Physical Contradictions Research Articles

Preparation of graphene/AlCoCrNiTiMox coatings by laser parameter optimization based on TRIZ theory and its application in extending the service life of surveying and mapping drones

During the use of surveying and mapping drones, their aluminum (Al) alloy body is prone to corrosion and has certain requirements for mechanical properties. In order to extend the service life of surveying and mapping drones, this study uses laser cladding technology to prepare graphene (Gr) reinforced AlCoCrNiTiMox high entropy alloys (HEAs) coatings on the Al alloy surface of the drone body. In order to optimize the laser preparation parameters, the Invention Problem Solving Theory (TRIZ) is introduced. By utilizing innovative tools such as physical contradictions, technical contradictions, and material field models of this theory, the preparation process parameters such as laser power, laser scanning speed, laser spot diameter were optimized. The microstructure of the coatings were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD), etc. The corrosion resistance, hardness and wear resistance of the coatings were tested. The experimental results show that the microstructure of Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMox alloy is mainly composed of equiaxed grains and molybdenum-chromium (Mo-Cr) precipitates. The Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMox HEAs exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution. The corrosion resistance of alloys is related to their composition, the effects of Gr and Mo elements. Under the combined effects of solid solution strengthening, precipitation strengthening, Mo element and Gr, the mechanical properties of Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMox alloys are excellent. The hardness of Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMo0.1 and Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMo0.2 alloys are 685 HV and 736 HV, respectively, with average friction coefficients of 0.64 and 0.58, respectively. The effect of Mo element makes the grain size of Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMo0.2 alloy smaller than that of Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMo0.1 alloy, resulting in better mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The research results indicate that laser cladding of Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMox coating on the Al alloy surface of drone fuselage provides assurance for extending its service life.

Automatic Tea Ceremony Teapot Robotic Arm Design Based on TRIZ Principle

With the accelerated pace of modern society, there is a contradiction between the tedious steps of traditional tea ceremony and the convenient lifestyle. In order to solve this problem, this study applies the TRIZ theory to optimize the design of the fully automatic tea ceremony teapot robot arm. Through the "nine-screen method", the traditional tea-making process was comprehensively analyzed, the key steps were identified, and the cultural significance and technical requirements of each step were discussed in depth. Using the "technical contradiction matrix" and "physical contradiction" analysis, the potential contradictions in the tea-making process were revealed, and the "physical field model" was applied to construct the problem model and explore the possible solutions. The problem model was constructed by applying the "Physical Field Model", and possible solutions were explored. The study proposes a fully automated tea art teapot robotic arm design program that integrates several key technology modules such as heating and temperature control, plane movement, lid operation, and pouring and dispensing of tea. The program ensures the quality of tea soup and the experience of traditional tea ceremonies through the well-designed robotic arm structure and improves the efficiency of tea brewing at the same time. The structural safety of the design scheme is verified by stress analysis of the connecting plate of the robotic arm and the connecting plate of the teapot base. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme are verified through kinematic analysis, prototype testing, and user experience evaluation. This study is of great practical significance for the modernization and transformation of the traditional tea ceremony and also provides a reference for the automation of other traditional crafts. With the continuous progress of technology, we expect more innovative products combining traditional culture and modern technology to appear in the future so that traditional art can be revitalized in modern society.

Research and development of fully enclosed wire-shell support structure technology for deep soft rock roadway based on TRIZ theory

The TRIZ theory was used to accurately discover the problems to be solved in the design of roadway surrounding rock control technology. This paper tried to solve the complex issue of surrounding rock control in deep roadways from a new perspective. Based on the functional component analysis and causal axis analysis of the problem’s primary reason, simultaneously, the surrounding rock control technology was optimized through technical contradiction analysis, physical contradiction analysis, and substance and field model analysis. As a result, a fully enclosed wire-shell support technology was proposed. Finally, taking the typical soft rock roadway engineering of Pansan Coal Mine in Huainan Mining Area, Anhui Province, China, as the engineering background, the engineering application and effect evaluation were completed. This paper provides a reference for controlling the instability of deep soft rock roadways in coal mines. A new idea of optimizing roadway support engineering based on TRIZ theory was proposed.

