Physical Condition Of Children Research Articles

Swimming as a means of harmonious development of high school children

This article is devoted to the study of the role of swimming as a harmonious development of children of high school age. In the context of the modern educational process, where the emphasis is on a comprehensive approach to the physical and mental development of children, swimming is an effective means of achieving this goal.
 The positive influence of swimming on the physical condition of children, in particular on the development of the musculoskeletal system and the cardiovascular system, improving their physical strength, endurance and coordination of movements is considered. Special attention is paid to the positive effect of swimming on the child's body. The impact of swimming on improving mental health has been analyzed, indicating the level of concentration, self-discipline and general emotional stability in children engaged in this sport. Immersion in water can promote relaxation and reduce stress. Swimming can improve mood, reduce anxiety levels and promote a general sense of well-being. It is also important to note the social aspect joint training and teamwork can help to form friendships and increase self-esteem.
 The conclusions of the article emphasize the importance of including swimming in the system of physical education, as an effective tool for achieving the harmonious development of their physical and mental health.

ANALYSIS OF PREFERENCES OF CHILDREN WITH HEALTH LIMITATIONS REGARDING THE ARRANGEMENT OF INCLUSIVE CHILDREN’S PLAYGROUNDS IN MOSCOW

The research goal is to analyze the data on the organization and level of improvement of playgrounds with an inclusive component located on the territory of three large multifunctional parks in Moscow received from respondents to develop guidelines for organizing children’s inclusive playgrounds in large cities. The current research relevance is due to the fact that in Russia, until recently, children with health limitations were isolated from communication with peers and other people due to the fact that in society they were perceived as children with special needs. Therefore, it was believed that such joint communication is harmful to their health and development, and such children should be under constant supervision and attention from parents, guardians, and professionals. In connection with the mentioned opinion, they attempted to isolate children with disabilities from society, place them in special institutions, and teach in correctional schools. By virtue of rich global experience, this position has changed in Russia, and this category of children, now gradually transferred to ordinary schools with an inclusive component, has ample opportunities to develop both physically and psycho-emotionally, along with normally developed children. The research tasks include studying the organization of playgrounds intended for children’s recreation in such a way that all features of the psychological and physical condition of children with health limitations are fully taken into consideration. The possibility of the joint stay of children with normal development and children with health limitations within the same playground and their joint cognitive activity and various activities is also studied by means of conducting a survey. With the help of the developed questionnaires and visual material for children, a survey method is applied, implying surveying children, their parents, and guardians. The survey is conducted on the territory of children’s inclusive playgrounds in three large park areas of the city of Moscow. The survey goal is to study the psycho-emotional impact of landscape factors, urban greening, and the level of improvement, design, and construction of inclusive playground equipment on children with health limitations through outdoor games. The research results can be applied in practice in the organization and improvement of new inclusive playgrounds in city parks. Simultaneously, one should take into consideration their accessibility for people with limited mobility and the safety of structures and equipment.

Children’s Physical Health and Implementation of Post-Pandemic Healthy Behavior

Purpose – The physical condition of children needs to be analyzed in the field, whether COVID-19 affects their health or not, and how to implement post-pandemic healthy living behaviours in the school and community environment so that children are truly safe when hanging out with their friends.Design/methods/approach – This research uses a case study qualitative method by collecting data using observation, interviews, and document analysis. Source triangulation is a means to assist in the validity of the data.Findings – The results showed that the children’s physical health began to improve. It is supported by the current improvement in children’s health, as well as free physical activity that can be carried out at school or in the community. In addition, a COVID vaccine helps the child’s immune system to be more robust against disease. The implementation of clean and healthy living behaviours in schools and the community is very supportive, as evidenced by hand-washing equipment in every corner of the house and school.Research implications/limitations – The limitations of this study are the narrow research subjects, so general conclusions cannot be drawn. However, the research results can be stakeholder input to invite the public to continue implementing health protocols.Practical implications – The results show field findings found a decline in the prokes provision of infrastructure for clean and healthy living behavior in schools and the community.Originality/value – This study proves that young children are far away from COVID-19. It is proven at home and school. Many children are in good health and fit and doing everyday activities.Paper type: Research paper

