Physical Collapse Research Articles

Evolution of an isolated turbulent region in a stratified fluid

This paper reports an experimental study on the evolution of an isolated turbulent region in an otherwise quiescent linearly stratified fluid. A turbulent patch was generated by pulsed horizontal injection of a small volume of fluid. It was found that the turbulent blob thus produced initially grows as in a nonstratified fluid for a nondimensional time period of Nt ≈ 4–5 (with N the buoyancy frequency), attains a maximum height, and then physically collapses slowly to form a planar, quasi‐two‐dimensional dipole pattern. The timescale for the physical collapse of the blob was found to be much larger than that of the turbulence collapse. Scaling arguments are presented to explain the evolution of the turbulent region, and the experimental results are compared with the model predictions.

Pre-drying of collapse prone wood free of surface and internal checking

Collapse is an abnormal shrinkage which occurs in some species of wood during seasoning. It is due to physical collapse of the fibre cells, and is usually seen to occur in one or more discrete earlywood bands. Surface and internal checks can be induced by differential shrinkages arising from collapse in some parts of boards. It has already been established that the onset of collapse during seasoning is a temperature dependant process. To determine how this temperature sensitivity affects collapse induced checking in Australian eucalypts during seasoning, a stress and drying model was used to compare different drying strategies for avoiding collapse induced checking. The model demonstrated that the best way of avoiding collapse checking is to dry at temperatures below the “collapse threshold temperature” for the timber. It indicated that it may be possible to dry the timber at fully collapsing high temperatures and then recover the collapse by steam reconditioning, but this strategy requires more investigation.

Nonlinear and stochastic modelling of energy transfer in Scheibe aggregates

Abstract The oxacyanine Scheibe aggregate is modelled by a two-dimensional cubic nonlinear Schrodinger equation with multiplicative noise, accounting for thermal fluctuations. For a possible choice of the physical parameters collapse of the initial state representing the Mobius-Kuhn coherent exciton may occur. The collapse time then increases with temperature. From experimental observations Mobius and Kuhn find a lifetime of the exciton which also increases with temperature. We finally consider soliton motion close to an impurity representing the acceptor molecule in the Scheibe aggregate.

SUPPORT and the Invisible Family

just have to believe that my mother simply isn't aware of what she's doing to me and my life. The tone of weariness and near desperation in my friend Jane's voice made it clear that if she did not believe this, she would be filled with anger and resentment at her dying mother. Despite terminal heart disease, her mother, Helen, an eighty-three-year-old former nurse, keeps opting for life-prolonging treatment. For the past eighteen months, the hospital has pulled Helen through crisis after crisis, each time discharging her back home, lucid and grateful, and only slightly more dependent than she was before. For millennia, medical ethics has focused on the doctor-patient relationship. Thus, the SUPPORT trial to improve clinical decisionmaking for seriously ill patients can be viewed as a report about the failure of this dyadic relationship. That is the way I expect most people to read it. And there clearly is a failure of this dyad: physicians who are so unconcerned about patient preferences that they don't even bother to look at them when they're placed in the chart, and patients who do not take advantage of opportunities to discuss their treatment preferences with their physicians. Helen's case, though, is different. Intelligent, articulate, and assertive, Helen has made her preferences for treatment very clear to her physicians and her wishes are being followed. The dyad seems to be working fine here. If we look only at Helen, the story seems to be an unqualified success. A very difficult case (this woman might not have pulled through this episode) managed well. Discharged back home, still in a lucid state. End of the case, a job well done. Congratulations all around for one of those spectacular successes of modern medicine. But we need to understand Jane's weariness, frustration, anger, and resentment. These are not feelings generated by a simple success story with a happy ending. We must learn to tell the story from Jane's point of view and not to end the story when Helen is discharged. Jane's story is usually not heard. Helen has many advocates--doctors, nurses, ethics committees, most bioethicists, and our entire legal system. Jane will usually have none. If Helen's case is viewed simply as Helen's case, Jane becomes invisible. The impact of the treatment on her life is not considered, her interests do not even enter the equation. At best, she is marginalized: her interests are considered, but Helen's interests always trump Jane's. Often, she is treated as a means (family support system) for helping her mother achieve her goal of continuing to live in her invalid state. Helen does have a strong family support system and that system is Jane. The home to which Helen is discharged is, in fact, Jane's home. I cannot do justice to Jane's story here. But I will at least mention some of the things her mother's fight against death have meant for her. She has been driven to the edge of physical, emotional, and economic collapse. Her savings have been exhausted. The prospects for her own old age have been devastated--a fifty-five-year-old with a modest income has too little time left in her employable life to rebuild a nest egg for retirement. Jane clings to a full-time job and another part-time job, desperately needing the money. She also knows that if she quits or is fired, she will have to relocate or change careers, neither a simple task for a single woman of her age. Fortunately, she can do much of her work at home, sandwiched between periods of caring for her mother. Jane has no social life now and no time to herself except during the periods when her mother is rehospitalized. That's also when she can get some rest. Jane's employers have begun to worry that Jane is not doing a very good job these days. Viewed in terms of its impact on Jane's life, her mother's treatment is not a miracle of modem medicine, a triumph, or even a clear success. It is more like a disaster. …

