Physical Confrontation Research Articles

Non-lethal flashbang effectiveness pilot study: Acoustic effects

Flashbang grenades distract and temporarily disable an adversary, help gain surprise advantage, or disrupt communication in physical confrontations. Such devices are designed to emit high-amplitude acoustic signals, abright light, and/or a concussive force. This pilot study evaluated the acoustic effects that accompany the detonation of these devices, namely temporary threshold shift (TTS), the acoustic startle reflex, and temporary noise-induced tinnitus. In this study, human subjects were evaluated on two tasks: (1) target localization and (2) speech-in-noise (SIN) testing. During these tasks, subjects underwent a random sequence of acoustic startle, simulated TTS, and simulated tinnitus conditions. While response accuracy and latency was monitored during these tasks, subjects’ physical startle was also evaluated with electromyography (EMG) sensors, measuring muscle activity of the eyelid, jaw, neck, and bicep. Results suggest that each independent condition affects performance on localization and SIN tasks, with maximum suppressive effect occurring with all three main acoustic effects combined. As anticipated, the acoustic startle had a profound impact on the performance of at least some of subjects’ listening ability in this pilot. Further work is necessary to fully characterize these effects in pursuit of creating a non-lethal flashbang device.

Characteristics of Chinese Traditional Sports Culture: From the Standpoint of Chinese Traditional Culture

Influenced by the three schools of thought of Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism in Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese sports culture has apparent differences compared to its counterpart in the West. Chinese traditional sports culture pursues “the cultivation of human mind” and “the identity of human and nature,” achieves moral and spiritual satisfaction and then “harmony,” and does not advocate competition and physical confrontation. The Western sports culture is characterized by “competition” and pursues the spirit of transcendence to itself and nature. In the process of the formation of Chinese traditional culture, the sports culture contained in it has been suppressed. The formation of the social atmosphere of “emphasizing literature and light martial arts,” the decline of the group of “chivalrous men,” the criticism of traditional martial arts in the May Fourth New Culture Movement, and the contemporary sports system of China all, to a certain extent, restrained the healthy development of sports culture. How to further improve, cultivate and disseminate sports culture is a problem that Chinese sports scholars and governors should address.

RESEARCH ON STABILITY OF ATHLETE KNEE QULUS LIGTE RECONSTRUCTION

ABSTRACT Introduction: ACL injury of the knee joint is common in sports. Due to the special characteristics of strong physical confrontation and high speed, basketball has a high risk of ACL injury. Objective: To investigate the stability of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction on knee injury in athletes. Methods: In the south, medical research selected 3 cases of unilateral injuries in men's basketball athletes with arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament autogenous tendon revascularization. We started collecting and recording data of three players three days after rehabilitation training, at various stages in the process Results: At the end of rehabilitation training, 10 weeks after operation, the pain disappeared, the range of motion of the knee joint increased significantly, muscle atrophy of bilateral lower limbs diminished, knee joint stability improved, knee joint muscle strength of the affected leg strengthened, and the rehabilitation goal was basically accomplished. Conclusions: Early rehabilitation training can effectively restore the movement function of the patient's knee joint, improve the efficiency of rehabilitation and shorten the rehabilitation period, thus helping the injured individual recover from the injury and return to the game rapidly. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Covid-19, Congregational Worship, and Contestation over 'Correct' Islam in South Africa

In response to the global Coronavirus pandemic, South African President, Cyril Ramaphosa declared a national lockdown on March 26, 2020, which suspended, among other things, congregational worship. A group of Muslims made an urgent court application for permission to pray in mosques, which was dismissed on April 30, 2020, with the judiciary weighing in on the side of the public health good. This struggle over congregational prayers brought into the open, differences among Muslims in South Africa that have been simmering for several decades and raised questions as to how to balance the post-apartheid Constitution's accommodation of religious practices with the needs of a secular state1. Conversely, what should Muslims do when they are required to follow the secular rules of a non-Muslim country that contradict their obligations to the tenets of their faith? The court case underlined the deep divides amongst Muslims and the changing structures of authority. In the absence of a central doctrinal authority the Ulama terrain is highly competitive and fraught with antagonistic doctrinal differences. It remains to be seen whether these divisions will boil over into physical confrontation among Muslims, and, with trust in the state dissipating, how Muslims will manage their relationship with the secular state.

