Physical Coercion Research Articles

Social Withdrawal and Social Anxiety in Relation to Stylistic Parenting Dimensions in the Indian Cultural Context

The purpose of the study was to examine associations between composite parenting behaviors’ (parenting styles and dimensions) and social withdrawal and social anxiety. Participants of the study were 227 girls in India with age ranging from 6-11 years. The parents completed the parenting styles and dimension questionnaire and girls completed Social anxiety scale for children while the parents/teachers completed the Teacher report syndrome scale for social withdrawal behavior in girls. Pearson’s product moment correlations were done to study the associations between parenting behaviors’ and social anxiety and social withdrawal respectively. A standard multiple regression analysis was used with social withdrawal and social anxiety as dependent variables. Correlational results indicated that authoritarian, uninvolved parenting styles and physical coercion, verbal hostility, non-reasoning and indifference parenting dimensions are positively correlated with social anxiety and socially withdrawn behaviors’. Authoritative style, and parental dimensions of connection, regulation and autonomy granting are inversely correlated with social anxiety and socially withdrawn behaviors’ Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that uninvolved, non- reasoning, neglect and reject parenting dimensions positively predicted social anxiety and social withdrawal in girls, while authoritative style and connection parenting dimensions inversely predicted social withdrawal and social anxiety among girls. The present findings suggest the positive contribution of authoritative, connection stylistic dimensions in amelioration of social emotional problems among girls and inverse contribution of uninvolved, non-reasoning, neglect, reject parenting styles and dimensions in exacerbation of social anxiety and socially withdrawn behaviors’ in girls in the Indian cultural context.

Insecure Parental Attachment and Permissiveness

The research based on attachment has shown that patterns of relating with primary caregivers in childhood and adolescence influence a person into adulthood, especially with regard to interpersonal relationships, including sexual intimacy. This study utilized a measure of adult parental attachment style to determine whether the perception of one’s patterns of relating with parental figures in childhood and one’s sexual attitudes are associated with unwanted sexual experiences, ranging from consensual unwanted sex and verbal coercion to more severe forms of coercion, including substance-related and physical coercion. The sample included 488 male and female college students, primarily in the age range of emerging adulthood. Analysis involved canonical correlation, which showed that individuals with avoidant parental attachment styles reported more occurrences of unwanted sex, with gender differences moderating the types of unwanted sex experienced. Of the sexual attitudes, permissiveness emerged as the strongest indicator of unwanted sexual experiences, at times interacting with avoidant attachment. Gender was a moderating variable. The authors conclude with practical implications and suggestions for future research.

Healthcare providers' knowledge of, attitudes to and practice of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has proven biological efficacy in reducing the risk of sexual acquisition of HIV. Healthcare providers' (HCPs) knowledge of and attitudes to PrEP will be key to successful implementation. In England, PrEP is only available to men who have sex with men (MSM) through the open-label randomized PROUD pilot study of immediate or deferred use. In September 2013, a cross-sectional survey of UK HCPs distributed through sexual health clinics (219) and professional societies' email lists (2599) and at a conference (80) asked about knowledge of, attitudes to and practice of PrEP. Overall, 328 of 2898 (11%) completed the survey, of whom 160 of 328 (49%) were doctors, 51 (16%) sexual health advisers (SHAs), 44 (14%) nurses and 73 (22%) unspecified. Over a quarter (83 of 311; 27%) were involved in PROUD. Most respondents (260 of 326; 80%) rated their knowledge of PrEP as medium or high. Over half of respondents (166 of 307; 54%) thought PrEP should be available outside of a clinical trial. The main barriers to supporting PrEP availability outside a clinical trial were concerns about current evidence (odds ratio [OR] 0.13), lack of UK-specific guidance (OR 0.35), concerns about adherence (OR 0.38) and risk of sexual or physical coercion for patients to have condomless or higher risk sex (OR 0.42 in multivariate regression). Just over half (147 of 277; 53%) had been asked about PrEP by patients in the past year, including almost half of those working in a clinic not involved in the PROUD study (86 of 202; 43%). There is support for PrEP availability outside a clinical trial, but HCPs have residual concerns about its effectiveness and negative consequences, and the absence of UK-specific implementation guidance.

