Physical Constants Research Articles

Is Dark Matter a Misinterpretation of a Perspective Effect?

Very recently, a straightforward method was proposed to understand galaxies and galactic clusters without using the very elusive dark matter concept. This method is called the κ-model. The main idea is to maintain the form of the usual physical laws, especially Newton’s laws of motion when gravity is weak, but only by applying a local scaling procedure for the related lengths, distances, and velocities. This local scaling appears as a correspondence principle in the κ-model. In this model, the fundamental physical constants remain universal, i.e., they are independent of a point in space and of time. The κ-model is Newtonian in its essence, but there is a relativistic extension that can easily be built. The aim of the present paper is to detail the mathematical formalism supporting it.

A novel model of microelongation thermomechanical photoacoustic waves in excited semiconductor materials

In this study, we discussed the photothermal effect on a microelongated thermoelastic plate under the influence of acoustic pressure. This study is very important in many fields and has a wide application in industries. The problem is studied in the two-dimensional plane to obtain the thermoacoustic and mechanical waves behavior. Normal mode analysis is used to get the exact solution of the problem. Many comparisons between the physical quantities are made according to the different values of physical constants of many semiconductor materials. Graphical illustrations depict the numerical outcomes for the examined fields both with and without microelongation parameters.

Multidimensional Representation of Semantic Relations between Physical Theories, Fundamental Constants and Units of Measurement with Formal Concept Analysis

We propose several hierarchical graphs that represent the semantic relations between physical theories, their fundamental constants and units of measurement. We begin with an alternative representation of Zel’manov’s cube of fundamental constants as a concept lattice. We then propose the inclusion of a new fundamental constant, Milgrom’s critical acceleration, and discuss the implications of such analysis. We then look for the same fundamental constants in a graph that relates magnitudes and units of measurement in the International System of Units. This exercise shows the potential of visualizing hierarchical networks as a tool to better comprehend the symmetries, interrelations and dependencies of physical magnitudes, units and theories. New regimes of application may be deduced, as well as an interesting reflection on our ontologies and corresponding theoretical objects.

Probing secular changes in the gravitational constant with white dwarf spectra

Exploring variations in fundamental physics constants across cosmological space-time is of substantial importance in both theoretical and experimental physics. A crucial means of investigating such variations involves comparing laboratory measurements with astrophysical observations. In the present study, we employ a combination of laboratory data and observed Lyman transitions of H2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$H_2$$\\end{document} identified in the white dwarf star GD133. Through this examination, we find the temporal variation of the gravitational constant, G˙/G=(0.016±0.098)×10-15year-1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\\dot{G}}}/{G} = (0.016 \\pm 0.098) \ imes 10^{-15}~\ ext {year}^{-1}$$\\end{document} with a gravitational potential ϕ≈104,\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\phi \\approx 10^4,$$\\end{document} and an average total redshift of H2,\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$H_2,$$\\end{document}zabs=0.0001820(10).\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$z_{abs} =0.0001820(10).$$\\end{document} This newly determined constraint on the time variation of G serves as an important tool for advancing discussions within unified theories.

Exploring secular variation of the gravitational constant from high-resolution quasar spectra

The exploration of potential variations in fundamental physical constants is crucial for testing of Grand Unification Theories (GUTs), which aim to unify the fundamental forces of nature. This study utilizes direct observational tests to explore these variations, offering a deep-look into the universe's distant past. By analyzing high-resolution quasar spectra of HE 0515–4414* and comparing them with laboratory-calibrated Ritz wavelengths, we establish an upper limit on the possible cosmological deviation of the gravitational constant: G˙/G=(0.918±2.830)×10-15yr-1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\dot{\ ext{G}}/\ ext{G}=(0.918 \\pm 2.830)\ imes {10}^{-15}{\ ext{ yr}}^{-1}$$\\end{document} over cosmic timescales. Our findings provide a novel tool for probing the physical implications of GUTs, contributing to our understanding of fundamental physics.

