO questionnaires in oncology clinics at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre from 2013 to 2016 were assessed for their willingness to complete PRO questionnaires using a nine-item, tablet-based acceptability survey. Patient-reported characteristics (i.e., age, sex, language, marital status, education, occupation, etc.), cancer type, treatment modalities, and health metrics (i.e., Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) were also collected. Characteristics were evaluated by logistic regression (odds ratios [OR]) using the primary outcome with prespecified levels of significance for univariate (p ≤ .10), and additional multivariate (p ≤ .05) testing. A total of 1,792 patients (median age 60 years; range 18-97) with various cancer diagnoses were assessed. A greater proportion of female (56%) and white (74%) respondents with an annual household income of <$100,000 (69%) participated. More than half (58%) of respondents were willing to complete PRO questionnaires at every clinic visit, and a high proportion (77%) found utility in reporting physical and emotional feelings to clinicians using PRO questionnaires. In general, patients did not find that PRO questionnaires made clinic visits more difficult (93%). In uni- and multivariable testing, patients were more willing to complete sleep- and fatigue-related PRO questionnaires relative to chemotoxicity-based PRO questionnaires (OR 1.52; p = .012). Patients aged 40-65 versus 18-40 years were also more likely to report high PRO questionnaire acceptability (OR 1.49; p = .025). Additional patient characteristics such as white ethnicity (OR 1.76), Canada as country of birth (OR 1.66), and English language (OR 2.15) relative to other had higher acceptability on uni- (p < .001) and multivariable (p < .001) analyses. Patients reporting treatment intent as palliative (OR 0.69; p = .0013) or hematological (OR 0.73; p = .027) were less likely to report high PRO questionnaire acceptability on univariable analysis; however, only palliative patients (OR 0.72) maintained this effect on multivariable testing (p = .012). Patients reporting higher health utility scores (per change in .05) also had significantly increased PRO questionnaire acceptability in uni- (OR 1.06; p < .001) and multivariable (OR 1.05; p = .008) analyses. No significant differences in PRO questionnaire acceptability were seen between cancer types, education level, household income, employment status, or treatment modality. Routine assessment using PRO questionnaires is associated with moderate acceptability by patients with cancer. Specific patient characteristics are associated with higher completion willingness. Additional research is necessary to identify factors associated with low acceptability of PRO questionnaires and to develop site-, ethnicity-, and treatment-specific instruments to assess the value of PRO questionnaires for symptom monitoring in clinical practice. This study will help to identify the clinical, demographic, and survey characteristics associated with willingness to complete patient-reported outcome questionnaires regularly in the cancer outpatient setting.

Preferential activation for emotional Western classical music versus emotional environmental sounds in motor, interoceptive, and language brain areas

Recent meta analyses suggest there is a common brain network involved in processing emotion in music and sounds. However, no studies have directly compared the neural substrates of equivalent emotional Western classical music and emotional environmental sounds. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging we investigated whether brain activation in motor cortex, interoceptive cortex, and Broca’s language area during an auditory emotional appraisal task differed as a function of stimulus type. Activation was relatively greater to music in motor and interoceptive cortex – areas associated with movement and internal physical feelings – and relatively greater to emotional environmental sounds in Broca’s area. We conclude that emotional environmental sounds are appraised through verbal identification of the source, and that emotional Western classical music is appraised through evaluation of bodily feelings. While there is clearly a common core emotion-processing network underlying all emotional appraisal, modality-specific contextual information may be important for understanding the contribution of voluntary versus automatic appraisal mechanisms.

Variation and Culture in Laiholh Psycho-Collocations

As shown in previous research, psycho-collocations are a feature of Laiholh, a Tibeto-Burman language in the Kuki-Chin family, that are used to express emotions or physical feelings through metaphor. Because psycho-collocations use metaphor, they experience metaphor variation and can encode cultural information relevant to the understanding of their meanings. The present paper compares the psycho-collocations reported in a study published in 1998 to the psycho-collocations reported by a 21-year-old male speaker of Laiholh from a diaspora community in Indianapolis to show how much these psycho-collocations vary in use, in meaning, and in construction between speakers; furthermore, to show how the deeper cultural information encoded in certain psycho-collocations acts as context for a more meaningful understanding.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penerapan Berpikir Kritis Perawat dalam Melaksanakan Asuhan Keperawatan di Rumah Sakit