Rules, indications and documentation for applying physical coercion by emergency medical services

Abstract Helping people with mental disorders poses a challenge to the members of medical emergency services (EMS). Psychiatric patients are often unpredictable and applying physical coercion is necessary in some cases. The aim of this paper was to present and comment on legal foundations of application of different forms of physical coercion by EMS members and describe how to fill out medical records required every time physical coercion was used. According to the amendments of Polish Mental Health Act made in 2010, the EMS members were granted the right to apply physical coercion. Further amendments to the Mental Health Act and the introduction of appropriate Ministry of Health decree define forms of physical coercion, indications to apply physical coercion and include a sample of proper medical records which are required in all cases of application of physical coercion. Application of physical coercion should always be treated as last-line treatment option while helping patients suffering from mental disturbances. Obeying the law every time a decision regarding physical coercion is made protects patients’ right to receive dignified care and treatment as well as the rights of medical professionals

On the Systematic Variation of German Idioms: Converse Pairs as a Constructional Phenomenon

Abstract: This paper presents some findings of my research on the systematic variation of German idioms, with attention focused on converse transformations such as (jmdm.) eins/eine/einen aufs Dach geben literally give someone one on the roof, meaning 'to strike someone' or 'to punish someone' - eins/eine/einen aufs Dach bekommen (von jmdm.) literally get one on the roof someone, meaning 'to be struck by someone' or 'to be punished by someone'. To be subjected to converse transformations an idiom must have two active valencies. These valencies are usually filled by the Agent and Patient, more seldom by the Agent and Addressee or Beneficiary. This semantico-syntactic condition is also a constructional phenomenon because it is governed by the argument structure of a given expression. Within every semantic field, a certain constructional pattern underlies the converse transformation. Cf. for the semantic fields (1) PHYSICAL COERCION, PHYSICAL VIOLENCE and (2) PUNISHMENT, which is derived (1): [X gab eins in/auf gave one in/on {body part} of Y] meaning 'X struck Y' [Lef-right arrow] [Y bekam eins in/auf got one in/on {body part} of Y vom from X] meaning 'Y was struck by X'.Keywords: Idiom, Systematic Variation, German, Converse Pair, Constructional PatternIntroductionRecent studies have shown that idioms very typically display variation in their lexical structure. The use of large-scale text corpora has replaced the traditional notion that the lexical structure of idioms is rigidly fixed with a sense that variation in their structure is practically unlimited. The truth, of course, is somewhere in between. Certain idioms permit a wide range of variation, while others tend not to. The question arises as to whether it is possible to predict which idioms undergo which modifications. Yes and no. Variation can be considered more or less regular, first of all, in the field of so called systematic variation. Moon (1998: 139-145) includes in this variation converse, causative, resultative, inchoative, etc. transformations. Cf. German (wieder) auf die Beine kommen - (jmdm.) (wieder) auf die Beine helfen literally come (back) on the legs - to help someone (back) on the legs, meaning 'to cure or recover, also financially - to help someone recover, also financially' (cf. English idioms to get back on one's feet and to help someone back on their feet); im Dreck sitzen - (jmdn.) in/durch den Dreck ziehen - (jmdn.) aus dem Dreck ziehen literally sit in the mud - to pull someone in/through the mud - to pull someone out of the mud, meaning 'to be in a difficult situation - to force someone into a difficult situation - to help someone out of a difficult situation'.Materials and MethodsThe present study based on extensive corpus data will present research findings on these properties, with attention focused on converse transformations of German idioms. My data is drawn the text corpus DeReKo (Deutsches Referenzkorpus) of the German Language Institute in Mannheim.The first step of analysis was aimed at the selection of idioms that are widely used in present-day German. The initial basis of my idiom list was provided by Dobrovol'skij's (1997b) Nemecko-russkij slovar' zivyx idiom German-Russian Dictionary of Current Idioms which contains about 1000 items in all. While working on the monograph (Dobrovol'skij, 1997a), I conducted a detailed survey in which informants were asked to take into account not only the units that they felt were widely used in contemporary speech, but also those that were judged to be generally known although not necessarily used. In other words, a distinction was drawn between passive and active command of the phraseology. Combining these two idiom lists resulted in a new, expanded list that was supplemented in the course of working with the corpora. At present my idiom list contains some 2000 idioms with variants. …