TECHNOLOGICAL COMPLEX OF SECONDARY CONDENSATION OF AMMONIA PRODUCTIONS AS AN OBJECT OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The features of the hardware and technological design of the technological complex of secondary condensation (TCSC) operating in Ukraine units for the synthesis of ammonia of the AM-1360 series have been established. The disadvantage of such units is the excessive consumption of electricity as a result of the use of an electrically driven turbocharger refrigeration unit. The direction of the study of TCSC as a technical system is determined from the standpoint of system analysis. Its advantages in solving inventive problems are determined. The technical system is considered element by element. The main control tasks that the TCSC operator performs are defined. The conclusion is made about the dependence of any technical system, which necessitates the presentation of TCSC as a subsystem in relation to the anthropometric system. Useful, maintenance and harmful functions of TCSC are isolated and analyzed. Their definition and belonging is due to certain properties of the elements of the technical system, which are provided by the main useful function. It is shown that the main useful function is derived from the needs of the operator. Therefore, the anthropometric system in relation to the technical system is a supersystem. The analysis of TCSC made it possible to establish administrative, technical and physical contradictions in accordance with the main useful function – increasing the energy efficiency of TCSC. A systematic approach was applied to perform a goal-oriented system of actions using such terms as visual situation, goal, goal achievement operators, resources, by-products (phenomena). The improvement operator (Q-innovation) of the technical system and "free" resources (R-innovation) for the implementation of the goal operator are determined. This made it possible to synthesize a new TCSC technical system, the increase in energy efficiency (i.e., the performance of the main useful function) of which is ensured by a reduction in electricity consumption by 3.6 thousand kWh even when the ambient air temperature rises above 30 °C.

Energodynamics of Radiation and the Chemical Bonding as a Resonance-Selective Interaction

The myth about special quantum mechanics, different from classical mechanics, has beendebunked. In fact, there is a branch of classical mechanics, which belongs to wave theory and considers a particle-like wave, rather than a particle having the properties of a wave. New quantum mechanics, free from unnecessary entities, assumptions, and hypotheses, makes it possible to get rid of many accumulated contradictions in theoretical physics, physical chemistry, and quantum chemistry and expands the methodological base of engineering disciplines by opening up new ways and means for solving practical problems, as shown by the example of consideration of chemical bonding as a resonant-selective interaction

Successful innovation strategies to overcome the technical challenges in the development of wave energy technologies

Despite the considerable efforts the international research community has made over the last decades, wave energy technologies have failed to achieve the desired design convergence to support their future market growth. Many technical challenges remain unresolved, leading to high costs of energy in comparison with other renewable energy sources. It becomes apparent that incremental innovation alone cannot fill the gap between the current techno-economic estimates and the medium-term policy targets established for wave energy.
 A systematic problem-solving approach must be embedded from the outset of technology development to meet the high sector expectations. This approach should support the engineering design processes, facilitate traceability of engineering analysis, and provide practical tools for understanding the wave energy context, formalising wave energy system requirements, guiding techno-economic design decisions, and overcoming technical challenges.
 Systems Engineering methods have been successfully applied to developing complex commercial products in many sectors. Among the many tools developed in Systems Engineering, it is worthwhile mentioning two structured innovation techniques: Quality Function Deployment (QFD) for problem formulation and selection [1]; and the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) for concept generation [2]. Unfortunately, their use in wave energy is still limited and fragmented.
 Taking as a starting point the technology-agnostic assessment of wave energy capabilities performed in previous research work [3] for the problem formulation and concept selection, the authors have applied QFD to obtain the prioritisation of the technical characteristics that may offer the greatest impact to the overall design for a wave energy system. The main Functional Requirements are mapped to an equal number of Design Parameters extracted from the 39 technical parameters provided by TRIZ. The TRIZ toolkit is then employed to suggest three alternative innovation strategies to overcome wave energy cost and performance limitations.
 Firstly, separation principles are used to deal with physical contradictions. Examples of potentially effective strategies involving separation in time, space, scale or condition are proposed.
 Subsequently, inventive principles are employed to solve technical contradictions and trade-offs. The four most promising inventive principles that have been found in this implementation are "Local quality", "Dynamism", "Pneumatics or hydraulics", and "Physical or chemical properties". These principles prompt the user to consider a broader range of alternatives and improve creative thinking. Additional examples are given on how these inventive principles could be applied in wave energy.
 Finally, a system transition strategy is needed for the most complex challenges. Bypassing contradictory demands involves more radical changes in the functional allocation of requirements to the physical embodiment. Therefore, such a significant pivot in wave energy design can only be made in the initial phases of technology development.
 [1] S. Mizuno, Y. Akao, and K. Ishihara, Eds., QFD, the customer-driven approach to quality planning and deployment. Tokyo, Japan: Asian Productivity Organization, 1994.
 [2] K. Gadd, TRIZ for Engineers: Enabling Inventive Problem Solving, 1st ed. Wiley, 2011. doi: 10.1002/9780470684320.
 [3] P. Ruiz-Minguela, J. M. Blanco, V. Nava, and H. Jeffrey, ‘Technology-Agnostic Assessment of Wave Energy System Capabilities’, Energies, vol. 15, no. 7, p. 2624, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15072624.