The temperature-dependent collapse regime in a nonlinear dynamical model of Scheibe aggregates

Abstract The oxacyanine Scheibe aggregate is modelled by a two-dimensional cubic nonlinear Schrodinger equation with multiplicative noise, accounting for thermal fluctuations. For a possible choice of the physical parameters collapse of the initial state modelling the Mobius-Kuhn coherent exciton may occur. The collapse time then increases with temperature. From experimental observations Mobius and Kuhn find a life time of the exciton which also increases with temperature.

The impact of stage fright on student actors

Stage fright has not previously been systematically assessed in actors. A survey was therefore carried out of 178 senior full‐time drama students at six London colleges: 9.6 per cent reported stage fright to be a severe problem, while 36.7 per cent considered it to be a moderate problem. Levels of stage fright were higher in women than men, but were not associated with age or years of acting experience. Stage fright was positively correlated with neuroticism and negatively associated with extraversion. The features of performance adversely affected included physical components such as posture and breath control, and emotional aspects such as characterization. Factor analysis of cognitive coping responses identified two independent dimensions—thoughts centred on panic or loss of control and thoughts concerning physical collapse—that were associated with stage fright independently of confounding factors such as neuroticism. Relaxation and meditation were frequently used prior to public performance, but were not associated with stage fright levels. In contrast, self‐distracting behaviours and memory checking were more common in those with higher performance anxiety. A variety of health‐related symptoms were reported to increase prior to public performance, and difficulty eating properly, increased irritability and more frequent skin rashes were associated with stage fright independently of negative affectivity. The implications of these findings for aspiring actors are discussed.

Driving Restrictions Advised by Midwestern Cardiologists Implanting Cardioverter Defibrillators: Present Practices, Criteria Utilized, and Compatibility with Existing State Laws

Although some patients remain at risk of losing physical control or collapsing after implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator for sustained ventricular arrhythmias, little is known about restrictions advised by arrhythmia specialists to patients with implanted devices concerning physical activities such as driving. In this study, all of the 58 cardiologists implanting cardioverter defibrillators in three contiguous midwestern states were surveyed to determine present practices and the compatibility of these practices with existing state law. Of the 51 respondents (88%), 27 cardiologists (53%) advised only those implanted patients who had had arrhythmia-induced presyncope or physical collapse to cease driving. Twenty two of the remaining cardiologists (43%) advised all implanted patients to cease driving, whereas two cardiologists (4%) never advised any implanted patient to restrict driving. Permanent driving abstinence was advised by seven of the responding cardiologists (14%), while temporary driving abstinence for periods of 2-12 months (mean 6 +/- 3 months) was recommended by the remaining 42 respondents (82%) who advised against driving. The criteria utilized, driving restrictions advised, and durations advised for driving restrictions were not uniform in any of the 13 surveyed university and nonaffiliated cardiology practices with greater than or equal to 2 implanting cardiologists. Overall, 38 cardiologists (74%) advised against driving and recommended durations that equaled or exceed their state's minimum legal requirements, although only 27 of the 51 cardiologists (53%) based their practice upon knowledge of their state's driving laws. The results of this survey suggest that the majority of cardiologists who implant cardioverter defibrillators advise their patients against driving postoperatively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Geology of the strata exposed on the Florida Escarpment

