Physical Contradictions Research Articles

Physical contradictions and remedies using simple polythermal equations of state

Simple polythermal extensions to two widely used isothermal equations of state, the Murnaghan and the Birch-Murnaghan, can lead to non-physical material behavior without proper parameterization: the thermal expansivity at high pressure can become negative. We show how this arises and propose a remedy using an approximation to the thermal relaxation of the bulk modulus. Using the revised equation of state for thermodynamic equilibrium calculations leads to low-pressure and -temperature behavior indistinguishable from the unmodified equation of state, yet extrapolates to high pressure and temperature without non-physical behavior.

Effects of friction on tribo-magnetization mechanisms for self-mated iron pairs under dry friction condition

The effects of friction on tribo-magnetization mechanisms for self-mated iron pairs under dry friction were experimentally investigated in this study. By comparing the effects of sliding speeds and normal loads on surface magnetization, the physical contradiction in frictional magnetization can therefore be classified. Results showed that severe friction phenomena are the prerequisite conditions for tribo-magnetization to occur. The maximum dynamic saturated value of tribo-magnetization for the self-mated iron pairs during the friction process was found to be only about 18 G but rapidly decreased to the range of 0-1 G after the test. It was also found that tribo-magnetization decreased significantly with increasing sliding speed. This was due to a rise in surface temperature and the presence of oxide materials at the actual contact areas from higher sliding speeds. The magnetic domains were also randomly oriented due to thermal vibration, which explained surface demagnetization with increasing sliding speed. In general, the average tribo-magnetization was inversely proportional to the sliding speed. Under small normal loads, tribo-magnetization was insignificant. For normal loads exceeding 30 N, the average tribo-magnetization increased linearly with increasing normal load. It was revealed that variations of the average tribo-magnetization coincided with wear losses under heavy normal loads. The reasons were that as the oxide film broke, fresh ferromagnetism was exposed to severe wear and material transfer. The orientation of the magnetic domains was caused by both frictional activation and the earth's magnetic field. Tribo-magnetization was thus significantly increased by friction and wear with increasing normal load. Finally, this study proposed two perspectives on energy and material to clarify the physical contradictions of the tribo-magnetization.

Cybernetical physics Part II: the EPR paradox and its implications

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain the Einstein, Podolski and Rosen (EPR) paradox applying the multidimensionality of time and the perpendicularity of the temporal axes.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is an extension of the application of neuropsychology to physics, as previously described in Part I, to cosmology.FindingsThe paper removes the apparent contradictions in physics implied by the EPR paradox.Practical implicationsA theoretical basis for a possible instantaneous (faster than light) sending of messages to everywhere in the cosmos is provided.Originality/valueThis theory is entirely new. The possible application is independent from the existence of tachions.

Research on Innovative Product Design System Based on QFD and TRIZ

This paper presents an innovative product design system based on Quality Function Development (QFD) and Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ in Russian abbreviation). House of Quality (HOQ) is the core of QFD. To make QFD more practical and operable for small and medium-sized companies, a simplified model of HOQ is proposed. A set of reasoning scheme for inferring requirements relationships is adopted to facilitate constructing the HOQ. The contradiction in the process of mechanical design is defined by TRIZ as physical contradiction and technical contradiction. These two contradictions are solved through contradiction matrix and inventive principles of TRIZ. The innovative design system mainly uses the tool of contradiction matrix to solve the bottle techniques attained from QFD. By taking the HOQ as its interface the integration between QFD and TRIZ is realized. After conducting quality function development, two outputs can be obtained. They are the technical measure needing improvement and the technical measure that is getting worse while improving the former one. These two measures are taken as inputs of TRIZ module to analyze and solve the problem of product design.