Optimization of the Tire Building Drum for Passenger Tires Using the TRIZ Methodology

Abstract This study deals with the research on the impact of the construction of a tire-building drum on the selected parameters of a passenger tire. The introductory part of the study deals with a comprehensive analysis of the production process and factors that affect the quality of the final tire product during production. The content of this analysis is also the naming of problematic parts and their subsequent influence on the resulting parameters of a passenger tire. The core of the study is an optimization design for improving the construction of the tire-building drum. The world-renowned TRIZ methodology was applied to achieve the desired improvement results. Using the TRIZ methodology, the technical system was analysed, identified problematic parts, and defined the technical and physical contradictions and proposed possibilities for their removal. The systematic approach to the solution of the task has generated options for the right solution and possible optimization by reducing the weight of individual parts of the tire-building drum. During analysis, simulations of the deformation and total stress will be available before and after optimization. The work’s conclusion describes the results of the simulation and the development process for the experimental testing possibilities of the optimized equipment. The study output is also a systematic procedure for testing the technical system, which can help designers design and optimize some parts of similar technical systems.

Application of Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ) for the Heat Dissipation of Energy Storage Supply System for High-Power Locomotive

With the increasing demand for the energy density of battery system in railway vehicles, the ambient temperature of the battery system is increased. This means that the heat dissipation efficiency and battery service life are reduced, thus reducing the reliability of the battery. Contraposing the problem of the heat dissipation of energy storage batteries, the full deployment of the ARIZ algorithm has been provided for applications of problem-solving processes in this investigation. The advantage of using the ARIZ algorithm is that while the engineering system is kept unchanged or less changed, the effective heat dissipation of the energy storage battery with increasing energy density can be satisfied. During the process of the ARIZ algorithm, a mini problem is first defined. Moreover, the ideal final result and physical contradiction are defined. Following this, expanded material field resources are used, and finally, 22 innovative designs are obtained using the problem-solving tool in TRIZ theory. The final design scheme is provided by combining multiple schemes, and the heat compensator dispersion of a partially improved system in the optimized scheme has been simulated. The results show that the heat compensator dispersion of the air conditioning cooling system for battery modules has reached the design goals in this investigation, in which the maximum temperature of the module’s surface has been reduced to below 35.68 °C, and the maximum temperature difference of the module has reduced to below 5.6 °C.