Three sampling and observational transects were made during five dives in the research submersible Alvin on the steep lower flanks of the Florida Escarpment from < 2500 m to its base (> 3280 m). Twelve other dives were conducted at the base of the escarpment which provided additional rock samples and observations. The face of the escarpment consists of steep to vertical limestone cliffs, with intervening, gently sloping, sediment-covered terraces. Flat-lying beds ranging up to several meters in thickness are truncated at the face along joint planes. Sixty rock samples were collected on submersible transects up the face of the escarpment together with fifteen additional samples from near the base of the escarpment. The sampled strata, which contain sparse early Aptian and late Cenomanian nannofossil floras, are dominated by limestone facies which indicate lagoonal or low-energy intertidal depositional environments. These facies are indicative of deposition at some distance from the original platform edge, suggesting that the original shallow-water Cretaceous margin has been lost to erosion. Although erosion is suggested by the exposure of truncated, nearly horizontally bedded, interior-platform limestone facies at the escarpment face, the data do not indicate when or how much erosion has occurred. However, the exposed surfaces of most rocks are not heavily corroded or bored. Many of the rock samples have smooth surfaces and angular edges. Rocks are covered with a veneer of iron and manganese oxides which are typically < 0.1 mm thick on the lower steep face of the escarpment. Paleogene and most Miocene nannofossils are missing in the pore fillings of the sampled Mesozoic strata. Although 55% of the samples contained biologically penetrated surfaces, the frequency of rock surfaces that are biologically penetrated decreases with depth. The truncated outcrops display fresh surface characteristics which suggest that episodic physical collapse of the lower escarpment face progressively exposes fresh rock surfaces. Strata with weathered surfaces and more than 0.1 mm of FeMn coatings are more common at shallower depths. Thus, the face of the present escarpment is not a preserved Mesozoic platform flank, but a morphological feature which is undergoing episodic active erosion.

Photon, electron and ion beam induced physical and optical densification in chalcogenide films

Irradiation of 80° deposited Se-Ge films with band gap photons, 8 keV electrons and 50 keV He+ ions produces, primarily irreversible red shift of the absorption edge and major changes in doping and electrochemical adsorption processes. These changes have been attributed predominantly to the radiation-induced thickness and hence volume contraction resulting due to the physical collapse of the low density columnar microstructure of the obliquely deposited films. The farir and Urbach tail studies reveal an enhanced strength of electron-phonon coupling, in obliquely deposited films having a very porous columnar microstructure, compared to normally deposited films. It has been shown that this enhanced electron phonon coupling is conducive to large thickness contraction and associated changes. These changes have been used in reprographic and lithographic applications. A correlation has been established between the thickness contraction and lithographic parameters. The possibility of generating both positive and negative relief patterns on the same film by controlling the etching time has been demonstrated.

Ion-induced physical and optical densification in obliquely deposited Se0.75Ge0.25 films

Irradiation of obliquely deposited films of Se0.75Ge0.25 with 50-keV He+ ions produces enormous physical and optical densification. A thickness and hence volume contraction up to 39% accompanied by large changes (0.20 eV) in the band gap and refractive index (10.2%) have been observed. These changes are primarily due to the physical collapse of the low density columnar structure and associated electron-phonon coupling. Such large changes have great potential applications in high resolution image storage, holography, and lithography.