YOGA NO CONTROLE EMOCIONAL EM CRIANÇAS COM TDAH

ABSTRACT Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood disorders, with several negative social and behavioral consequences. Yoga shows appropriate efficacy in different conditions but is poorly explored during childhood. Objective: Analyze the efficacy of yoga in regulating emotions and symptoms in children with ADHD. Methods: This experimental study followed up on a control group of 30 children with ADHD. They were randomly allocated group into control (N=15) and experimental (N=15) through the block randomization method. Participants completed the emotion regulation and Conner scale (CBRS) before, after, and 60 days after yoga exercise (20 sessions twice a week). Results: After 8 weeks of training, participants’ emotion regulation and ADHD symptoms improved significantly. The improvement in emotion regulation and ADHD symptoms was maintained at follow-up. Conclusion: Yoga training proved to be an easy and inexpensive method to improve the mental and physical condition of children with ADHD. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.

Physical Fitness, Screen Time and Sleep Habits According to Obesity Levels in Schoolchildren: Findings from the Health Survey of the Extreme South of Chile.

Obesity is a worry because it is associated with a greater burden of disease, and it has been shown to be related to the health habits and physical condition of children and adolescents. Objective: To associate physical fitness, screen time, and sleep habits with the different categories of obesity in schoolchildren from the extreme south of Chile. Methods: 583 schoolchildren were included in this cross-sectional analysis. The screen time and sleep habits were measured with the Sleep Self-Report questionnaire, while the physical fitness was assessed with the Alpha Fitness test battery. The Body Mass Index/age (BMI/age) and the Waist-to-Height ratio (WtHr) were used to define adiposity using the following categories: healthy weight/low-risk waist-to-height ratio (H/LR), healthy weight/high-risk waist-to-height ratio (H/HR), overweight/low-risk waist to height ratio (O/LR), and overweight/high-risk waist to height ratio (O/HR). Results: A considerable number of schoolchildren (23.2%) presented sleep problems, while the mean screen time was 9.3 (95% CI: 8.4; 10.1) hours/day. Schoolchildren classified as H/HR showed better physical fitness than the O/HR group but worse physical fitness than the H/LR group. Conclusions: Significant differences were evidenced in the physical fitness between the adiposity categories, which could open future lines of research concerning the characterization of the healthy weight-obese adiposity categories in children.