Contradictions and Challenges in China's Water Policy Development

External assessment of China's water problems, and recommendations for policy solutions, often fail to recognize interrelated physical, institutional, historical-cultural, and ideologically-grounded contradictions in the water sphere, distinctive to China, that challenge Chinese policy makers in unique ways. As new market-based approaches to flood and drought prevention and control, water quality maintenance, adequate water supply, and ecological support are being discussed and implemented, problems of overcoming deep-seated contradictions in the water economy compel searching review of policy assumptions and strategies which force reconsideration and modification of longstanding strategies and procedures for managing water resources. This paper considers the implications of water policy contradictions and challenges in four key areas: (1) coordination of economic measures and legal constraints associated with a 1988 Water Law; (2) a major 1999 policy shift from emphasis on strutural engineering solutions in shuili (water management) enterprise to a broader resource-defined concept of “resource” water management (ziyuanshuili) in support of water sustainability; (3) continuing reference to traditional historical/cultural and Marxist theoretical perspectives despite increasing adoption of Western market-based instruments in water policy development; and (4) problems of modifying and adapting indigenous water science and engineering in the process of building a new water economy. The paper concludes that bilateral and multilateral efforts to ameliorate China's water problems may be successful in achieving limited technical objectives in the several water sectors but face difficulties in contributing to China's long-term water sustainability and hazard mitigation because they are insensitive to internal contradictions that are being addressed with ever greater intensity and urgency in the quest for solutions.

A physical contradiction in network theory

It may have been believed that the majority of problems in network theory have been solved, but it is not necessarily true. In this paper the Instantaneous Propagation Problem, presented by Debart is shown and the Anti-Causality Problem is introduced as contradicted examples of the Reciprocity Theorem and Anti-Reciprocity Theorem, respectively. Since the circuit of interest is a feedback circuit, the input signal circulates the feedback loop infinitely. We unveil the fact that analyzing the feedback circuit using the Superposition theorem is inaccurate, because the network theory, which is based on Energy Conservation Law, is applied to a circuit that has no relationship with it.

3 The Systematic Methodology of Inventive Problem Solving ‐ TRIZ: A Review

AbstractThe weak point of traditional methods of innovation management is transformation of customer needs to the concept of new technique. Usually some creativity methods are used, but most of such methods cannot guaranty optimal result. TRIZ is a methodology to solve problems as close as possible to the Ideal Final Result by clarifying functions of the system under consideration even if contradictions rise during problem solving. The TRIZ methodology for inventive problems solving is used for the innovative resolution of various technical and physical contradictions in the artificial systems. TRIZ methodology developed by G.S. Altshuller, the author and TRIZniks in the former Soviet Union during last 50 years is reviewed. It is shown how TRIZ provides a possibility to find the best conceptual design of a new technique.

Sustainable biosphere: critical overview of basic concept of sustainability

If we observe the evolution of different globalistic concepts from T. Malthus up to recent concepts such as the models of the Club of Rome and the sustainability suggested by the Brundtland commission, we can see that all the concepts are principally anthropocentric. For instance, the models of the Club of Rome, though differing by the levels of spatial and functional complexity, are first of all macro-economic models, including the biosphere processes as disturbances of global processes. On the other hand, we can consider the human society as a natural component of the biosphere. We can consider also the Biosphere (in accordance to Vernadsky V.I. (1926)(The Biosphere. Leningrad, Nauchtekhizdat (in Russian)) as an entity and study its reactions to human impact. Thus, we suggest the concept of coevolution of mankind and the biosphere as a further development and an alternative to sustainability. We try to show in this work how terms such as `limits to growth', `sustainable development' can be understood. We try to analyse a few technocratic illusions and reveal some physical contradictions contained in the basis of some globalistic concepts.

Enhancing Creativity when Solving Contradictory Technical Problems

Creativity is the ability of human intelligence to produce original ideas and solutions using imag­ ination. The traditional way of solving new engineering problems is the trial and error method (T&E). The number of trials required for the solution may be used as a measure of the problem's difficulty. This paper discusses strategies that can avoid a random T&E search and reduce the difficulty levels of complicated problems. A problem should be formulated in a manner clarifying an existing technical contradiction and demonstrating existing physical contradictions. The ways of removing physical contradictions are found by studying the evo­ lution of technical systems. The database of methods used for analysis of physical contradictions was accu­ mulated by studying patents. An algorithm for solving technical problems is discussed. Design of experiment and a response surface analysis significantly reduce the total number of trials in research projects. The combi­ nation of different approaches effectively reducing the level of difficulty of problems is the theory of solving technical problems. This theory can be taught as any other engineering course, thus greatly enhancing engi­ neering creativity.

Physical basis for applying the Fowler–Nordheim J–E relationship to experimental I–V data

The purpose of this work is to show that the Fowler–Nordheim (FN) current–voltage (I–V) plot [log(I/V2) as a function of 1/V] must be treated, on principle, as nonlinear. The cause of this behavior is outlined to be the fact that the electric field and current density are not constant over the emitter’s surface. Traditional approach of the FN I–V plot as being linear may lead to physical contradictions. These contradictions are brought into light. A field emitter model is then developed, which allows to express in closed analytical equations the above statements. Expressions for field enhancement factor, area factor and also for the I–V relationship are obtained. The FN I–V plot nonlinearities are shown to be greater for smaller voltages. Within this model, the FN I–V plot can be taken as quasilinear, under some assumptions. Suggestions for technological parameter extraction from I–V data through nonlinear or linear least-squares optimization techniques are done.