Free Surface Energy and Hansen Solubility Parameter Vector Field. Interface Thickness

In this paper, a three-dimensional vector field model is proposed, whose dimensions are the Hansen Solubility Parameters: dispersion parameter (δD), polarity parameter (δP), and hydrogen bonding parameter (δH). The vector space that defines the field has the peculiarity of having a dispersion vector with a magnitude of 2 as its base vector, while the polarity and hydrogen bonding vectors have a magnitude of 1. A substance is characterised as a position vector, and the interaction between two substances is determined by calculating the vector difference of both, known as the interaction vector. The interaction among substances may involve solubility, swelling, cracking, surface tension, interface tension, and any physical phenomena where the intermolecular energies of dispersion, polarity or hydrogen bonding come into play. This paper studies free surface energy (surface and interfacial tension). It has been found that free surface energy is directly proportional to the square of the magnitude of the interaction vector. The proportionality constant, τ, is expressed in length units, has a value of 0.025 nm, and does not depend on the chemical nature of the substance or state of matter (solid, liquid or gas). The constant value τ appears universal and aligns with the thickness of interfaces, thereby supporting Guggenheim’s hypothesis. This hypothesis asserts that interfaces possess actual thickness and are not merely mathematical surfaces, as originally postulated by Gibbs. Moreover, it also has been found that the interface thickness, τ, is approximately equal to half of the Bohr radius, a0, which is defined by universal constants. Because the solubility parameters of thousands of substances are known and can be easily determined from their molecular structure, a good approximation of the surface and interfacial tension of any given substance can now be calculated. It has also been found that the contact angles of sessile droplets in three-phased systems can be calculated from the interaction vectors of the implicated substances.

The Divine Blueprint: An In-Deth Analysis of the Quran’s Mathematical Architecture -Revealing the Golden Ratio, Solar Year Length, Universal GravitationalConstant, Speedof Light, Planck Constant, and theSignificance of the Numbers 28 and 114

There is a strong belief that Allah Almighty could reveal His existence by encoding the laws of nature and their fundamental constants in the Quran with impeccable precision. However, the mathematical frameworks and patterns embedded within the Quranic text to reveal scientific laws and constants may contain minor deviations in numerical values to empower personal exploration, accommodate diverse interpretations, and strengthen faith. This theory is based on the fact that the Quran is the word of Allah Almighty. Consequently, one would anticipate finding evidence suggesting a divine origin. Many scholars and researchers have suggested that this evidence can be found in the mathematical structure of the Quran through patterns, numerical codes, and other mathematical features within the text that are too complex to be simply attributed to human authorship. Therefore, it is believed that the Quran contains within its structure a mathematical encoding of all physical laws and constants. Verses like 20.98, which state, "He encompasses all things in knowledge," are quoted as evidence. According to this perspective, the Quran is assumed to incorporate mathematical miracles, indicating a potential correspondence between its text and the underlying order of the universe. This theory reveals many mathematical frameworks illustrating how the Quran embeds scientific knowledge. These include the identification of frequent occurrences of the golden ratio within the Quranic text and the manifestation of the golden ratio in the human body, alongside the determination of key celestial parameters such as the length of the solar year. Furthermore, this theory uncovers a numerical link between the Quran and fundamental scientific constants, notably the universal gravitational constant, the speed of light, and the Planck constant. Moreover, this theory utilizes numerical analysis to offer a compelling rationale for why the numbers 28 and 114 are used to represent the total number of Arabic letters and chapters in the Quran, respectively. Finally, this theory highlights the Quran's remarkable mathematical architecture, offering indisputable evidence of its divine composition. We behold a mathematical marvel of cosmic scale, a phenomenon defying human intelligence. Indeed, the Quranis a product of a super intelligence exceeding our comprehension.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО СЕРВИСА

A wide range of agricultural machinery in need of high-quality maintenance throughout the entire operational period to ensure uninterrupted and efficient operation is one of the most important links in the agro-industrial complex. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a mathematical model showing the relationship between the conduct of maintenance activities and the unit of equipment of the agricultural fleet; within the framework of the obtained mathematical model, deriving a criterion assessment of the quantitative conduct of maintenance. (Materials and methods) Indicated that such estimates can be obtained by applying mathematical modeling. A mathematical model was constructed using a visual diagram reflecting the relationship between the machines of the agricultural park, types of maintenance, elements of set theory and mathematical analysis. We used the theory of sets, which allowed us to move from the units of equipment of the fleet of agricultural machines to an analytical representation of realities and derive a constant that gives an assessment of maintenance depending on the number of activities carried out during the time interval under consideration. (Results and discussion) It was noted that it is necessary to improve the quality of maintenance by improving the control of its implementation in real conditions. The novelty of this work consists in the originality of the obtained scheme linking the types of maintenance and the machines of the agricultural fleet, without being tied to the number of units of equipment; in the development of a mathematical model that allows, using theoretical calculations, contributing to improving the control of maintenance activities by obtaining a universal constant that quantifies for any type of equipment and maintenance. The theoretical results were tested using the Kirovets-739 tractor as an example. (Conclusions) We obtained a schematic representation of the relationship between the components of the machine and tractor fleet and a numerical estimate reflecting the number of completed scheduled maintenance steps during the time period under study when using mathematical methods in the organization and conduct of maintenance.