უსაფრთხოება კომპანიის მენეჯმენტში

To neutralize the danger associated with business management there is a special security service in the management system of successful companies the structure of which depends on the nature and scale of the business. A medium-sized security service consists of four structural divisions: 1. Security; 2. Operative; 3. Analytical; 4. Technical. In each, depending on the specifics of the activity , up to 1 or 10 employees can be employed. Every business has its general and specific challenges. The main challenge still comes from direct competitors. Rivalry often transcends civilized boundaries and escalates into physical or other confrontation, especially if there is a new "player" in the segment. In the advanced countries of the West, in addition to state security institutions, there are private detective and detective organizations, news agencies, studying scientific and consulting centers, which provide various services on a fee-for-service basis. Coordination of state law enforcement agencies and private security structures is sophisticated. There is created a special body, if necessary and it harmonizes their activities. It would be nice to transfer this practice to Georgian conditions.

Prilog istraživanju položaja i aktivnosti radničkog pokreta u Bosni i Hercegovini od završetka Prvog svjetskog rata do početka Husinske bune

Based on archival material and relevant literature, this text analyses and presents the activities of the labour movement in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the first years after the end of the First World War. During this period, the struggle for workers'rights, mostly through strike actions, resulted, among other things, in an increase in wages, the introduction of eight-hour working days in most companies, the exercise of the right to elect workers' commissioners and trade unions. The workers managed to get other benefits related to the economic position of the workers, such as retail co-operatives, apartments, assistance in purchasing work suits, etc. Workers' representatives fought for a radically better position and a new place in society. In addition to eight-hour working days, higher wages and other demands to improve the material position of workers, strikes against the political disenfranchisement of workers were conducted during this period, as well as for political freedoms and democratisation of political life in the country. During 1919 and 1920, several strikes about pay were organised by miners, construction workers and metalworkers in the forest industry, catering workers and employees in Sarajevo, Tuzla, Bijeljina, Brčko, Zenica, Breza, Mostar, Zavidovići, Dobrljin, Lješljani, Maslovarama and Rogatica. It was part of over 125 strikes by workers in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the period of legal activity of the Socialist Labour Party of Yugoslavia (SLPY) (c), i.e. the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) and its close trade unions. At the initiative of the SLPY (c) and united syndicates, public political assemblies were organised in Sarajevo, Tuzla, Zenica, Mostar, Brčko, Derventa, Vareš and Drvar, at which demands were put forward to dissolve the authorities, and organise democratic elections for the Constituent Assembly and demobilise the army. The aggravation of the political situation in the first post-war years was noticeable in many local communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In a number of cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, there were physical confrontations between workers and security bodies of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. One such example occurred, in Zenica in mid-October 1920, when police banned the Communists' attempt to hold an assembly despite a previously imposed ban. On that occasion, the gathered mass of 2,500 workers refused to disperse and demanded that the assembly be held. After the police and the gendarmerie tried to disperse the gathered workers, there was open conflict. Workers threw stones at security officials, and they responded by firing firearms. The rally was eventually broken up, one worker was wounded and twelve workers were hurt during a clash with police. Owing to the increasing engagement of workers' representatives, the political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina worsened. It was not uncommon to have open conflicts between workers and government officials. After the collapse of the Husino uprising, the position of workers deteriorated. Also, this paper discusses the impact of the revolutions in Eastern and Central Europe on the labour movement in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.

“Hong Kong, Add Oil!”: The Lennon Walls in the 2019 Hong Kong Movement

In June 2019, millions poured onto the streets of Hong Kong to protest the proposed Extradition Bill. In addition to physical confrontations between the police and protesters on the streets, Lennon Walls were also erected. This essay captures the zeitgeist of the Hong Kong 2019 movement through post-it notes on Lennon Walls across Hong Kong’s major districts.