ウグイの水槽実験データによる魚群行動モデルの考察

Matuda-Sannomiya's fish behavior model has been improved mainly on the basis of the experiment for rose bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus. The model was reexamined for the behavior of Japanese dace Tribolodon hakonensis in a water tank experiment. The behavior of Japanese dace in a 1.7m equilateral octagonal water tank was recorded on video using 4 TV cameras which covered the whole area of the tank. On the basis of these time series data, the parameters included in the model were determined by the method of the least squares algo-rithm. However, some physical contradictions were observed in the parameters. This paper presents a modified model for describing the behavior of Japanese dace. In the new model, the interactive force between the fish and the attractive force of the wall were modified. The parameters in this model were suited, and the whiteness test of the residual was passed. The simulation by the modified model showed close agreement with the swimming behavior of Japanese dace.

Effect of friction on the interface crack loaded in shear

The conventional formulation used in the past for problems involving interface cracks leads to a physical contradiction: The two sides of the crack are assumed to be free of tractions in the formulation, but the crack faces are seen to overlap after the solution is constructed. This unsatisfactory feature can be eliminated by introducing contact zones at the tips of an interface crack. The present article investigates the effect of friction in the contact zones for loads that start from zero and are increased monotonically. As an application, shear loading is considered, and the problem is reduced to a singular integral equation with a Cauchy-type kernel which is solved numerically. The results show that one of the contact zones is large and that friction affects the global nature of the stress fields. The results worked out include also the stress intensity factors, crack opening displacement, and the pressure distribution in the larger contact zone.

Kinetics of copolymerization—I. Kinetic investigation of the polymerization of acrylonitrile in homogeneous phase

A detailed study was made of the kinetics of initiated homopolymerization of acrylonitrile in dimethylformamide and dimethylsulphoxide at 40–60°. The rate of polymerization was found to be proportional to the (initiator concentration) 1/2. The rate of initiation of polymerization was determined by the inhibition method, using three stable free radicals. Trends in the average rate of polymerization were also studied for various initial monomer and solvent concentrations. The overall rate constant ( K) was strongly dependent on monomer concentration decreasing with decrease of monomer concentration. It has been shown that the hot radical theory describes accurately, without physical contradiction, the solvent dependence of rate constants of polymerization systems.

The Skin Effect in Producing Wells

In calculating negative skin, treating the skin as a zone of infinitesimal thickness leads to mathematical difficulties. These can be overcome by assuming an enlarged wellbore radius and using the same equations that apply for positive skin. Introduction Because of drilling, completion, and workover practices, the permeability around a wellbore generally is different from the permeability of the formation. The zone with the altered permeability is called "skin" and its effect on the pressure or flow behavior of the well is called "skin effect". Hawkins has shown that the radius and the permeability of this zone are related to the skin by: (1) If the permeability in the skin zone is less than that of the formation, the skin is positive; if it is more than that of the formation, the skin is negative. If the two permeabilities are equal, s is zero; that is, there is no skin. Van Everdingen and Hurst, have given mathematical solutions to the case of a zone of reduced permeability around the wellbore. This skin effect is illustrated in Fig. 1. They treat the positive skin as a zone of reduced permeability of infinitesimal thickness around the wellbore. When applied to a well with negative skin, however, their solutions lead to the calculated flowing well pressure, which is smaller than the formation pressure, i.e., an injection situation. This is a physical contradiction. In this paper, it is shown that this mathematical difficulty can be overcome by assuming an effective wellbore radius larger than the actual wellbore. Existing solutions are modified to include the effect of an enlarged wellbore radius, and thus enable the engineer to deal with negative as well as positive skins. Theoretical Development Van Everdingen and Hurst, through the use of Laplace transformation, obtained the following expression for transient fluid influx into a wellbore: (2) where tD, dimensionless time, is given by: (3) By use of the superposition technique, Eq. 2 can be expressed as (4) The values for QtD, reported extensively by van Everdingen and Hurst, are obtained from the following integral:(5) JPT P. 1483ˆ