Critical thinking skills is a very essential ability in providing services to patients. Factors that can influence critical thinking skills include physical condition, motivation, anxiety, habits, intellectual development, consistency, feelings, and experience. These factors can provide positive support or can reduce critical thinking skills. The purpose of the study was to analyze the factors that influence the application of nurses' critical thinking skills in implementing nursing care to patients. Crossectional research design. The study population was inpatient nurses and a total population sample of 113 nurses. The results of this study (73%) were female, (78%) education was not Ners, (91%) were married, (57%) were civil servants, (53%) were more than 30 years old, (58%) were working long &lt; 6 years. There was a significant relationship between sex factors (p. 005), duration of work (p. 0,045), motivation (p. 0.015), anxiety (p. 0.008), intellectual development (p. 001), and experience (0.002) towards the application of critical thinking nurses in implementing nursing care. There was no significant relationship between factors of age, education, marital status, employment status, physical condition, feelings, habits, consistency in the application of nurse critical thinking in implementing nursing care (p value&gt; 0.005).The intellectual development of nurses can improve critical thinking which is the most dominant in implementing nursing care.&#x0D;

Archeology of the Art of Body Movement: Learning from Japanese Ko-bujutsu

Abstract The aim of this paper is to clarify some of the fundamental ways of body movement found in Japanese ko-bujutsu or martial arts, which have been mostly lost to modern culture. Ko-bujutsu is described by martial artist Yoshinori Kono, who criticizes modernity. Kono insists that, through bujutsu, one can pursue what human nature means. This understanding came from Kono’s way of life. This functions as significant educational theory in the same way as Richard Shusterman’s somaesthetics. Another aspect of Kono’s philosophy is its reference to aesthetic consciousness, which he believes is necessary to serve as the base of new ideas. Kono defines aesthetic consciousness as strong sensations, such as contentedness based on physical feelings of fascination or being drawn to something at only one glance. This aesthetic consciousness serves to support our inner lives. While this could be dismissed as being merely subjective interpretations, for those who seek to advance philosophical discourse, Kono contends that, through ko-bujutsu the world can be improved.

The Functional Ability of MCI and Alzheimer's Patients Predicts Caregiver Burden.

Sixty patients and their caregivers participated in this study. Patients completed activities of daily living tasks and several neuropsychological tests assessing memory, abstract reasoning, and language. Caregivers completed self-report measures assessing caregiver burden and psychological distress. Results revealed that the mAD caregivers endorsed greater physical burden and feelings of missing out on life compared to MCI caregivers. The mAD caregivers indicated greater depression and anxiety relative to MCI caregivers. Stepwise regression found that fewer patient neuropsychological scores predicted caregiver burden, as compared to patients' daily functioning. Overall, mAD displayed more severe types of burden and psychological distress relative to MCI caregivers and patients' daily functional abilities better predicated caregivers' burden and psychological distress than patients' neuropsychological functioning.

A qualitative research of true experience in patients with end-stage heart failure

Objective To explore the true experience of patients living with end-stage heart failure Methods The phenomenological methodology was used in the study.Eleven inpatients with end-stage heart failure were treated with semi-structured interviews and recorded live. Colaizzi method was used for data analysis with Nvivo11.0. Results Four themes were extracted:perceivestressful heart failuresymptoms; complex psychological experience, both negative and positive response coexist; perceive insufficient medical system support; ambivalent attitude toward death. Conclusion Health care providers should pay attention to the physical and psychological feelings of patients with end-stage heart failure, take targeted interventions to alleviate their suffering, provide palliative care while providing heart failure management to patients, and attach importance to communication with patients to help them recognize death correctly. At the same time, we should promote the development of grass-roots health institutions and provide patients with more convenient and adequate medical resources. Key words: End-stage heart failure; Patients; Experience; Qualitative research

Effects of High Carbohydrate vs. High Protein Pre-exercise Feedings on Psychophysiological Responses to High Intensity Interval Exercise in Overweight Perimenopausal Women.