Setting Slavery’s Limits: Physical Confrontations in Antebellum Virginia, 1801–1860 by Christopher H. Bouton

Reviewed by: Setting Slavery’s Limits: Physical Confrontations in Antebellum Virginia, 1801–1860 by Christopher H. Bouton Sergio Lussana Setting Slavery’s Limits: Physical Confrontations in Antebellum Virginia, 1801–1860. By Christopher H. Bouton. New Studies in Southern History. (Lanham, Md., and other cities: Lexington Books, 2019. Pp. xxvi, 178. $90.00, ISBN 978-1-4985-7945-2.) In his new book, Christopher H. Bouton examines physical confrontations between slaveholders and enslaved people in antebellum Virginia. Scrutinizing a wealth of slave narratives, plantation records, and trial transcripts, the book documents the violent resistance of enslaved people to their dehumanizing circumstances. The slaves in Bouton’s study did not violently rebel to claim their freedom; instead, they struck out in defiance or exasperation, to protect their honor, to reclaim their masculinity, and to defend their femininity. These acts did little to ultimately change the conditions of slavery for enslaved people; however, such physical confrontation “provided enslaved people with hope against a system of oppression designed to destroy their humanity” (p. 156). Bouton examines the circumstances that provoked slaves to resist physically. He argues that the enslaved were often motivated by a failure of slaveholders to live up to their paternalistic obligations. When slaveholders employed excessive punishment, provided inadequate food, or denied slaves the right to visit family members, slaves responded violently. Bouton draws attention to the gendered dynamics of such resistance. For enslaved men, violent resistance was a vital way they could assert their masculinity. Violence was a hallmark of manhood in the antebellum South, crossing racial and class lines. Bouton argues that enslaved men who fought their oppressors “won respect and admiration” from fellow slaves (p. 41). Enslaved men fought to protect their families from punishment and to avenge the sexual abuse and whippings of family members. Enslaved women could not always rely on their husbands for protection. Bouton documents examples of women violently resisting their sexual exploitation by slaveholding men. He also documents examples of how enslaved female domestic workers suffered at the hands of cruel mistresses. These domestics struck out, in protest of brutal punishment and excessive workloads, against the mistress and the ideology of the southern household. However, white slaveholders rationalized this violence by interpreting it as evidence of the racial inferiority and brutish nature of enslaved people. Bouton ends with a discussion of three case studies, arguing that when physical confrontations threatened white supremacy, white Virginians did not [End Page 120] hesitate to take matters into their own hands and operate outside the law to protect the slaveholding hierarchy. For example, whites formed a lynch mob and murdered a Black man whose death sentence had been commuted to transportation by the governor. Some of the most interesting stories in this study come from Bouton’s sensitive and careful examination of Virginia criminal slave trial transcripts. This methodological approach is useful because it gives agency to enslaved people—particularly women—and highlights their efforts to resist. For example, we learn of enslaved women such as Peggy, who, in response to repeated efforts by her master to rape her, broke into his house with the assistance of other slaves, beat him to death, and set the house on fire. Some arguments of this study feel familiar in places—for example, the idea that some enslaved men equated violent resistance with an assertion of masculinity. I wondered whether more attention could have been paid toward regional variations within Virginia, particularly in the divisions between eastern and western Virginia—mentioned in the final chapter—and to what extent the nature of physical confrontations changed over time in Virginia from 1801 to 1860. Setting Slavery’s Limits: Physical Confrontations in Antebellum Virginia, 1801–1860 is an extremely well-written and well-researched book. The discussions are clear, the work is logically presented, and the case studies are intriguing. Sergio Lussana Nottingham Trent University Copyright © 2021 The Southern Historical Association

Setting Slavery's Limits: Physical Confrontations in Antebellum Virginia by Christopher H. Bouton