Sympathetic Childhoods: Girl Orphans, Adoptions, and Reimagined Families in Sentimental Literature

Sympathetic Childhoods:Girl Orphans, Adoptions, and Reimagined Families in Sentimental Literature Kristen Proehl (bio) Carol J. Singley’s Adopting America: Childhood, Kinship, and National Identity in Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Joe Sutliff Sanders’s Disciplining Girls: Understanding the Origins of the Classic Orphan Girl Story. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011. Carol J. Singley’s Adopting America: Childhood, Kinship, and National Identity in Literature and Joe Sutliff Sanders’s Disciplining Girls: Understanding the Origins of the Classic Orphan Girl Story present substantial new insights into the proliferation of “orphaned, homeless, destitute, and neglected” children in American literature (Singley, 1). As Singley notes, orphaned children appear throughout the pages of Western literature, but their American counterparts display some distinctive characteristics, in part because American literature is structured around themes of youthfulness (3). As Cindy Weinstein, Singley, and others have revealed, sentimental writers often portray orphaned children who create nontraditional families based upon spiritual and emotional kinship rather than biological ties. On a metaphorical level, these nontraditional familial configurations offer social commentary on the limits and possibilities of national community formation. As orphan and adoption narratives evolve throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, they reflect historical shifts in racial, gender, and class hierarchies. In recent years, scholars of nineteenth-century American literature, such as Elizabeth Barnes, Richard Brodhead, and Marianne Noble, have explored the reciprocal relationship between discipline and love in sentimental literature. Americans in the mid-nineteenth century became increasingly invested in the use of affective discipline, that is, the application of moral suasion rather than corporal punishment as a disciplinary force. In their coming-of-age narratives about girlhood, popular women writers, among them Susan Warner and Louisa May Alcott, portray and even promote the use of emotion as a disciplinary tool. Previous generations [End Page 295] of scholars, Sanders explains, believed that literary debates about love and discipline declined with the fall of the sentimental novel from best-seller lists. To the contrary, Sanders claims that affective discipline remained a vital subject in women’s popular literature in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries but switched domains to focus on the children’s novel and orphan narrative (2). Sanders covers a diverse array of texts in his study, including The Wide, Wide World, The Hidden Hand, Eight Cousins, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, Anne of Green Gables, and The Secret Garden. Disciplining Girls explores how several mid-nineteenth-century sentimental classics, such as Warner’s The Wide, Wide World and E.D.E.N. Southworth’s The Hidden Hand, help to establish the conventions of the orphan girl story. Sanders offers some intriguing examples of similarities between the two texts but also highlights their differences. The Hidden Hand, he suggests, is simultaneously sentimental and postsentimental (43). It “rewards only male characters who will forego the use of masculine privilege,” whereas The Wide, Wide World “made room for physical coercion as a tool for men” (44). Warner and Southworth both advance the argument that masculine power and privilege are “less preferable than the power available through affect” and limited in contrast to feminine power (46). While men remain in power at the end of Warner’s and Southworth’s narratives, girl protagonists ultimately decide where patriarchal power is located and thereby destabilize it (46). Toward the end of these chapters and others in his study, Sanders connects his sophisticated analysis to the main threads of the book’s argument and, in so doing, makes his study clear and accessible to readers. Sanders proceeds to explore orphan narratives penned by several iconic authors of children’s literature, such as Alcott, Frances Hodgson Burnett, and L. M. Montgomery. While Alcott’s Little Women has served as a touchstone for debates about disciplinary intimacy, Sanders turns his attention to Eight Cousins, which has received considerably less critical attention. “The power of suasion as imagined” in Eight Cousins, he writes, “does not fundamentally change the institutions of privilege around their protagonists, but there is an increasing sense as the genre passes out of the late years of sentimentalism that these girls are able to direct power where they choose” (56). Orphan narratives continue to proliferate in the early twentieth century and often...