Objective: To investigate (a) the acute effect of a bout of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on mood, cognitive function, and blood pressure in overweight perimenopausal women and (b) to compare the effects of high carbohydrate vs. high protein pre-HIIE feedings on exercise capacity, mood and cognitive function in this population.Methods: Twelve, overweight, perimenopausal women (age; 45.5 ± 2.3 years, body fat; 32.2 ± 2.1%) completed a bout of HIIE under 3 pre-exercise feedings (HCHO: high-carbohydrate-low-protein; LCHP: low-carbohydrate-high-protein; control: fasted) in a randomized crossover design. HIIE consisted of 4 intervals of 4 min walking at 85–90% of maximum heart rate and 3 min recovery. Before and after HIIE, the shortened version of the profile of mood state questionnaire, the exercise—induced feeling inventory questionnaire and three cognitive function tests (Stroop test, Shift Stroop test, n-back test) were administered. Blood pressure was measured pre- and post-exercise. Following HIIE a performance test to volitional fatigue was conducted.Results: A single bout of HIIE resulted in significant reductions in blood pressure and improvements in cognitive capacity (p < 0.05). Both the HCHO and LCHP feedings led to significantly longer exercise performance compared to CON (422 ± 71 s and 340 ± 46 vs. 240 ± 32 s, respectively, p < 0.01), with a 1.22-fold greater increase in performance time in HCHO compared to LCHP, although not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Only the HCHO trial improved total mood disturbance and positive engagement 1 h-post-exercise compared to CON (p < 0.05). HCHO and LCHP improved physical exhaustion and revitalization feelings post-exercise vs. CON (p < 0.01).Conclusions: A single HIIE session improves cognitive function and blood pressure in overweight perimenopausal women. High-carbohydrate pre-HIIE feedings can result in greater enhancements in mood and positive engagement to exercise and may improve exercise performance compared to a high-protein meal.

Associated factors that influenced persistence with basal analog insulin therapy among people with type 2 diabetes: An exploratory analysis from a UK real-world sample

AimReal-world effectiveness of insulin therapy is affected by poor treatment persistence, often occurring soon after initiation. An international cross-sectional survey of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been conducted to describe reasons for non-persistence with insulin therapy. MethodsResponders to an online survey in 7 countries were classified as continuers (no gap of ≥7days), interrupters (interrupted therapy for ≥7days within first 6 months, then restarted), and discontinuers (terminated therapy for ≥7days within first 6 months, no restart before survey). We present the results from the United Kingdom (UK) cohort. ResultsOf 942 global respondents, 131 were from the UK, having a mean age of 37years and a mean of 7years since first T2DM diagnosis. Reasons contributing to insulin continuation (n=50) were improved physical feeling (52.0%) and improved glycemic control (48.0%). Common reasons for interruption (n=50) or discontinuation (n=31), respectively were weight gain (50.0%, 48.4%) and hypoglycemia (38.0%, 25.8%). Most important reason for possible re-initiation for interrupters and discontinuers, respectively was persuasion by physician/healthcare professional (74.0%, 64.5%). ConclusionThe benefits of basal insulin therapy motivated continuers to persist with the treatment; experienced or anticipated side effects contributed to interruption and discontinuation.

A mathematical model of force on control column of a low-cost flight simulator

The personal computer based aviation training device (PCATD) is a type of low cost flight simulator which is widely used in the general aviation industry in procedural flight training. Apart from visual effects, a PCATD does not provide trainee pilots with the same physical experience as the physical feeling they receive in actual flights. To improve the fidelity in flight control of PCATD for our Diamond DA-40 trainer aircraft, a force feed-back system is proposed for one of the flight control systems, the control column in the cockpit. The core element of this proposed system is the mathematical model to simulate the resultant forces on the control column when a manoeuvre is performed. This mathematical model considers the general aerodynamic forces exerted on the control surfaces, and the specific aerodynamic forces caused by the configuration of the aircraft, the static forces and dynamic forces along the control transmission systems. This model is two dimensional only, pitching and rolling, which are performed by the control column. A special regime of detecting the movement of the control column with visual analysis is developed due to the dimensional and regulatory restrictions in a cockpit. The force feed-back on the control column following the movement of the control is calculated by the model. The results of the calculations explain the features of the components of the total force on control, which will assist the planning and implementation of applying this force model in the simulator. References Edward Lewis Houghton and Peter William Carpenter. Aerodynamics for engineering students. Elsevier, 2003. AC Revised Kermode, edited by RH Barnard, and DR Philpott. Mechanics of flight, 1996. Savern L Reweti, Andrew Gilbey, and Lynn Jeffrey. Efficacy of low-cost PC-based aviation training devices. Journal of Information Technology Education-Research, 16:127–142, 2017. Yoonsu Nam. Qft force loop design for the aerodynamic load simulator. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 37(4):1384–1392, 2001, doi:10.1109/7.976973 . Garrett Weinberg and Bret Harsham. Developing a low-cost driving simulator for the evaluation of in-vehicle technologies. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, pages 51–54. ACM, 2009, doi:10.1145/1620509.1620519 .