Vortices, topology and time

We relate physical time with the topology of magnetic field vortices. We base ourselves on a formulation of unimodular gravity where the cosmological constant Λ appears as the canonical dual to a variable which on-shell becomes four-volume time. If the theory is restricted to a topological axionic form (viz. a parity-odd product of an electric and a magnetic field), such a time variable becomes the spatial integral of the Chern-Simons density. The latter equates to helicity, so that unimodular time is transmuted into the linking number of the vortices of the topological magnetic field, times their flux. With the added postulate that this flux is a universal constant, the flow of time can thus be interpreted as the progressive weaving of further links between magnetic field vortices, each link providing a quantum of time with value related to the fixed flux. Non-abelian extensions, and targetting parameters other than Λ are briefly examined, exposing different types of vortices and a possible role for inter-linking leading to new phenomenology.

Λb→Pℓ factorization in QCD

We calculate the form factors for the baryon number violation processes of a heavy-flavor baryon decaying into a pseudoscalar meson and a lepton. In the framework of the Standard Model effective field theory, the leptoquark operators at the bottom quark scale, whose matrix elements define the form factors, are derived by integrating out the high energy physics. Under the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) factorization approach, the form factors of the baryon number violation processes at leading power can be factorized into the convolution of the long-distance hadron wave functions as well as the short-distance hard and jet functions representing the hard scale and hard-collinear scale effects, separately. Based on measurements of the baryon number violation processes by LHCb, we further impose constraints on the new physics constants of leptoquark operators. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Impacts of hot electron diffusion, electron–phonon coupling, and surface atoms on metal surface dynamics revealed by reflection ultrafast electron diffraction

Metals exhibit nonequilibrium electron and lattice subsystems at transient times following femtosecond laser excitation. In the past four decades, various optical spectroscopy and time-resolved diffraction methods have been used to study electron–phonon coupling and the effects of underlying dynamical processes. Here, we take advantage of the surface specificity of reflection ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) to examine the structural dynamics of photoexcited metal surfaces, which are apparently slower in recovery than predicted by thermal diffusion from the profile of absorbed energy. Fast diffusion of hot electrons is found to critically reduce surface excitation and affect the temporal dependence of the increased atomic motions on not only the ultrashort but also sub-nanosecond times. Whereas the two-temperature model with the accepted physical constants of platinum can reproduce the observed surface lattice dynamics, gold is found to exhibit appreciably larger-than-expected dynamic vibrational amplitudes of surface atoms while keeping the commonly used electron–phonon coupling constant. Such surface behavioral difference at transient times can be understood in the context of the different strengths of binding to surface atoms for the two metals. In addition, with the quantitative agreements between diffraction and theoretical results, we provide convincing evidence that surface structural dynamics can be reliably obtained by reflection UED even in the presence of laser-induced transient electric fields.