Sexual coercion context and psychosocial correlates among diverse males.

Sexual coercion is a pervasive problem but rarely examined in men. This study examined sexual coercion and psychosocial correlates among 284 diverse adolescent and emerging adult males in high school and college. Over 4 in 10 participants (43%) experienced sexual coercion: more specifically, the participants reported: verbal coercion (31%, n 86), seduction coercion (26%, n 73), physical coercion (18% n 52), and substance coercion (7%, n 19). Rates were comparable across high school and college students. Racial differences were found such that Asian participants reported significantly lower rates of sexual coercion than Black, White, and Latino participants. Ninety-five percent of the respondents reported women as the perpetrators; participants also described internal obligation, seductive, and peer pressure tactics in descriptions of coercion experiences. Sexual coercion tactic (i.e., verbal, substance, seduction, physical) and resulting sexual activity (i.e., fondling/attempted intercourse, completed intercourse) were associated with psychosocial outcomes. Specifically, sexual coercion that resulted in sexual intercourse was associated with greater sexual risk-taking and alcohol use. Verbal and substance coercion were associated with psychological distress, and substance coercion was also associated with sexual risk-taking. Considerations for future research and practice implications are discussed.

Holding on to Clarity: Reconciling the Federal Kidnapping Statute with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act

In recent decades, the international community has come to recognize human trafficking as a problem of epidemic proportions. Congress responded to this global crisis in 2000 by passing the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) and has since supplemented that comprehensive enactment. But, in light of the widespread use of psychological rather than physical coercion in trafficking cases, a long-standing split among federal courts regarding the scope of the federal kidnapping statute raises significant concerns about the United States’ efforts to combat traffickers. In particular, the broad interpretation adopted by several circuits threatens effective enforcement of statutes designed to prosecute traffickers, endangers the due process rights of potential defendants, and risks rendering the criminal provisions of the TVPA superfluous. This Note argues that those broader interpretations are incorrect as a matter of proper statutory interpretation, and especially when considered in light of the passage of the TVPA. It further contends that, in kidnapping-by-deception cases, the prosecution must demonstrate that the defendant intended to back up the deception with force or the threat of force if his ruse failed.

Allometry of Male Grasping Apparatus in Odonates Does Not Suggest Physical Coercion of Females

Male abdominal grasping apparatus that are used to secure a female prior, during and after mating, are widespread in arthropods. The scarce evidence regarding its selective regime suggests that they are male adaptations to circumvent female mating decisions, as predicted by the sexual conflict hypothesis. A recent discussion regarding this way of selection suggests that, similar to weapons and traits that have to do with physical endurance, grasping apparatus should show hyperallometry (proportionally larger compared to body size) as an indication of selection towards increased size. We have tested this idea by measuring the length, width and area of the grasping apparatus of five dragonfly species (Anax junius, Rhionaeschna multicolor, Dythemis nigrescens, D. sterilis and Phyllogomphoides pacificus). We used two proxies of body size (wing and body length). Our measures did not indicate any pattern of hyperallometry. Thus, the grasping apparatus in these animals does not seem to be positively selected for increased size as would be expected if they were forcing females to mate. Given this, we discuss three other explanations for the maintenance of the grasping apparatus in odonates: 1) a firm grip that secures the tandem and mating position; 2) courtship devices subject to female choice; and, 3) isolation structures that mechanically prevent interspecific matings. The first hypothesis, however, could not explain the highly elaborated and species specific morphology of grasping apparatus in these animals. Support for the second hypothesis comes from the fact that odonate females have mechanoreceptor sensilla embedded in their mesostigmal plates (the place grabbed by the grasping apparatus). For the third hypothesis, coevolutionary patterns in morphology in the grasping apparatus and mesostigmal plates in some Zygoptera can also be used as support.