Reviewed by: Setting Slavery's Limits: Physical Confrontations in Antebellum Virginia by Christopher H. Bouton David Stefan Doddington (bio) Slavery, Virginia, Violence Setting Slavery's Limits: Physical Confrontations in Antebellum Virginia. By Christopher H. Bouton. (Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2019. Pp. 179. Cloth, $90.00.) In Setting Slavery's Limits, Christopher Bouton makes use of trial records, executive papers, and a variety of antebellum and Works Progress Administration slave narratives to explore physical confrontations between enslaved people and their enslavers in antebellum Virginia. After asserting that violent actions were shaped by the contested dynamics of paternalism, as well as a discussion of the complex balancing act inherent to "dividing mastery" through hiring out or the use of overseers, Bouton explores how violence was shaped by, and helped to shape, gender norms and ideals among the enslaved. Analytically, much of this covers fairly well-worn ground but Bouton uses a nice range of material to show how enslaved men "linked violence with their masculinity" (36). He then reveals how this related to cultures of honor as well as the wider oppression [End Page 319] of slavery, noting continuities but also differences between white and black manhood given the inherent power imbalance. Bouton then tackles enslaved women's experiences in slavery and their use of violence to resist sexual abuse, with a sobering emphasis on the "impossibly long odds" (82) they faced here. There is a neat exploration of the dynamic relations between white and black women in the household, showing how violence could erupt on account of divergent expectations surrounding work and conflict between "masters" and "mistresses" over who held the authority to impose discipline (105). This section is not as conceptually bold as Stephanie Jones-Rogers's recent intervention on a similar topic, and at times risks reiterating arguments made by Thavolia Glymph, but the sustained attention to women's violence is a strong point of the book.1 The book then concludes with a brisk assessment of how enslaved people's violence served to disrupt the politics of white supremacy and the revolutionary afterlife of physical confrontations in challenging slavery writ large. This is a useful text for undergraduate students and general readers looking for an introduction to the study of physical confrontations between enslaver and enslaved in Virginia. Bouton makes good use of archival and printed material, the text is clear and engaging, and there are excellent examples taken from the archives. There is, however, little in the arguments or conclusions drawn from this material that would not be familiar to graduate students and scholars of slavery. Bouton rarely engages with more recent work on the topic of exploitation, power, and the politics of violence, with only five books or articles published post-2010 cited; the arguments on paternalism tend to revolve around Eugene Genovese's (no doubt still important) model without a consideration of challenges to, or refinement of, this analytical framework as regards the nature of the enslaver/enslaved relationship.2 The arguments at times peter out by stating that enslaved people—women and men—sometimes responded [End Page 320] with violence when they were abused beyond certain limits: "discord over punishment, food, and visits to friends and family could result in physical confrontations" (9). Similar statements made throughout the text are illuminated with fascinating cases drawn from the historical record, and Bouton makes a perfectly valid case in stating as such. Few, however, would be surprised to read this. At times, moreover, there is a tension between the assertions that physical confrontations were predicated on specific instances of failed paternalism—and thus might presumably have been avoided if only the "model" had been followed—with an emphasis on the radical significance and historical afterlife of violent resistance later in the text. This is an ambiguity that is not really addressed directly, and it has implications for the weighting of the argument. Bouton might also have considered work that emphasizes economic exploitation and brute force over paternalistic claims and directly addressed the argument that, instead of being shaped by "the failure of whites to live up to the ideals of paternalism" (21), violence was inevitable given the nature of slavery itself.3 By struggling to directly speak...

En passant pécho réal. par Julien Hollande

Reviewed by: En passant pécho réal. par Julien Hollande Ann Marie Moore Hollande, Julien, réal. En passant pécho. Int. Hedi Bouchenafa, Nassim Lyes, Nina Kepekian. Netflix, 2021. Hedi and Cokeman make their living peddling drywall dust and dog poop in lieu of drugs to the rich and unsuspecting, which frequently leads to physical confrontations. Early in the film, Hedi's sister marries a supposedly successful drug lord. This presents Hedi and Cokeman with the opportunity to sell high-end cocaine in their neighborhood. En passant pécho is the story of their inability to do so and their trials and failures along the way. The film is full of grotesque humor meant to entertain and shock the spectator. One of their neighbors has his head blown off in a misunderstanding and Cokeman picks up the body to play with it as one would a doll. Later, in a fight with police, an eyeball is dislodged and shown flying across the screen. This 'shock and awe' factor serves to distance the spectator from the characters and storyline, making it difficult for the spectator to engage. There are many things the director does to counteract this disengagement, leaving the spectator feeling a constant flux between enjoying the film and being horrified. The protagonists are physically aggressive toward one another and constantly fight, but they always stand up for each other. They have a close and deep friendship that allows the spectator to follow the storyline despite the horrific moments. The humor, while dark, comes from the mishaps that Cokeman and Hedi face during their adventures. Everything they undertake turns out poorly. The money from the first batch of cocaine they sell is stolen and the man they hire to help sell gets his head blown off with a bazooka. In addition, they get caught at the border and have to blow up the SUV they were given to transport the coke. Later, the woman helping Hedi hide his money turns out to be a lesbian and steals the money from his subsequent batches of coke. She leaves Hedi and Cokeman chained to a radiator heater and calls the police. The film ends with the two protagonists on their way to jail, but happy and laughing as they now get to live out Hedi's dream reality game of escaping from prison. This moment is a throwback to a conversation early in the film where Hedi describes his version of a reality game about escaping from a panic room. Cokeman's reaction to their impending imprisonment is typical of his behavior throughout the film (dressed in a fur coat and underwear for the duration of the film, he always laughs dramatically before he speaks). Despite the dark and shocking nature of the film, the spectator continually reengages in the storyline and remains curious about the outcome for the two protagonists. Based on a web series <http://www.youtube.com/user/enpassantpecho>, this film was directed by the younger son of François Hollande and Ségolène Royal. [End Page 219] Ann Marie Moore New Manchester High School (GA) Copyright © 2021 American Association of Teachers of French