DETERMINATION OF THE CLASS B FIRE EXTINGUISHING PARAMETERS USING SPRAYED WATER

Sprayed water is a versatile tool for localising and extinguishing fires of various types. When water evaporates, its volume increases by 1700 times, resulting in the dilution of combustible components with non-combustible water vapour. The study aims to determine the parameters of extinguishing class B fires using sprayed water by obtaining analytical dependencies for these parameters. The paper derives an expression for the extinguishing temperature of class B fires when extinguished with sprayed water, using Semenov’s conditions. The process of liquid combustion is considered as diffusion. The study shows that the extinguishing temperature of this type of fire is a function of the activation energy of the burning liquid and the initial temperature (at the time of sprayed water supply) of the flame. A parameter of this function is the universal gas constant. The authors constructed a graph showing the area of change in the fire extinguishing temperature. The difference between the initial flame temperature and the fire extinguishing temperature belongs to the range of (80÷120) °C. Using the transition function of class B fire, the study derives an expression for its extinguishing time, which depends on the initial flame temperature, activation energy, and the multiplicative component in the form of a fire time constant. For the relative extinguishing time, the authors constructed the area of change in this parameter depending on the activation energy and the initial temperature. It shows that the value of the extinguishing time of such a fire is (0.28÷0.32) of the value of the constant fire time. The paper presents an expression for the minimum value of the intensity of the sprayed water supply, which ensures extinguishing a class B fire. This intensity of the supply of sprayed water, reduced to the value of the fire transmission coefficient, is determined by the initial temperature of the flame and the activation energy of the liquid that burns. The authors constructed the area of change of this fire extinguishing parameter. It shows that the minimum value of the intensity of the supply of sprayed water belongs to the range (3.8÷7.8) per unit of the fire transmission coefficient. Keywords: fire, fire parameters, sprayed water.

Testing the Renormalization of the von Klitzing Constant by Cavity Vacuum Fields

The value of fundamental physical constants is affected by the coupling of matter to the electromagnetic vacuum state, as predicted and explained by quantum electrodynamics. In this work, we present a millikelvin magnetotransport experiment in the quantum Hall regime that assesses the possibility of the von Klitzing constant being modified by strong cavity vacuum fields. By employing a Wheatstone bridge, we measure the difference between the quantized Hall resistance of a cavity-embedded Hall bar and the resistance standard, achieving an accuracy down to one part in 105 for the lowest Landau level. While our results do not suggest any deviation that could imply a modified Hall resistance, our work represents pioneering efforts in exploring the fundamental implications of vacuum fields in solid-state systems. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Avogadro and Planck Constants, Two Pillars of the International System of Units

The International System of Units (SI), the current form of the metric system and the world’s most used system of units, has been continuously updated and refined since the Metre Convention of 1875 to ensure that it remains up to date with the latest scientific and technological advances. The General Conference on Weights and Measures, at its 26th meeting in 2018, decided to adopt stipulated values of seven physical constants linked to seven measurement units (the second, meter, kilogram, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela). This paper reviews the technologies developed, in intense and long-standing work, to determine the Avogadro and Planck constants, which are now integral to realising the kilogram.

Constante universale, energia vidului și creșterea în timp a găurilor negre în Modelul Big Bangului Rece

This article refers to and is at the same time a complement to the work The Cold Big Bang Model, hereafter referred to as MBBR or the basic work, which was printed by Tribuna Economică în 2021 with ISBN 987-973-688-429-0. I. In the current study we deduce the existence of a fundamental constant of any Universe, namely the power released during a cosmological inflation, i.e. the amount of mass-energy generated divided by the duration of the inflation. II. We show that the power flux density is independent of the definition of the Universe, resulting in a universal constant of the MBBR. This paper launches the hypothesis that a huge amount of energy can be extracted from space – as defined in the MBBR – even from areas called by abuse of language empty space. III. We propose to calculate the flux of dark matter transported on energy buses (see MBBR §Energy buses) crossing the event horizon of a black hole. We demonstrate formulas that calculate the growth in time of a black hole.

Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical and Phytochemical analysis of Hibiscus cannabinus Leaves

The work deals with Pharmacognostic, physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical analysis of Hibiscus cannabinus L., (Malvaceae). The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics were observed namely physical constant values, ash values, and micro-chemical analysis. The presence of lignified cells, pericyclic fibers, stone cells, cuticles, calcium oxalate crystal, as seen in the powders of leaves. Physical constants like foreign organic matter, moisture content, ash content, acid-insoluble ash and water-soluble ash extractive values were determined the extracts shows presence of steroids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, alkaloid, glycosides, phenols, and tannins by phytochemical screening. The above study will highlighted characterize the pharmacognotical, physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical parameters of Hibiscus cannabinus Linn.

Pharmacognostical Studies of <I>Angelica glauca</I> Edgew

Pharmacognostic studies of the root and rhizome of Angelica glauca Edgew., a plant of promising drug value is presented. The present study deals with the distribution, uses, collection and commerce, macroscopical and microscopical characters of the' root and rhizome, microchemical tests, study of the pondered drug and physical constants.