When Gravity Fails: Israeli Settlements and Admissibility at the ICC

In the wake of the UN General Assembly's recent recognition of Palestinian statehood, the Palestinian government has made clear its intention to challenge in the International Criminal Court (ICC or the Court) the legality of Israeli settlements. This article explores jurisdictional hurdles for such a case. To focus on the jurisdictional issues, the article assumes for the sake of argument the validity of the merits of the legal claims against the settlements.The ICC only takes situations of particular ‘gravity’. Yet settlements are not a ‘grave breach’ under the Rome Statute. No modern international criminal tribunal has ever prosecuted crimes that do not involve systematic violence and physical coercion. The ICC's gravity measure involves the number of persons killed; for settlements it would be zero. Indeed, the ICC Prosecutor triages situations by the numbers of victims; settlements do not appear to have direct individual victims. Finally, the ICC would at most have jurisdiction over settlement activity only from the date of Palestine's acceptance of jurisdiction. Settlement activity in this time frame would not immediately cross the ICC's gravity threshold.

Provocation: Torture as Rhetoric

Proponents and opponents of torture have made use of diverse rhetorics to argue their respective cases before general public. Diverse texts focused on issue also reveal that, while War on Terror may have created upsurge in interest in topic, these debates are long-standing. Yet across this broad swath of discourse, a distinctive theme emerges, one that demands additional consideration by scholars of communication--torture itself as embodied rhetoric. I believe that analysis of rhetorical situation where juridical discourse transforms into corporeal reality through application of provides a unique opportunity for exploring disruption of standard notions of audience and rhetor, individuality and commonality, shedding light on how these dyads are reconfigured by contexts of forced identification and dissociation. TORTURE AND THE CONSUBSTANTIALITY OF THE TORTURER AND TORTURED Elaine Scarry describes torture as a powerful (and power-full) act with capacity to destroy a person's self-identity. It can even affect his or her ability to construct reality. Comparing agony of torture with other forms of ritualized pain, such as those associated with religious practices, Scarry determines that there is no expiatory effect that then permits the return of world itself' (1985, p. 34). This kind of can only destroy or erase, because it does not encourage a purification and renewal of perspective that nonetheless acknowledges individual's subjectivity; instead, torture destroys a person's perspectival frameworks to realign their subjectivity with that of another. Seemingly, those tortured have ability to ease their suffering through confession or surrender, but they have no real control over duration and intensity of experienced and expected agony. This control which other forms of ritualized can foster, Scarry suggests, allows individuals to maintain individual agency. But of torture denies that and, in rendering tortured person's body a weapon or threat against itself, torture realizes an almost obscene conflation of private and public (p. 53). It erases fundamental boundaries between a person and his or her tormenters that encourage self-preservation, and so proves a highly efficient rhetoric that aligns will of receiver with that of rhetor. Consubstantiality occurs when individuals come together for a purpose based on perceived commonality; rhetors create consubstantiality by persuading their audiences that their interests and those of many are joined (Burke 1969). Through identification of common sensations, concepts, images, ideas, attitudes, consubstantiality arises as sharing of substance through acting-together (p. 21). Identification also depends on appreciation of dissociation, which stresses division rather than unity. Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca explain that identification invokes dissociation automatically--since the same form which unites various elements ... dissociates them from neutral background (2006, p. 190)--and vice versa, although one or other may be emphasized in argumentation. Notably, identification and dissociation are only possible when a sense of self as integral individual is upheld, when one's own ideals and beliefs can be compared to those of others. Torture deliberately disrupts these processes by mystifying basic divisions between rhetor and his or her audience. As victim incorporates aims of tormentor through physical coercion, torturer's power transforms into material reality even as individual remains actual cause of his [own] pain (Scarry, p. 47). By producing illusion that he or she has power to end pain, values of oppressor become embodied expression. And, victim's body becomes instrument of his or her own torment. This process highlights break of individual's body from private self, shattering holistic terministic screen through which reality is constructed and interpreted. …