Якість життя дітей після хірургічної корекції вродженої колоректальної патології

The main problems that arise in children operated on for Hirschsprung's disease (HD) or anorectal malformations (ARM) in the long term are persistent defecation disorders manifested in the form of constipation or fecal incontinence (FI), as well as their combination. Violation of the act of defecation, regardless of its cause, contributes to the formation of a number of complex psychological, medical and social problems that affect the moral and physical condition of children, resulting in reduced quality of life (QoL). The purpose - to study QoL in children operated on in the clinic for congenital colorectal pathology and to evaluate the objectivity of the pathology-specific QoL questionnaire. Materials and methods. Clinical examination and treatment of 92 children with HD and ARM were performed. Questionnaires to determine the level of QoL were conducted in 79 operated children 6-17 years, including 51 (64.56%) children with HD and 28 (35.44%) patients with ARM. These patients formed the main group. Questionnaires were also conducted in 30 somatically healthy children without colorectal pathology of the same age. They formed a control group. Children who had postoperative complications were additionally interviewed before and after treatment of these complications (conservative or surgical). We selected the Hirschsprung’s disease Anorectal malformation QoL questionnaire (HAQL). We translated the HAQL questionnaire into Ukrainian and adapted it to the social, educational and cultural characteristics of Ukrainian people. We also modified it, simplified the issues a bit and integrated it into one form for better comparison of QoL between different groups of patients. Results. We identified 4 degrees of QoL violation in children of the main group: mild - with a sum of 74-105, moderate - with a score of 38-73, severe - with a score of 10-36, very severe - 0-9 points. In 19 children (24.05%) QoL was not violated, the average score was 108.4±2.5. The majority (39 patients, 49.37%) had a mild degree of QoL violation, the mid degree was in 17 (21.52%) children, severe QoL violation was found in 4 (5.06%) patients. There were no children with very severe QoL disorders. In children, the level of QoL was slightly higher after correction of ARM. The severity of QoL disturbance depended on the form of congenital colorectal pathology and the presence of pre- and postoperative complications. Among children with ARM, more severe QoL disorders were observed in high forms, among patients with HD more severe disorders were found in patients with a long zone of agangliosis, with acute and subacute forms of the disease and in children with serious preoperative complications. There were no significant gender differences in the violation of QoL in children of the main group. The level of QoL was higher in children aged 12-17 years than in patients aged 6-11 years. In older children, a higher average score was observed in the sections of the questionnaire related to defecation control. At the same time, children in this age group have lower scores in the sections on emotional and social functioning and body sensation. When re-interviewing 45 (56.96%) patients who had distant postoperative complications and defecation disorders, after conservative or surgical treatment, the level of QoL was increased in all cases. Conclusions. QoL disorders of varying severity were found in 60 (75.95%) of children operated on for HD and ARM. The majority of patients (39 children, 49.37%) had a mild degree, and 4 (5.06%) of children had a severe degree of QoL violation. The proposed HG and ARM-specific child quality of life questionnaire is a convenient and objective tool for assessing the quality of life of operated children. It allows you to assess not only postoperative functional outcomes, but also psychosocial and emotional aspects of the lives of operated children. It also allows you to compare the results of treatment in different clinics and makes these comparative results transparent. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of all participating institutions. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

On the Relationship Between Well-Being and Exercise Adherence for Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Mini Review.

Although the close positive relationship between well-being and exercise adherence has been confirmed by numerous studies, it is still unclear whether this relationship exists for children and adolescents, because previous research mainly focuses on adults. The present review systematically explored the relationship between well-being ranging from individual to social aspects and exercise adherence based on extant studies. Seven studies including both quantitative and qualitative studies were analyzed. The results showed that well-being was not related to exercise adherence as strongly as expected. In some cases, well-being was even negatively associated with exercise adherence. Limited sample size, insensitive measurement of exercise adherence, gender, and mental and physical condition of children and adolescents might partially influence the relationship between well-being and exercise studies. However, the studies at hand are still in their infancy. More studies on the relationship between well-being and exercise adherence are needed for children and adolescents, especially in non-western countries.

THE PECULIARITIES OF KYU DEGREE CHILDREN’S ATTESTATION IN AIKIDO

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the approach to the certification of children in aikido at the level of kyu. It is determined that the lack of regulations for attestations and the use of outdated programs does not allow to fully unleash the potential of children and leads to their loss of interest in aikido classes and further development.
 The state of physical culture and sports activities of children in terms of preparation for certification at the children’s level is revealed. It is determined that the absence of a competitive factor is not an obstacle to the formation of a special attitude to certification, but cultivates a special attitude to the partner on the tatami, based on respect for physical characteristics and psychological comfort and mental balance of the partner. All these factors teach to build competently not only the training process, but also the skill of social connections and relationships both on the tatami and in society.
 It was found that the proposed optimization of children’s physical culture and sports activities has a positive effect on the results of certification, the attitude of athletes and their parents to the training process, as well as improves the psycho- emotional and physical condition of children.
 It is established that the traditional approach to the certification of children in aikido, assumes that the child is admitted to practice, and, accordingly, to the exam, from the age of eight. Under such conditions, the child reaches the first kyu and moves to adult certification levels at the age of fourteen, which is fully consistent with the conditions of the start of certification for adults. But the realities show that, today, more and more children begin to practice aikido at 6-7, and even at 4- 5 years. It seems impossible for such children to wait 2-4 years to be admitted to the exam, because there are no competitions in aikido, and other forms of motivation, except for the exam and participation in children’s educational seminars are not provided.
 The authors of this article, based on their own experience and urgent needs of the organization, provide recommendations on the rules of aikido certification for children, as well as amendments to the provisions on certification requirements for children’s Aikido athletes. In addition to the above, we consider important the fact that, given the age and level of prior training of children, we emphasize safety in performing both general and special physical training, which is especially important during the certification, because every exam is accompanied by a high level of nervous and emotional stress.
 The presented article is based on the principles of work underlying the Eurasia Aikido Organization, but this technique can be used for any school and federation, because in the foreground – features of physical and psycho-emotional age development of children in oriental martial arts.