About the Fine Structure Constant

This study builds on a previous publication entitled “a formula for electron mass calculation based on new fundamental concepts (ref.1), it shows that the relationship obtained between the mass of the electron and the four fundamental constants of physics, including fine structure constant, is precisely satisfied (to the millionth) if we take the inverse of the latter equal to the whole number 137. This value is interpreted as “ideal” for a Vacuum which would be free from radiation and other particles, therefore consisting exclusively of dark energy, this would imply a slight modification of the speed of light and Planck's constant, in this medium.

New Physical Meaning and Principle of Determining the Speed of Light Constant

The work applies to all areas of physics where the speed constant is used - the speed of light in a vacuum c, in particular - to quantum physics, solid state physics, optical physics, physics of electromagnetic fields and waves and provides for clarification of the true physical meaning of this fundamental physical constant. At this time, it is defined as the path length of the light flux per unit time, which in SI is 1 s. The work shows the main methods for determining the speed of light and increasing its accuracy in their historical development to the modern level. At the same time, the shortcomings of the modern interpretation and measurement of the speed of light, which depend on the influence of the external environment, are indicated. This detracts from the level of c as a constant compared to other fundamental physical constants. Elimination of this shortcoming and a new interpretation of the speed of light c, and the principle of its determination as a fundamental physical constant, is the main goal of the work being performed. Its scientific novelty is the substantiation of a new interpretation and principle for determining the speed of light c on the basis of strict and reliable physical laws of the material world. Research methods: The work performed has the level of scientific discovery, for the creation of which there are still no strict methods. Therefore, it used general methods and principles of scientific research – deduction and induction, based on the application of the laws of dialectics, reliable laws of physics and general ways of developing the theory of knowledge. The author’s method of transition to the initial level of the material world, justified, was also used. New results of work and their discussion: The necessity of the action of the speed of light constant at all levels of the material world is shown and their features are substantiated. The preference for its definition as the ratio of the wavelengths of physical fields and radiation to their period is shown. In this case, an absolutely exact ratio can be obtained at the quantum level of the material world, since quanta are immutable quantities. The implementation of this principle is possible at the 4th (atomic) level of the material world, since such devices for determining length and time have already been created and are highly accurate. But this possibility is true for all 12 levels of the material world. This allows us to formulate and define a new true physical meaning of the speed of light - as the ratio of the wavelengths of the physical fields associated with any objects and the period of their radiation, in particular the electromagnetic field. Conclusions: The new definition of the true physical speed of light excludes the influence of the environment under normal measurement conditions. It is necessary to distinguish in terminology and use the true speed of light c and the speed of light fluxes, which should also be taken into account in the partial and general theories of relativity

Возбуждение релаксационных колебаний на искривленной межфазной границе в условиях внутренней задачи

The oscillatory mode of solutal Marangoni convection during the absorption of a surfactant from a homogeneous external solution into a water droplet is studied numerically. This is caused by the effect of gravity, which promotes the sedimentation of surfactant molecules in an aqueous medium. This version of oscillatory convection arising under the conditions of an internal problem was recently discovered experimentally. In the present paper, we consider the case of a chemically inert system, in which there are no reactions. The effects of interfacial deformation are assumed to be insignificant and thus they are neglected. The mathematical model includes the Navier—Stokes equations written in the Hele-Shaw and Boussinesq approximations, and the equations of surfactant transport in the system. We assume that the characteristic time of surfactant adsorption is shorter than the time of its diffusion in both solutions, which makes it possible to ignore the formation of a surface phase. The boundary value problem includes the equilibrium condition of the system, which takes into account different values of the chemical potential in the phases. It is shown that a water droplet is a surfactant accumulator that diffuses from the organic phase. The problem is solved in dimensional form using the COMSOL Multiphysics package and based on a set of physical constants for acetic acid which, like many other members of the carboxylic acid family, has the properties of surfactant in water. It was found that direct numerical simulation of the system is able to reproduce the relaxation oscillations observed in the experiment only under the additional phenomenological assumption of non-Newtonian rheology of the interface, which was previously proposed for the external problem. The physical mechanism which may be responsible for the delayed onset of Marangoni instability is discussed. We demonstrate that periodic oscillations are generated inside the drop due to the competition between the Marangoni effect and the gravity-dependent convective instability of the solution. Using direct numerical simulation, we identified the structures of convective motion at the interface and in its neighborhood, determined the flow intensity as a function of time, and obtained the range of change in the oscillation period.