Nietzschean Psychology in London’s The Sea-Wolf

M I C H A E L Q U A L T I E R E Cambridge, Massachusetts Nietzschean Psychology in London’s The Sea-Wolf The influence of Friedrich Nietzsche on Jack London’sThe Sea-Wolf has been discussed in numerous studies,1but none has focused specifically on an element London considered essential to the book: Nietzschean psychology.2 This study will suggest that the complex mental life of Wolf Larsen, the novel’s central figure, was expressly designed to reflect Nietzsche’s personal psychological history. The following discussion will: 1Critics are not agreed on the extent of this influence. Andrew Sinclair, Jack: A Biography of Jack London (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), pp. 95, 266-267; and Charles Child Walcutt, American Literary Naturalism: A Divided Stream (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1976), pp. 112, 311, find no evidence of Nietzschean theory in The Sea-Wolf. Patrick Bridgwater, Nietzsche in Anglosaxony: A Study of Nietzsche’s Impact on English and American Literature (Leicester, Eng.: Leicester Univ. Press, 1972), p. 165; and James Hart, The Oxford Companion to American Literature (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1965), p. 490, suggest that the novel’s treatment of Nietzsche’s thought is restricted to a Darwinistic interpretation of the Superman and the theory of the Will to Power. Forrest Winston Parkay’s “The Influence of Nietzsche’s Thus Spake Zarathustra on London’s The Sea-Wolf’’ Jack London Newsletter, 4:1 (Jan. - April, 1971), pp. 16-24; and Katherine Littell’s “The ‘Nietzschean’ and the Individualist in Jack London’s Socialist Writings,” Amerikastudien, 22:2 (1977), pp. 309-323, are two of the limited number of studies to discuss the Nietzschean content of The Sea-Wolf in detail. 2In an effort to clarify the Nietzschean content of The Sea-Wolf, London wrote, in part: I want to make a tale so plain that he who runs may read, and then there is the underlying psychological motif. Quoted in Charmian London, The Book of Jack London (New York: Century, 1921), II, p. 57. (In this same note, London comments on the novel’s sociological motif and 262 Western American Literature (1) examine Larsen’s philosophical outlook and its similarity to Nietz­ sche’s Revaluation of Values; (2) compare Larsen’s psychological turmoil with Nietzsche’s “the long sickness,” a psychological malaise which the German scholar predicted and personally experienced as a direct conse­ quence of his Revaluation; and (3) examine the causal link between Larsen’s psychological turmoil and his mysterious physical collapse, com­ paring that collapse with Nictzsche’s own well-documented decline. The Revaluation of Values For this discussion, the most significant aspect of Wolf Larsen’s philosophy is the way it follows, point by point, Nietzsche’s Revaluation of Values. For example, the cornerstone of the Revaluation is Nietzsche’s violent repudiation of altruism.3 The German scholar insisted that human pity and compassion — values traditionally held in high regard — are actually immoral; he described them as “decadent values,” sins against oneself, “lies born of evil instinct.” “[D]o not spare your neighbor!”, he wrote, “Man is finished when he becomes altruistic.”4 In The Sea-Wolf, this “revaluation” of altruism is the principal theme of the novel’s opening section. “Then you don’t believe in altru­ ism?” narrator Humphrey Van Weyden asks Wolf Larsen.5 Larsen’s reply, “I do wrong always when I consider the interests of others,” echoes Nietzsche’s sentiment exactly. Altruism? Larsen scoffs, “I wouldn’t stand for that,” its relationship to Nietzsche’s thought—an issue this study will not discuss.) Charles Watson’s “Sexual Conflict in The Sea-Wolf: Further Notes on London’s Reading of Kipling and Norris,” Western American Literature, 11:3 (Nov., 1976), pp. 239-248; and Robert Forrey’s “Male and Female in London’s The Sea-Wolf,” Literature and Psychology, 24:4 (1974), pp. 135-143, are psychological studies of The Sea-Wolf, but their approach to the novel and its author is Freudian; neither mentions the book’s Nietzschean content. 3See Walter Kaufmann, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, 4th ed. (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1974), pp. 102-115, 361-371. 4Friedrich Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, trans. Anthony Ludovici (New York: Russell & Russell...

Experimental studies of Langmuir solitons

Abstract The present paper, which is partly of survey nature, considers recent experimental data on solitons formed due to self-compression (physical collapse) of nonlinear Langmuir and oblique Langmuir waves in magnetized plasma excited by electron beams. The experimental data are compared with theory.