Mujeres abusadas que matan

This paper analyzes the exclusion of responsibility in cases of battered women who kill their abusive partners in self-defence, emphasizing the theoretical and practical difficulties from a gender lens. I investigate self-defence simultaneously from a double perspective: the perspective of intimate partner violence, and the perspective of Canadian law. I reflect on alternative solu-tions in cases where there was a deferred self-defence, seeking a more equitative response from institutions. Self-defence protects whoever kills another person to defend herself or a third party. Even though this legal figure seems unquestionable, it is actually an ambiguous area in criminal law. Women who are abused for extended periods of time, who one day kill their abu-sers, generally do not do so during a context of physical confrontation. In this paper, instead of merely restricting my analysis to the events that occurred on the day of the abuser’s death, I will go back in time to scrutinize in detail the cycle of systematic violence and the “battered woman syndrome”, as well as the theory of “coercive control” in the Canadian context. I draw from the famous Canadian case Rust v. Lavallee (1990). I problematize some of the requirements for self-defence, emphasizing their inability to respond to the realities of battered women. This research shows a problematic disconnect between the current legal framework and the realities of violence against women.

Doing things with “nothing”: the pragmatics of democratic multilingualism in South African parliamentary debate

ABSTRACT This paper engages the weaponisation of democratic multilingualism in South African parliamentary debate on the part of opposition political party, the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF). It focuses on the mobilisation of English language performatives like “calling points of order” during televised parliamentary debates. Such moments, I demonstrate, engender multilingual interactions that can become heated, even leading to physical confrontation. As a result, the EFF’s parliamentary presence has been described by many political analysts and casual observers alike, as deliberately “disruptive” or “chaotic” degenerations of public order. For many, including the ruling African National Congress (ANC) and Democratic Alliance (DA), as well as many liberal analysts, the EFF’s political ascent via the media, has been dismissed as purely the result of populist or even “fascist” appeal, lacking any political motivation beyond the explicit sabotage of public order and reckless perpetuation of the EFF brand. In engaging some of the pragmatist concerns of Austinian language performativity (1975), this paper presents an alternative to the dominant narrative of dysfunction through which the EFF’s relationship to South African mass-mediated political discourse has been described.

Managing the rabble with dignity and respect

ABSTRACT Individuals incarcerated in America’s jails face a number of barriers (substance and alcohol abuse, mental health issues, physical ailments, homelessness). The nature of jail stays makes it difficult to treat or support individuals plagued by these issues. As such, correctional officers are charged with managing these individuals. By conducting in-depth interviews with correctional officers, this study answers the question of how these individuals manage an ever-changing population with a host of problems by interviewing correctional officers. Results suggest that interpersonal communication skills are the primary way officers obtain compliance from incarcerated individuals. By treating the rabble class with dignity and respect, officers not only avoid physical confrontations but can also provide support for these individuals. Policy implications are also discussed.