A TRIZ-Integrated Conceptual Design Process of a Smart Lawnmower for Uneven Grassland

Existing smart lawnmowers, while convenient to use, have significant limitations, such as a lack of manoeuvrability on uneven agricultural grassland (constraint 1), high charging frequency (constraint 2) and low local market penetration (constraint 3). Although the effectiveness of the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) has been demonstrated in several design studies, there also seems to be a lack of research addressing the design difficulties of smart lawnmowers using this method. With the use of the TRIZ method, this study seeks to conceptually design a smart lawnmower for uneven grassland. Tools from TRIZ were used, including cause-effect chain analysis, technical contradictions, physical contradictions, and substance field modelling. In developing a design concept, constraints were solved by inventive principles, separation strategies and standard inventive solutions. For constraint 1, the following solutions were chosen with the appropriate principles: using larger wheels (#17, another dimension: using a second or third dimension), a pivot design (#30, flexible shell: replacing rigidity with flexibility and movability) and replacing the motor with one that has more power or torque. For constraint 2, the following solutions were chosen: to reduce weight, add holes in the mower housing (#31, porous materials: making an object porous or adding porous elements) and attach a solar panel to recharge batteries with solar energy (#28, mechanical substitution: using electric, magnetic or other fields to interact with object). Using other materials or technologies to minimise costs (#13, the other way around: using the opposite way) and a modular design concept to reduce maintenance costs (#1, segmentation: dividing an object into independent parts) were the chosen ways to solve constraint 3. Conceptualisation and design analysis were also performed. Although the effectiveness of the concept is unclear, these suggestions are supported by previous research and could potentially solve some of the problems with smart lawnmowers.

Physical contradictions ruling out photonic quantum nonlocality

A series of physical contradictions can be identified in an opinion article published in December 2015 (A. Aspect, “Closing the Door on Einstein and Bohr’s Quantum Debate,” Physics 8, 123, 2015) claiming definitive proof of quantum nonlocality based on entangled pairs of photons. For example, experimental results published simultaneously in Physical Review Letters (250401 and 250402, 2015) were theoretically fitted with distributions containing a dominant unentangled component, contradicting the need for maximally entangled states underpinning quantum nonlocality. Such contradictions were ignored by the 2022 Nobel Prize Committee raising doubts about the validity of their decision.

Study of the Radiation Reaction Force for a Step Electric Field and an Electromagnetic Pulse

The motions of a spin-less point-like charged particle predicted by the Landau-Lifshitz equation and the Hammond method are obtained for a step electric field, a smooth step electric field and an electromagnetic pulse by using analytical and numerical solutions. In addition to Hammond method not presenting the so-called constant force paradox, using step force brings out the apparent physical contradictions of Landau-Lifshitz equation regarding energy conservation. Nevertheless, a smooth step force shows the consistency of the Landau-Lifshitz equation. Unlike other cases, the electromagnetic pulse shows another fundamental difference between the two models. Finally, an analysis of the Hammond method is made.

A TRIZ-driven conceptualisation of finger grip enhancer designs for the elderly

Background: Elderly people with severe finger weakness may need assistive health technology interventions. Finger weakness impedes the elderly in executing activities of daily living such as unbuttoning shirts and opening clothes pegs. While studies have related finger weakness with ageing effects, there appears to be no research that uses an algorithmic problem-solving approach such as the theory of inventive problem-solving (TRIZ) to recommend finger grip assistive technologies that resolve the issue of finger weakness among the elderly. Using TRIZ, this study aims to conceptualise finger grip enhancer designs for elderly people. Methods: Several TRIZ tools such as the cause-and-effect chain (CEC) analysis, engineering contradiction, physical contradiction, and substance-field analysis are used to conceptualise solutions that assist elderly people in their day-to-day pinching activities. Results: Based on the segmentation principle, a finger assistant concept powered by a miniature linear actuator is recommended. Specific product development processes are used to further conceptualise the actuation system. The study concluded that the chosen concept should use a DC motor to actuate fingers through tendon cables triggered by a push start button. Conclusions: Finger pinch degradation worsens the quality of life of the elderly. A finger grip enhancer that assists in day-to-day activities may be an effective option for elderly people, not only for their physical but also their mental well-being in society.

A TRIZ-driven conceptualisation of finger grip enhancer designs for the elderly.