The alignment of polymers during the solvent-coating process

The solvent-casting process preferentially aligns polymeric chains in the plane of the film. This paper proposes that the mechanism responsible for this behavior is the competition between the relaxation times of the concentrating solution and the time scales associated with the physical collapse of the film. The orientation of molecules has been determined as a function of the coating conditions (film thickness, polymer molecular weight, plasticizer content, casting solvent, and substrate temperature) by measuring the optical anisotropy of the coating with a single-prism film coupler. This orientation is shown to reflect both the stresses supported by the entanglement network and the alignment of localized segments and to be a function of the difference between the casting temperature and the Tg of the film.

ChemInform Abstract: MOTIONAL COLLAPSE OF METHYL GROUP VIBRATIONAL BANDS

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 11, Issue 35 Physical Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: MOTIONAL COLLAPSE OF METHYL GROUP VIBRATIONAL BANDS R. A. MACPHAIL, R. A. MACPHAILSearch for more papers by this authorR. G. SNYDER, R. G. SNYDERSearch for more papers by this authorH. L. STRAUSS, H. L. STRAUSSSearch for more papers by this author R. A. MACPHAIL, R. A. MACPHAILSearch for more papers by this authorR. G. SNYDER, R. G. SNYDERSearch for more papers by this authorH. L. STRAUSS, H. L. STRAUSSSearch for more papers by this author First published: September 2, 1980 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198035045AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume11, Issue35September 2, 1980 RelatedInformation

Britain and the ‘Great Betrayal’: Anglo-American Relations and the Struggle for United States Ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919–1920

Historians have examined in great detail the dramatic debate in American politics over the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles which culminated in the physical collapse of President Wilson and the defeat of his peace programme. The failure of Wilson to carry his programme through the United States senate represented also a distinct setback for the peacemaking strategies of the British government whose policies at the peace conference had been based in large measure on the hope that an enduring trans-Atlantic partnership could be established. The British government followed closely the American treaty debate, sending Viscount Grey, the former Liberal foreign secretary, as a special ambassador, and played a significant if unsuccessful role in the outcome of the drama. It is the intention of this article to examine the attitudes and role of the Lloyd George government through the latter part of 1919 and into 1920 with regard to the fate of the Treaty of Versailles in America, and in particular to reassess the part played by Viscount Grey. It is hoped to shed some new light on the dilemmas of foreign policy and defence strategy encountered at this time by Britain and the empire, as well as to elucidate certain aspects of the American struggle. Since the Covenant of the League of Nations lay at the heart of the American fight over the treaty, it is hoped also that new insight will be provided on the uncertain inauguration of the League.

The Unpublished Stories: Fitzgerald in His Final Stage

A writer's failures may tell us more about his art than his successes. Certainly, unpublished works may better reveal unfinished struggles than the whole or partial successes that manage to find their way into print. This observation is particularly applicable to F. Scott Fitzgerald, who during his lifetime devoted inordinate energy to getting as much of his work widely published as he could, who always wrote with a steady eye on remunerative, large-circulation magazines. Unlike his contemporary, Ernest Hemingway, whose large body of unpublished efforts his widow is now gradually and with much fanfare allowing into print, Fitzgerald left relatively little: some movie scripts, early drafts of some novels, and a handful of short stories and short-story fragments.1 Fitzgerald's unpublished stories are particularly illuminating on several counts: through their glaring weaknesses they illustrate more clearly perhaps than anything he ever wrote, the technical problems that plagued him throughout his career, in the novels as well as in the shorter works. They reflect too the acute emotional difficulties he faced in the years following a serious physical collapse. Their chief value, however, is the light they throw on his developing style in the last years of his life.2 For the unpublished stories are truly transitional pieces in Fitzgerald's struggle to find new forms of expression for his most mature vision of American life and society. He was forced to recognize that many of his old fictional practices were moribund. The romantic rhetoric that had for fifteen years hauntingly underscored the tragic dissolution of his heroes no longer came easily. But while his interests never flagged and his perceptions never dulled, his formidable artistic task in the late thirties was to express them in a manner consonant with the