Design of Real-Time Monitoring of Infant Physical Condition in Sports Training Based on Embedded Theory

Children at this age are a critical period of physical and mental development in a person’s life. Correctly understanding and grasping the characteristics and laws of physical and mental development of children at this stage and developing targeted sports and training are conducive to the physical development and growth of children. The first is the concrete image of the cognitive activity; the second is the unintentional nature of mental activities and behaviors; the third is the initial tendency of personality in order to monitor the physical condition of children in sports training in real time and to improve the management and data analysis capabilities of the physical condition of children in sports training; a set of real-time monitoring system for the physical condition of children in sports training is designed to help develop and improve the intelligence of children’s sports training management. This article mainly introduces the design of a real-time monitoring system for children’s physical condition in sports training based on an embedded system and is aimed at providing some references for the real-time monitoring of the physical condition of young children in sports training. This paper proposes a design method of a real-time monitoring system for children’s physical fitness in sports training based on embedded systems, utilizing the professionalism and real time and tailored the ability, reliability, and low power consumption of the embedded system to design a real-time monitoring system for the physical condition of young children in sports training; reuse includes the document retrieval, questionnaire survey, mathematical statistics, logical analysis, and real-time monitoring related algorithms, such as a real-time monitoring system based on the Internet of Things system, which is used for children’s physical fitness in sports training. Real-time monitoring system designed research experiment. The results show that the embedded real-time monitoring system designed in this paper has an average accuracy rate of 93.33% for children’s physical conditions, and the accuracy is strong, and it can be applied to the monitoring of children’s physical condition; it can promote the good development of children’s body and physique and improve the intelligent management ability of children’s sports training.

Analysis of physical condition of children 7-8 years old

Differentiation and individualization of school physical education allows one to take into account the features of each child, its existing experience and level of achievements, interests and inclinations. To organize a differentiated approach during a teacher of physical culture, operational information on the physical state of students of a particular class is required. The purpose of the work is to analyze the physical condition of children 7-8 years for planning physical activity during exercises. Methods of research: analysis of scientific and methodological literature; Pedagogical observation and experiment; testing; Methods of mathematical statistics. Organization of research. The research was conducted on the basis of School No. 66 of the Dnipro. 125 children 7-8 years have participated in the study. The processing of test results was carried out using the KIFZOS Computer Program. Research results. The age of 7-8 years is the most calm period in the development of children, during which there is a smooth change in the structures and functions of the organism. However, despite the slowdown in growth rates, the length of the body in girls and the boys increases more intense than body weight. The body proportions are changing, the volume of the chest increases, that is, there is a "pulling" of the body. A clear difference between boys and girls in anthropometric indicators almost not observed. The general assessment of the level of health of children under the method of G. L. Apanasenko allowed to distribute examined schoolchildren to 3 groups by levels of somatic health. Most children belonged to the group "Patients". Among boys, low level of physical fitness is observed more in children for 8 years - 63.0% (7 years - 33.3%). High levels are not fixed. Among girls, low levels of physical fitness had 29.4% - 7 years, 14.3% - 8 years. High levels were observed in 7.1% of girls 8 years. Conclusions. Thus, an individual assessment of the physical state of school-age children allows you to determine the means and methods of development of motor qualities, taking into account sensitive periods and age-sexual characteristics of students. The obtained data indicate a low level of physical condition of children, which determines the use of a differentiated approach in planning physical activity. Prospects for further research. We plan to develop exercises for increasing the level of physical status of schoolchildren who can be used when working on-line.