Relationship Violence, Fear, and Exposure to Youth Violence Among Adolescents in New York City

Previous research has shown that there is an overlap between experiences of youth violence and adolescent relationship violence. Yet, little research exists which investigates the sex differences in the associations between specific types of youth violence and relationship violence while controlling for potential confounders. This study addresses this gap in the literature by exploring the associations between experiences of youth violence and receiving and delivering relationship violence in an urban adolescent sample. From 2006 to 2007, 1,454 adolescents aged 13 to 21 years in New York City completed an anonymous survey that included the validated Conflict in Adolescent Relationships Inventory that estimates experiences of relationship violence in the previous year as well as the prevalence of various exposures to youth violence. Bivariate and multivariate analyses assessed the overlap between experiencing other types of youth violence and delivering and receiving physical relationship violence and sexual coercion. Compared with youth in nonviolent relationships, we found a significant association between delivering and receiving relationship physical violence and sexual coercion with participating in a fight, missing school due to fear, being threatened/injured with a weapon, gang membership, and carrying a weapon among both males and females. We also identified the sex differences between these specific associations of youth and relationship violence. Service providers working with adolescents experiencing relationship violence should be aware that they face a higher concurrent risk of experiencing or participating in other forms of youth violence. Likewise, providers working in the area of youth violence intervention and prevention should consider the possibility of concurrent relationship violence. Based on these findings, further research should explore whether interventions targeting relationship violence can also impact participation in youth violence and vice versa.

DEBATAI DĖL „GALIOS“ SOCIALINĖJE IR POLITINĖJE TEORIJOJE

Power is one of the basic, but at the same time one of the most disputed concepts in political science, as well as other social sciences contiguous to it. The dispute over the meaning of power is best instantiated by the ongoing debate between political scientists and sociologists which started around 1960s – the so-called “faces of power debate”. Although different conceptions of arguably the same phenomenon where termed “faces of power” relatively recently by the scientists taking part in this debate, these conceptions have their roots in various paradigmatic social and political theories, and methodological traditions (Weberian comparative historical sociology, structural functionalism, critical theory and Gramscian neomarxism, structuration theory, Foucaultian post-structuralism, etc.). Therefore, the first task of this theoretical endeavour is to overview the faces-of-power literature in the context of the long-established social scientific traditions in order to trace the intellectual roots of the four faces. A strong case can be made for associating the first face of power with behaviourism, the second – with structural functionalism of Talcott Parsons and structurationism of Anthony Giddens, the third – with critical social theory and Gramscian neomarxism, whereas the fourth face of power is exclusively inspired by the works of Michel Foucault. At the end, a modest “taxonomy” of power is proposed with relative weight of social conflict / social consensus, subjectivity / objectivity of interests, and the source of power serving as axes for differentiation among different conceptions (faces).The second section focuses on the conceptual limits of “power” and its discursive relation to “authority” and “coercion” (meaning “physical force”). Drawing on the theoretical insights of Talcott Parsons, Hannah Arendt and Anthony Giddens, authoritative power is associated with the full institutionalisation and legitimation of relations of autonomy and dependence between a position of authority and its subordinate; therefore, as an ideal type, authoritative power by definition involves voluntary acquiescence and faces virtually no opposition. In contrast, a relation (or rather an act) of coercion involves no active part of the subject (or rather object) over whom it is exercised. Along these lines, a strong argument can be made that physical coercion is not a form of power. It does not involve a minimum amount of dialectic of control associated with power relations. “Authority” and “coercion” are thus seen as conceptual markers, the former corresponding to the maximum of power and the latter – to a complete absence of power, which is replaced by a causal chain of sheer physical force and its consequence in a Newtonian sense.