Background: Elderly people with severe finger weakness may need assistive health technology interventions. Finger weakness impedes the elderly in executing activities of daily living such as unbuttoning shirts and opening clothes pegs. While studies have related finger weakness with ageing effects, there appears to be no research that uses an algorithmic problem-solving approach such as the theory of inventive problem-solving (TRIZ) to recommend finger grip assistive technologies that resolve the issue of finger weakness among the elderly. Using TRIZ, this study aims to conceptualise finger grip enhancer designs for elderly people. Methods: Several TRIZ tools such as the cause-and-effect chain (CEC) analysis, engineering contradiction, physical contradiction, and substance-field analysis are used to conceptualise solutions that assist elderly people in their day-to-day pinching activities. Results: Based on the segmentation principle, a finger assistant concept powered by a miniature linear actuator is recommended. Specific product development processes are used to further conceptualise the actuation system. The study concluded that the chosen concept should use a DC motor to actuate fingers through tendon cables triggered by a push start button. Conclusions: Finger pinch degradation worsens the quality of life of the elderly. A finger grip enhancer that assists in day-to-day activities may be an effective option for elderly people, not only for their physical but also their mental well-being in society.

النظرية النسبية الموحدة

إن النظرية النسبية العامة والخاصة تسببتا في حالة من التناقضات في علم الفيزياء. فبالرغم من أن النظرية النسبية تقدم قيماً صحيحة رياضياً، إلا أن بها قصور في العديد من الجوانب بما في ذلك التفسير النسبي لميل الجاذبية "تمدد الوقت" وانحناء أشعة الضوء على أسطح الكتل الكبيرة. وعند دراسة النظرية النسبية الخاصة نجد أنها مشتقة من تحويلات لورنتز، والتي جاءت نتيجة فشل تجربة مايكلسون مورلي. ويمكن القول بأن ما تعبر عنه تحويلات لورنتز، هو ليس المسافة الفعلية بين المشاهد والحدث. فجاءت النظرية النسبية الخاصة بمعادلات نتائجها غير دقيقة في وصف الطول والزمن والكتلة وجمع السرعات. لأن قوانين النظرية النسبية هي تطبيق تحويلات لورنتز على تلك المعادلات. لذا استوجب البحث عن تحويلات جديدة تصف المسافة الفعلية بين كل من المراقب الساكن، والمراقب المتحرك، والحدث. وأن الإلكترون هو جسيم يتحرك بواسطة موجة، وليس هو بذاته الذي يتصرف كموجة، يُمكّننا ذلك من فهم سبب سلوك الإلكترون الموجي في تجربة الشق المزدوج. اعتمدت الدراسة على التدقيق في الأسباب الضرورية اللازمة لوجود النسبية الخاصة وأصل اشتقاقها. فكانت تجربة (مايكلسون ومورلي) التي لـم يستطع العلماء تفسير نتائجها الغير متوقعة، وهي التي أدت إلى اشتقاق تحويلات (لورنتز) بهذه الصيغة الغير موفقة، والتي منها جاءت النظرية النسبية. وقد ابتكر الباحث أداة لتوضيح حركة الضوء، حيث تصف الأداة تجربة عملية لحركة الأجسام عندما تكون السرعة قريبة من سرعة الضوء. توصلت الدراسة إلى أن هناك تأثير واضح للوسط الناقل على الموجة في اتجاهها وسرعتها، والذي يمكننا من تفسير تجربة (مايكلسون ومورلي). وفي ضوء ذلك تم إيجاد تحويلات جديدة تصف المسافة والطول والزمن والسرعة بشكل صحيح. لذلك، تم وضع قوانين جديدة لتصحيح القوانين التي جاءت بها نظريات النسبية العامة والخاصة.

Verification of Patent Solution Proposed for Munition Release Systems Using TRIZ-Based Root Conflict Analysis (RCA+) Approach

Innovation is widely defined as transforming an idea into a new or improved method for the production of goods or services that can be sold. Many different problem-solving techniques have been developed for achieving innovative outcomes. One of these methods, which was introduced by Russian patent expert Genrich Altshuller in the 1940s, is called TRIZ. This methodology gives us a new perspective for developing solutions by formulating a problem in terms of technical and physical contradictions. It aims to evolve the systems to be more ideal by incorporating innovations. From the invention of TRIZ approach, several new tools have been developed to facilitate problem solutions. Root Conflict Analysis (RCA+) is one of the TRIZ tools, which helps extensively in analysing root contradictions of a problem. In this article, verification of patent solution proposed for munition release systems using TRIZ-Based RCA+ approach will be presented.