Karate as a means of improving the physical condition of children

The article is devoted to the analysis of the use of karate in the system of physical education of middle school children. The research of leading specialists on the use of karate has been studied and areas that need new research and development of variable module "karate" in secondary education for adolescents have been identified. Objective of the study is to substantiate theoretically the use of karate in the system of physical education of schoolchildren to improve physical condition. Research methods include the analysis of data of scientific-methodical and scientific literature, official documents, idealization, abstraction, induction and deduction; methods of theoretical research (generalization of literary sources, synthesis, comparison and systematization of scientific sources, materials from the Internet resources). The results of the study: it has been found that one of the modern and effective means of improving the physical condition of children of different school ages are karate tools that require fundamental study, justification and adaptation to use in physical education for children of different school ages and genders. Conclusions: karate is a modern and progressive type of martial arts that meets the new criteria and requirements of the educational program of general secondary education and is an effective means of harmonious development of the child's personality. Unfortunately, the use of karate in physical education classes for middle school children has not been addressed by any domestic scientist, who pushes to find a scientific justification for the need and effectiveness of the use of karate in the school curriculum.

A Data Science Approach to Analyze the Association of Socioeconomic and Environmental Conditions With Disparities in Pediatric Surgery.

Background: Scientific evidence confirm that significant racial disparities exist in healthcare, including surgery outcomes. However, the causal pathway underlying disparities at preoperative physical condition of children is not well-understood.Objectives: This research aims to uncover the role of socioeconomic and environmental factors in racial disparities at the preoperative physical condition of children through multidimensional integration of several data sources at the patient and population level.Methods: After the data integration process an unsupervised k-means algorithm on neighborhood quality metrics was developed to split 29 zip-codes from Memphis, TN into good and poor-quality neighborhoods.Results: An unadjusted comparison of African Americans and white children showed that the prevalence of poor preoperative condition is significantly higher among African Americans compared to whites. No statistically significant difference in surgery outcome was present when adjusted by surgical severity and neighborhood quality.Conclusions: The socioenvironmental factors affect the preoperative clinical condition of children and their surgical outcomes.

The Benefit Assessment of the Physiotherapy Sessions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Background. Children with autism disorder show atypical preference for non-social stimuli. Therefore, the deficits of social communication and social interest are primary and usually named features for the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The main idea of the present work was to show that the physiotherapy sessions (PS) were some of the ways that could improve the physical condition of children with ADS. Moreover, the application of such programs increased self-esteem, communication skills and permitted a better adaptation and integration within society.
 Methods. Eleven children attending kindergarten for children with special needs participated in this investigation. The inclusion criteria were a clinical diagnosis of ASD. All participants had F 84.0 code in their cases and were specified for grade II autism disorder according to the American Psychiatric Association (2014). The investigation process consisted of four stages: the initial testing, the application of the physiotherapy program (PS), the post-application testing and the analysis, interpretation and comparison of obtained results. The investigation process was applied for six weeks.
 Results. After PS applications, the children’s balance improved by 21.32%, coordination – 23.36%, physical and functional abilities such as speed (13.18%) and explosive leg strength (37.14%).
 Conclusions. The physiotherapy sessions improved the physical condition of children with ADS: balance, coordination, functional abilities and the explosive leg strength. The capability to do physical exercises in a group, at home or in individual sessions with specialist improved as well.
 Keywords: pre-school children, individual physiotherapy program, social skills.