The Superswift Angelic Pace Night Journey Ever Made

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)’s Night Journey has been presented in the light of the Quran and Hadith and science. The Qur’anic verses and hadith pieces have been explored to estimate the work pace of angels in nanosecond to picosecond time scales. Limitations on the human’s senses of sight, hearing, touch, and physical response times have been pointed out. The Quranic verses and the Hadith pieces supporting prophets’ exceptional senses of sight and hearing have been mentioned. Also, the Qur’anic verses indicating almighty god’s power of turning the dead alive have been referred to. The uniformly speedy carrier Buraq played as an ideal inertial carrier of Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity in physics allowing relativistic effects of distance contraction and time dilation to take place. The reenforcement of the relativistic effects has been shown to appear in the case of the muon dilema. It is found that the journey and its preparation fell within the time lag of physical feelings eliminating the use of anesthetics, spacesuits, oxygen, and care against physical tearing out. The significance of this article is to bring to light that all knowledge comes down from the all-Knowing God and that the end product of human research for the true knowledge does not clash with divine knowledge.

Anxiety Sensitivity is Associated with Lower Enjoyment and an Anxiogenic Response to Physical Activity in Smokers.

The subjective affective response to, and enjoyment of, physical activity are strong predictors of engagement in physical activity. Anxiety sensitivity, the fear of bodily sensations, is a cognitive factor that may inhibit the pleasurable affective experience of physical activity, possibly contributing to low levels of physical activity. The current study evaluated anxiety sensitivity in relation to PA enjoyment and affective experience before and after exercise in smokers. Participants were low-active treatment-seeking smokers (n = 201) enrolled in a smoking cessation intervention. At baseline, participants completed self -report assessments of anxiety sensitivity, cigarette dependence, and physical activity enjoyment. State affect was also reported before and after a submaximal exercise test to index pre-exercise activity affect and affective response to exercise. Anxiety sensitivity was significantly negatively correlated with physical activity enjoyment, specifically lower enjoyable physical feelings of physical activity. Anxiety sensitivity was significantly correlated with lower state mood and higher state anxiety prior to the submaximal exercise test, and higher anxiety immediately after the exercise test. Additionally, anxiety sensitivity predicted increased anxiety, but not lower mood, in response to the submaximal exercise test. This is the first study to document an association of anxiety sensitivity with affective determinants of physical activity behavior in smokers. Anxiety sensitivity was associated with lower physical activity enjoyment, higher negative affect prior to after exercise testing, and an anxiogenic response to exercise. Future work is needed to understand how the current findings generalize beyond smokers.

The neurobiology of interoception in health and disease.

Interoception is the sensing of internal bodily sensations. Interoception is an umbrella term that encompasses (1) the afferent (body-to-brain) signaling through distinct neural and humoral (including immune and endocrine) channels; (2) the neural encoding, representation, and integration of this information concerning internal bodily state; (3) the influence of such information on other perceptions, cognitions, and behaviors; (4) and the psychological expression of these representations as consciously accessible physical sensations and feelings. Interoceptive mechanisms ensure physiological health through the cerebral coordination of homeostatic reflexes and allostatic responses that include motivational behaviors and associated affective and emotional feelings. Furthermore, the conscious, unitary sense of self in time and space may be grounded in the primacy and lifelong continuity of interoception. Body-to-brain interactions influence physical and mental well-being. Consequently, we show that systematic investigation of how individual differences, and within-individual changes, in interoceptive processing can contribute to the mechanistic understanding of physical and psychological disorders. We present a neurobiological overview of interoception and describe how interoceptive impairments at different levels relate to specific physical and mental health conditions, including sickness behaviors and fatigue, depression, eating disorders, autism, and anxiety. We frame these findings in an interoceptive predictive processing framework and highlight potential new avenues for treatments.