„So it really is a series of tubes." Google's data centers, noo-politics and the architecture of hegemony in cyberspace

In recent years, the physical manifestation and infrastructure of the informational age has increasingly drawn the attention both of the popular imagination and of architectural theorists. This paper focuses on an aspect mostly overlooked to date, namely on its artistic representation. It provides a critical analysis of a series of data center photographs published by Google in October 2012 under the name "Where the internet lives”. The photographs are examined as carefully staged constructions of a specific imagination of information technology that, transcending a purely aesthetical or corporate critique, has broad political, socio-geographical and economical implications. A first analysis of their composition, digital manipulation and visual impact situates the images within a recent photographic current of the so called "anthropogenic Sublime”. The paper then zooms out to reframe the photographs as a continuation of the euphoric techno-utopian discourse that surrounded the popular dissemination of the internet in the early nineteen-nineties. This discourse hailed the internet as an inherently moral and emancipatory vehicle that, because of the non-physical nature of cyberspace, would liberate its users from traditional hegemonic dispositifs based on techniques of physical coercion. Tracing the transition from bio-political (Foucault) to noo-political dispositifs (Lazarrato, Deleuze) and discussing the inextricable connection between information technology, territorial conflict and socio-geographic inequality, the article goes on to account for the demise of the dream of a "bodiless and moral internet”. Finally, the data center images are re-read in more detail and discussed as part of the life-support system of a failed utopia - sustaining a popular yet reductionist understanding of the informational society and its key players.

Lasting Monuments and Durable Institutions: Labor, Urbanism, and Statehood in Northern Vietnam and Beyond

Archaeological research on monumentality, early urbanism, and emergent statehood in Southeast Asia and Vietnam has grown dramatically in recent years, and our understanding of social evolution in Southeast Asia has moved beyond traditional models of Sinicization and Indianization. Although many researchers recognize the significance of the historic and classical states of the first and second millennia AD, the seeds of statehood and urbanism can be seen in a moated settlement pattern during the first millennium BC. The largest in this category of Iron Age settlements, the heavily fortified Co Loa site in Vietnam’s Red River Valley, is emblematic of a tradition of settlements marked by earthworks and moat systems. The scale and extent of Co Loa’s massive earthen rampart system, involving a complex construction enterprise, reflect planning and implementation by a highly centralized, multigenerational, and institutionalized authority. Dating to the last centuries BC, Co Loa represents one of the earlier ancient state-level societies in Vietnam and the wider Southeast Asian region. Ultimately, the durability of Co Loa’s institutions of power and governance is suggested by the nature of its rampart system and construction process, and a package of variables contributed to emergent complexity. In particular, the presence of a monumental system of defensive works, combined with other archaeological markers for intraregional competition and violence, underscores the potential role of warfare and physical coercion in the course of political centralization.

Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma: The Mediating Role of Parenting Styles on Toddlers' DSM-Related Symptoms

Although the intergenerational transmission of trauma has been well documented, the pathways by which trauma symptoms are passed between parents and children remain unclear. This study examined the mediating role of parenting styles in the transmission of maternal trauma to children. Participants were a sample of 105 mothers of toddlers (18–30 months old). Mothers who had experienced interpersonal trauma were more likely to have an authoritarian parenting style, including verbal hostility, physical coercion, and low nurturance. Verbal hostility especially predicted more prevalent and increasing toddler symptoms associated with affective, hyperactive, and oppositional defiant disorders. Thus, the verbal hostility component of authoritarian parenting could serve as a major intergenerational pathway between maternal trauma and early child symptoms.