An example of the standard "Regional regulation on the best sports community"

The article raises the problem of strengthening the health and improving the physical condition of children, and also scientifically substantiates the need to improve the physical development of rural youth. The methodology prepared by us for the development of the regional standard of position for the title of the best sports community, which should carefully take into account the regional specifics of the corresponding region, together with the submitted structure of indicators of the position for the best sports community of the Dnipropetrovsk region, should be considered the developed standard of the regional council's administrative impact on the development of sports in the united territorial community. In substantiating the content of the indicators, the necessity of introducing into the content of those indicators has been proved, which are basic, from the point of view of the results of activity in the field of physical culture and sports, and auxiliary, which create sufficient conditions for the development of physical culture and sports. So, the block of important auxiliary indicators in the standard includes: financial resources; ensuring favorable material and technical conditions for the development of sports; provision of sports personnel; - organizational measures for the development of sports. The block of actual results of activity in physical culture and sports includes: - mass physical culture and sports and physical culture and health improvement work; development of effective sports and preparation of sports reserves. The study made it possible to determine the objectively existing requirements for the content of the indicators of the standard "Regional regulation on the best sports community" in terms of stimulating both physical culture and health-improving and sports work in the united territorial communities among children and youth.

Оцінювання фізичного стану дітей 5–6 років, які займаються оздоровчим фітнесом з елементами спортивних танців

Мета. Оцінити показники фізичного стану дітей 5–6 років як основи розробки оздо-ровчих фітнес-занять з елементами спортивних танців. Матеріал і методи. Досліджено 65 дітей 5–6 років. Здійснено аналіз даних антропометричних показників. Використано педагогічні, емпіричні, інструментальні методи дослідження та проведено статистичну обробку емпіричних даних. Результати. Обґрунтовано та проаналізовано вплив оздоровчих фітнес-занять з елементами спортивних танців на рівень фізичного стану дітей 5–6 років, встановлено їх функціональний стан. Визначено, що нормальне співвідношення маси й довжини тіла дітей у більшості випадків властиве для дітей 6 років, натомість у 5 років вони характеризуються недостатньоюмасою тіла. Виявлено, що діти 5–6 років, які займаються спортивними танцями, мали мезоморфний тип тілобудови, нормальну або знижену масу тіла, вирізнялися дещо завузькою грудною кліткою і не мали статистично значущих відмінностей між показниками фізичного розвитку залежно від статі. Висновки. Результати педагогічного дослідження підтвердили, що у цілому заняття спортивними танцями мали позитивний вплив на рівень фізичного стану дітей 5–6 років.

The Relationship between Quality of Life Related to Oral Health Status in 8-10-year-old students in Shiraz during 2016-2017

Introduction: Oral health affects not only the oral cavity but also the physical, mental and physical condition of children. Untreated dental caries in children gives us a rational view of how a child's growth, and quality of life are. Given the high prevalence of oral problems in children, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of life associated with oral health in 8-10-year-old children in Shiraz. Materials and Methods: The present study is a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional one. For this study, 315 students from 8 to 10 years old in the city of Shiraz in the year 2017 from the 4 regions were selected using stratified and cluster sampling - . After obtaining written consent from parents, children were interviewed about demographic characteristics and the impact of oral problems on daily activities (child-OIDP = Oral impact on daily performance). Then PUFA/pufa (pulp-ulcer-fistula-abscess) index was determined. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.22 and Pearson and Spearman correlation tests, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and linear regression at a significant level of 0.05. Results: 315 students were studied, including 154 male and 161 female. 69.8% of children had experienced at least one oral problem in their daily activities during the past three months. The biggest problem for children was eating (30.7%). Most of the problems were due to pain and bleeding from the gums (34.8%). The child-OIDP quality of life index had no significant relationship with the age of the children studied (p = 0.43). There was a significant relationship between mean child-OIDP index and untreated caries index (pufa) (p = 0.001) and the total untreated caries index (PUFA + pufa) (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The present study showed the significant impact of oral diseases on reducing the quality of life in children. To improve the quality of life associated with oral health in children, measures should be taken to prevent oral diseases and to improve their access to health care.

