Physical Development Process Research Articles

A Physiocratic Model of Relative Prices and Income Distribution

The model presented in this article is used to analyse the main issue facing Physiocracy; that of increasing the wealth and prosperity of France.' The Physiocrats considered the French kingdom as a poor and underdeveloped country,2 it was not simply a problem of speeding up economic growth, but of modifying some features of the French economy in such a way as to prime a process of development. In order to give rise to a mechanism of economic development, which is based on the accumulation of capital in agriculture,3 major changes in the absolute and relative prices of the products of land are required. This work fills a gap in the modern literature on Physiocracy. On one hand, there is widespread coverage of the economic conditions which characterise the Physiocratic process of growth.4 However, most investigations focus attention on the material magnitudes of the Tableau Economique, and no relationship is established between the process of physical development of gross and net output and the role of prices in Physiocracy.5 On the other hand, some recent works have shown that it is possible to describe the Tableau Economique as a two-sector model, where the relative price of primary and manufactured commodities depend upon the technology and upon the rule adopted for the distribution of surplus.6 Here too prices are not related to the process of economic development. The present article provides a bridge between the two above interpretations. In fact, it shows that Quesnay's analysis of price determination - which is different from that put forward in the recent works mentioned above - is closely related to his description of the process of development and growth of the French economy. Moreover the price system presented in this article can show why Physiocratic policies could cause major problems in the social and economic * I wish to thank my colleagues N. De Vecchi,.J. Eatwell, B. Groenewegen, G. Lunghini, L. Rampa and A. Sdralevich for their helpful comments. I am also very much indebted to an anonymous referee. Note on references: the works of Quesnay are referred to by abbreviated title and by the edition in which they are published. 1 See for instance Maximes generales, Meek (I962), p. 231; see also ibid. pp. 345-6; Fox-Genovese

Urban planning and the control of urban physical growth in Nigeria: A critique of public impact and private roles

This paper illustrates the fine spatial expression of regulatory controls through field visits, a survey of 364 systematically sampled homebuilders and interviews with customary land managers and key city officials in Sekondi-Takoradi. The research found that, development controls were hardly implemented and enforced, and that, public officials had largely acquiesced to the activities of chiefs and homebuilders who flout regulations without the fear of sanctions. This loss of legitimacy of planning ideals reflects the cultural dimension to the acceptance of centralized planning rooted in the experiences of the advanced world as well as the weak fragmented and poorly equipped land sector institutions. Therefore building institutional capacity and contextualizing planning ideals are key for managing rapidly growing cities in emerging economies. However, residential development initiated by state institutions on state lands was better planned than occurring on customary lands, hence suggesting the need for more innovative government interventions in the physical development process.

Dye-Enhancement Physical Development Processes for Monochrome, Silver Halide Photographic Elements: Silver-Catalyzed Reduction of a Tetrazolium Salt to its Formazan Dye Analogue

New dye-enhancement processes are described in which low coverages of imagewise developed silver centres are amplified to high-density, neutral, stable silver-and-dye images by catalytic deposition of formazan dye from an alkaline physical developer comprising a tetrazolium salt and an amine borane reducing agent. The photographic properties of the low-silver dye-enhanced imaging elements are discussed.