Territorialising homes: Prolonged and return burglaries in South Africa

ABSTRACT This article draws on ethnographic data from South Africa to show that while burglaries may commonly be once-off incidents, many households are repeatedly victimised. In such situations, victims are retargeted and intimidated by the same burglars. Through two exemplary cases of middle- and lower-middle-income households, which are examples of ‘return’ and ‘prolonged’ burglaries, I illustrate that these burglaries are defined by four main characteristics: long duration, the targeted theft of possessions, remaining marks and the close proximity of burglars. I suggest that these burglaries are a way of laying claim to households through symbolic means, rather than physical confrontation. This has lasting social, emotional and financial repercussions for the victims. As relating to repeat-victimisation, burglaries deserve further attention from analysts.

Unarmed Militancy: Tactical Victories, Subjectivity, and Legitimacy in Bolivian Street Protest

ABSTRACTMoments of intense physical confrontation between protesters and security forces have become iconic parts of political protest. These asymmetrical tactical encounters have been pivotal to successful Latin American revolts against neoliberalism and regime‐displacing protest movements. Based on ethnographic engagement and oral history interviews with Bolivian activists in Cochabamba and La Paz, this article characterizes an overlooked tactical stance: unarmed militancy, which I define as the use of forceful, combative tactics that are nonetheless qualitatively less damaging than those of their (usually state) adversaries. Unarmed militants complicate the binary of violence and nonviolence often used to strategize and analyze protest. Unarmed militants claim some of the moral purity of nonviolence and of those victimized by state repression. Yet, they also physically fight back to hold physical space and interrupt daily life. Neither provocateurs nor extremists, unarmed militants collaborate in achieving the tactical and strategic goals of mass mobilizations. This article examines the material processes of on‐the‐street collaboration, the subjectivity of demonstrators, the narratives surrounding protest, and the moral understandings of just and unjust uses of force as elements that can make unarmed militancy effective. [political legitimacy, tactics, protest, repression, revolution]

Medical implications of Conducted Energy Devices in law enforcement

This study examines the medical implications of Conducted Energy Devices (CEDs) in law enforcement, of which TASER® is the brand most recognised. In order to develop understanding of TASER® use, this study undertook both a literature review and original research using data provided by a number of UK police forces.The comprehensive review of literature identified a range of injures, including both primary and secondary complications.Research was conducted into TASER® use in the United Kingdom using a number of data sets, including a retrospective study of some 60,000 uses of force. This data shows TASER® was only discharged on 18% of occasions it was drawn from the holster. The injuries sustained by both subjects and Police Officers associated with TASER® use were compared and it was found that fewer injuries, as a proportion of use, were associated with TASER® than use of Police Dogs, baton, irritant spray or physical confrontation. The data examined 948 discharges of TASER® and recorded 159 attendances at the Emergency Department as a result. Only three hospital admissions were identified.The paper concludes that the use of CEDs as a police use-of-force may be associated with injury; the overwhelming majority of such are classified as minor. Death or the more severe injuries described in the medical literature are rare and any deaths occurring within temporal proximity to the use of a CED should be investigated thoroughly and the presentation of the individual carefully recorded.The collection of post-incident data provides evidence to the relative operational safety of the TASER® by the UK Police; it is accepted by the police that no use-of-force option is risk free, however data provided showed a greater incidence of injury to both the officers and subjects, as a proportion of use, when baton, irritant spray or physical confrontation was used.

Design and Implementation of Rugby Tackle Technology Assisted Training System Based on Somatosensory Capture

Rugby is a highly challenging and spectator contact team sport with intense physical confrontation, specific technique, and group tactics, which requires athletes have tenacious will, courage and teamwork. “Tackle” is an essential feature of rugby which is the smallest action unit of body contact and confrontation between the offensive and defensive players during match. Tackling ability is not only a demonstration of personal skills, courage, and experience, but also the base of tacitly cooperating with other teammates in helpful defense which a well-trained part of team needed. For rugby beginners’ tackle training, this study designs and implements rugby tackle technology assisted training system based on somatosensory capture to help beginners master rugby tackle correctly and effectively during single or double training so that beginners could complete the confrontation exercises from simple to difficult.