A new model to resolve technical problems

The Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ) is a very good tool to solve complicated problems. However, it is fussy to get a specific solution under the guides of ARIZ in the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ). A novel approach to getting solutions for inventive problem solving in TRIZ is shown in this paper. A model named 5-R model of finding specific solutions was developed. 5-R model has four steps to obtain specific suggested solutions for technical problems. Reason-occurred-analysis is the first step in this new model. Then a clear statement of the Ideal Final Result is used to encourage breakthrough thinking and get solutions to the problem. After that, suggested resolutions can be obtained with the Contradiction Matrix, the Physical Contradiction, the Substance-Field, the Effects, Function Analysis, System Enhancement route, and Substance-Field Analysis. Finally, a reasonable specific solution for innovative problem solving can be gotten using resource analysis. 5-R model is not difficult to learn and remember. 5-R model improves the efficiency of getting solutions with TRIZ. Finally, a practical engineering problem was solved using this now model successfully.

Defining Filtering Protective Suit Ideality using a Mathematical-Modeling Method

Real systems approach the ideal by solving technical and physical contradictions. Optimization of system engineering (SE) is achieved when the problem is solved at the level of technical contradiction. When the problem is solved at the level of physical contradiction, the idealization of SE is achieved. Two possible ways of achieving ideality are described in this paper. The expansion process flows at the level of SE (i.e., idealization of another type), and the reduction process flows at the subsystem level (i.e., idealization of the first type). A procedure of mathematical modeling is presented for determining the level of ideality as a criterion for filtering protective suit (FPS) effectiveness, which can be used as a standard for determining the ideality of any SE.

The Innovative Design of Seedling Transplanting Combination Mechanism with TRIZ

Aiming at the problem of poor gathering effect of seedling transplanting combination mechanism that is designed independently, the intensive study has been done by using the main tools of TRIZ: the functional analysis, the physical contradiction and technical contradiction, the Su-Field model. And four feasible solutions have been found during the intensive study. Comparing the advantages and disadvantages of solutions and Taking the actual engineering situation into consideration, the final solution is obtained by collecting the advantages of the former solutions. The final solution can solve the poor gathering problem very well.

Design Principles to Increase the Patient Specificity of High Tibial Osteotomy Fixation Devices

AbstractHigh stiffness fracture fixation devices inducing absolute stability, activate inefficient primary healing and stress shielding. Taking High Tibial Osteotomy as a representative example, review of the clinical literature and mapping the fracture healing process revealed two physically contradicting requirements, which are only partially met by current techniques. Stiffness of the fixation is required immediately after fracture, however in the remodelling phase this can cause stress shielding. Stability is required immediately after fracture, however in the ossification phase less stability is required to stimulate secondary (and more efficient) healing. This study evaluates the use of the TRIZ Inventive Design Principles to overcome these physical contradictions. Six designs concepts were evaluated, of which the Macro-Geometry stiffness modulated design was ranked the highest. This was achieved through spatial decomposition of the problem utilising the Inventive Principles of Asymmetry, Extraction and Local Quality. This study offer perspectives on how to increase the patient specificity of fixation utilising the increased topology freedom of design for additive manufacture (AM).

Optimization of Potato Soil Transportation Separation Mechanism Based on Discrete Element Method and TRIZ Theory

In this paper, based on the problem of poor operation of sweet potato harvester, the discrete element method and TRIZ theory are used to optimize the key mechanism. Based on the discrete element method, EDEM software was used to simulate the operation process of the potato soil conveying and separating mechanism, and the optimal combination of working parameters was obtained. The linear velocity of the rod lift was 2.3 m/s, the inclination angle was 18 degrees, and the amplitude was 8 mm. Field experiments were carried out to verify the results. Through the problems in simulation and field experiment, based on TRIZ theory, the improvement scheme is proposed by using physical contradiction, and the two-stage potato soil transport separation mechanism is obtained. The simulation results show that the operation effect is improved obviously. Finally, the optimization of potato soil transport and separation mechanism is completed by determining the optimal working parameters and improving the structure innovation.