Enforcing International Law: States, IOs, and Courts as Shaming Reference Groups

We seek to answer the question as to whether international law imposes meaningful constraints on state behaviour. Unabated drone strikes by the dominant superpower in foreign territories, an ineffective United Nations, and persistent disregard for international law obligations, as evidenced by states killing their own citizens, all suggest that the sceptics have won the debate about whether international law is law and whether it affects state behaviour. We argue that such a conclusion would be in error because it grossly underestimates the complex ways in which IL affects state behaviour. We argue that scholars who claim that the lack of coercive power in IL is fatal to it being law err in imagining that the types of physical coercion typically used in domestic law enforcement are the only types of coercion available for the enforcement of legal rules. Incarceration is not the only type of coercion available for the enforcement of legal rules. To be sure, depriving the offender of his liberty by locking him up in jail has severe expressive, deterrent, retributive, and incapacitative effects, but that does not itself lead to the conclusion that other punishments cannot achieve the same purposes and be just as coercive. If these alternative punishments can be shown to achieve the aforementioned effects, the central argument against IL being law falls. We aim to do this by focusing on a relatively neglected kind of sanction in IL – shaming. We show that IL is enforced by states, courts, and international organizations by the imposition of shame sanctions on offenders and that these sanctions affect state behaviour in the same ways that traditional coercive sanctions do. In doing the above, we also develop the concept of a shaming reference group.

Przymus psychiczny w polskim prawie karnym okresu międzywojennego

In the Polish penal law of the twenty year period between the world wars, following post-annexation codifi cation, the psychological coercion (vis compulsiva) was admitted as a rationale for criminal liability of a person who involuntarily committed a criminal act. Not regulated directly by the penal code of 1932 the psychological coercion was associated with a state of necessity. In reality, most often it took the shape of a threat. Its characteristics were the subject of a dispute among experts in the Polish penal code in the twenty year period between the world wars. Some of the experts associated it with a physical coercion (vis absoluta) regulated in Art. 19 of the Code, which wholly excluded criminal liability of the perpetrator. As the issue was complex, it was discussed by head Polish experts in the penal law of that time (J. Makarewicz, W. Makowski, E. Krzymuski, W. Wolter, E.S. Rappaport, S. Śliwiński).

Legislación y justicia contra blasfemos. (Cataluña, siglos XV-XVII)

The repression against the sins of the language is a subject of intense attention from the law and courts of justice in Europe from the low Middle Ages. In Spain there were enacted severe civil and religious laws against the crime of blasphemy by an unequal application. In Catalonia the secular and ecclesiastical judges participated in the repressive politics favoring deterrence springs of moral coercion wit little recourse to physical coercion.

Unwanted Sexual Experiences in Young Men: Evidence from a Survey of University Students in Chile

The public health problem of unwanted sexual experiences (USE) in male youths has received little attention. In this study, we examined prevalence of USE, risk factors, contexts, and barriers to disclosure with data from a quantitative survey of students enrolled in General Education courses at a public university in Chile. This study focused on the male sample (N=466). Approximately 20.4% of participants reported some form of USE since age 14. Forced sex through physical coercion, forced sex through verbal coercion or while intoxicated, attempted forced sex, and less severe forms of USE were reported by 0.2, 10.1, 1.4, and 8.7% of participants, respectively. USE before age 14 was reported by 9.4% of participants and was a significant predictor of USE since age 14 (AOR 6.38, 95% CI 3.22-12.65, p<.01). The perpetrator of USE since age 14 was most commonly identified as a date/partner or friend/acquaintance; other findings on contexts and barriers to disclosure were also generally consistent with previous results in the literature. In addition, we found substantial co-occurrence of USE since age 14 with two other forms of coercion: physical dating violence victimization and coerced condom non-use. The study findings indicate a need for further attention to these public health problems and have implications for the development of violence and HIV/STI prevention programs for adolescent boys and young adult men in Chile and elsewhere.