Impact of Physiotherapy on Physical Capacity of 7–11-Year-Old Children with Autism Disorder

Research background. Autism is one of the most difficult wide spectrum developmental disorders. Recently, striking increase in the number of autistic children is observed. Physical activation is important for the development and physical fitness of children with autism disorder. Research object – children’s balance, muscle strength and endurance. The aim was to evaluate physical capacity and impact of physiotherapy on balance, muscle strength and endurance in 7–11-yearold children with autism disorder. Methods. The study group consisted of 10 children with autism disorder (8 boys and 2 girls), the control group consisted of 18 healthy children (15 boys and 3 girls). The average age of the study group was 8.90 ± 1.4 years; in the control group 8.94 ± 1.0 years. Balance of children was assessed by Berg Balance Scale, hand grip – by dynamometry, leg muscle strength – by long jump test and squat test, and endurance of abdominal muscle – by sit up test. The results showed that physical condition of children with autism disorder was significantly poorer compared to healthy children: the balance – 43.9 ± 7.82 v. s. 55.4 ± 0.9 points; right hand muscle strength of 5.9 ± 2.06 kg v. s. 12.2 ± 3.43 kg; left – 5.3 ± 1.87 kg v. s 12.1 ± 3.43; long jump 43.0 ± 25.25 cm v. s 132.6 ± 31.87 cm; endurance of abdominal muscles 7.3 ± 2.01 v. s 19.6 ± 4.06 times per 30 s; squats 9.1 ± 4.36 v. s 27.6 ± 7.07 times per 30 s. After applying physical therapy results of all performed tests in children with autism improved significantly: balance to 49.9 ± by 5.45 points, right hand muscle strength to 7.9 ± 2.49 kg, left – 7.5 ± 2.31 kg, long jump to 79.2 ± 39.87 cm, crunches to 11.8 ± 4.54 times, squats to 14.8 ± 4.83 times, but they did not reach the results of healthy children. Conclusion. Balance, muscle strength and endurance of children with autism disorder were significantly lower than those in healthy children. Physical therapy significantly improved physical capacity of autistic children, but the level of healthy children was not reached.Keywords: autism, children, physiotherapy.

脳性麻痺児におけるリハビリテーションの実際

脳性麻痺児におけるリハビリテーションの実際

The Effect of Distraction Techniques on the Pain of Venipuncture in Children: A Systematic Review

Context: Venipuncture has been reported as one of the major sources of pain in the children’s wards. Various distraction techniques have been used so far to reduce this pain. Distraction technique is one of the non-pharmacological methods of pain control that uses the five senses in order to focus the patient’s attention on other stimuli.Objectives This study aimed to determine the effect of distraction techniques on the pain of venipuncture in children.Data Sources: In this systematic review study, all RCTs about distraction techniques were reviewed with no time limit. In order to find evidence in this context, English and Persian scientific databases (PubMed, Elsevier, SID, e.g.) were searched by specified keywords like venipuncture, distraction, and pain.Study Selection: All studies assessing the effect of distraction techniques on the pain of venipuncture in children were examined in our systematic review. A number of 148 articles were found in the initial investigation of titles, abstracts, and main-texts. After the elimination of duplicates and irrelevant ones, eventually 31 RCT studies and 2 review articles entered the study.Data Extraction: A checklist was used to extract required data from relevant articles on name, year and type of study, sample size, age range of participants, type of intervention, employed method, and obtained results.Results Based on the findings, various techniques of distraction were used on pain control in children including music, virtual reality, audio-visual equipment such as cartoons, animation and video game, squeezing rubber balls, Filippits distraction cards, Hugo point ice massage, making bubbles, breathing exercise, Kaleidoscope color screen and touching the palm of the hand to reduce the pain of venipuncture.Conclusions Distraction techniques can reduce the pain of venipuncture in children. It is suggested to make these techniques more effective and apply them by considering the age and mental and physical conditions of children.

脳性麻痺のリハビリテーション

脳性麻痺のリハビリテーション