Repeated psychosocial stress causes glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform-67, oxidative-Nox-2 changes and neuroinflammation in mice: Prevention by treatment with a neuroactive flavonoid, morin

Psychosocial stress and biological predispositions are linked to mood and personality disorders related to psychiatric behaviors. Targeting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress has been recognized as a potential strategy for the prevention of psychosocial stress-induced psychiatric disorders. Morin, a bioactive compound isolated from mulberry leaf has been shown to produce antiamnesic, antipsychotic and anti-inflammatory effects relative to ginseng, a well-known adaptogen. Hence, the present study investigated the effect of morin on social-defeat stress (SDS)-induced behavioral, neurochemical, neuroimmune and neurooxidative changes in mice using intruder-resident paradigm. The intruder male mice were distributed into 6 groups (n = 10). Groups 1 (normal-control) and 2 (SDS-control) received normal saline, groups 3–5 had morin (25–100 mg/kg) while group 6 received ginseng (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally daily for 14 days. Thirty minutes after treatment from days 7–14 onwards, mice in groups 2–6 were exposed to SDS for 10 min physical and psychological confrontations respectively with aggressive-resident mice. Neurobehavioral effects (locomotor activity, cognitive performance, anxiety- and depressive-like behavior) were assessed on day 14. Biomarkers of oxidative/nitrergic stress and neuroinflammation; acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutamic-acid decarboxylase-67 (GAD67) were measured in the striatum, prefrontal-cortex and hippocampus. Behavioral deficits induced by SDS were attenuated by morin and ginseng. Both morin and ginseng decreasedmalondialdehyde, nitrite levels and increased glutathione concentrations in the brain regions. They also reduced inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2 and NF-κB), AChE activity and Nox-2 expression in the specific brain regions. However, morin increased the levels of GAD67 in the striatum, prefrontal-cortex and hippocampus in contrast to ginseng. Our results suggest that morin mitigates SDS-induced neurobehavioral deficits through enhancement of GAD67, inhibition of AChE activity, oxidative stress, Nox-2 and neuroinflammatory pathways.

СУТНІСТЬ ПРОФЕСІЙНО-ПРИКЛАДНОЇ ФІЗИЧНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙБУТНІХ ПОЛІЦЕЙСЬКИХ

Мета. Розкрити сутність професійно-прикладної фізичної підготовки майбутніх поліцейських тавизначити перспективні підходи щодо її удосконалення. Методи. В роботі використано аналіз наукових джерел і документальних матеріалів. Результати. Проаналізовано дослідження зарубіжних і вітчизняних науковців про види та шляхи покращення підготовки майбутніх поліцейських. Встановлено, що досягнення високого рівня професійної компетентності майбутніми працівниками Національної поліції, курсантам необхідно пройти різнопланову підготовку, а саме: службову, вогневу, фізичну та психологічну. Окрім цього майбутній поліцейський повинен здобути професійні вміння, навики та якості які готують його до майбутньої професії. При цьому пріоритет надається психофізичним якостям. Адже тривала дія стресогенних чинників, наявність реальної загрози для життя, висока ймовірність загибелі чи поранення висувають високі вимоги не тільки до рівня професійних знань, але й до фізичного протистояння порушникам правопорядк,у шляхом використання прийомів самозахисту та затримання злочинців. Курсантам закладів вищої освіти України під час їх навчання викладаються такі дисципліни як “фізична підготовка” та “спеціальна фізична підготовка”. Дані дисципліни реалізуються протягом всього періоду навчання. Навчальна програма по цим дисциплінам включає в себе такі розділи як: теоретична та методична підготовка, загальна фізична підготовка та тактика самозахисту й особиста безпека. Висновок. Для формування та удосконалення психофізичних властивостей у курсантів викладачі обирають найбільш ефективні та необхідні засоби, методи і форми навчання. При цьому, велика кількість навчального матеріалу залишається не засвоєною, через певні причини, а саме: низький вихідний рівень фізичної підготовленості курсантів (так званий “доступний” рівень). Фізична підготовленість у понад 40% абітурієнтів є низькою і з року в рік погіршується; відсутня належна мотивація покращення своїх фізичних можливостей; тематичний план не охоплює усіх проблемних питань з удосконаленняпсихофізичного стану, оволодіння прийомами боротьби та рукопашного бою; мала кількість навчальних годин, які виділяють на загальну та спеціальну фізичну підготовку. Отже виникає нагальна потреба розробки нових підходів щодо психофізичної підготовки майбутніх поліцейських.Ключові слова: професійно-прикладна фізична підготовка, психофізичні якості, майбутні поліцейські.