Physical Coercion Research Articles

Binding the Heart

This article proposes a combined analysis of late ancient magical and rabbinic texts that deal with control and subordination of renegade enslaved persons. These texts reveal some of the ways in which slaveholders utilized physical coercion, whether real or imagined, to transform or overpower enslaved persons’ will and interior dispositions. The first part of the article examines two spells used for returning runaway slaves (or otherwise, for preventing slaves from running away), with emphasis on these spells’ resonance with erotic magic that is meant to transform the beloved’s feelings toward the lover. The second part of the article argues that talmudic discussions of enslaved persons’ transition into slavery display similar tensions between autonomy and coercion, between the fantasy that slaves would form a genuine commitment to their enslaver and the fear that acknowledging a slave’s independent will would undo the enslaver’s power altogether. Taken together, these texts offer a series of powerful images through which we may begin to explore some of the discursive and performative tools that late ancient Jewish enslavers used to negotiate their anxieties regarding those they enslaved.

ELECTORAL PROCESS AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE: CAUSES AND CHARACTERISTICS

The article is devoted to the study of the main causes, mechanisms and patterns of political violence in the context of electoral struggle. It has been found that under conditions of significant competition and uncertainty of election results, political elites may choose illegal tools and strategies to maintain power: violence, bribery, fraud, intimidation, and persecution of opponents. It has been proven that the use of violence during the electoral process can significantly distort the voting results, undermine the legitimacy of the elections, and limit the participation of opposition candidates and voters.It has been determined that electoral violence involves the use of organized physical coercion, repression, intimidation, persecution, and destruction of property before, during, and after elections in order to influence the electoral process, voter behavior, and voting results. Such violence becomes an obstacle to holding democratic, fair, free, and competitive elections, hinders the establishment of consensus between government and opposition forces, and can provoke a large-scale armed conflict. It has been proven that the causes of electoral violence include the participants’ desire to influence voting results, increase their advantage over competitors, intimidate disloyal voters, deprive opposition supporters of the opportunity to vote, delegitimize the electoral process, and discredit the government’s ability to maintain security and the functioning of political institutions. As a result, it was found that political competition, unpredictable election results and ethnic polarization of society increase the likelihood of electoral violence, deep political crisis and armed confrontation, which can have critical consequences for political security and the sustainability of democracy.

The Myths of Romantic Love and Violence in Courtship

Objective: The objective is to analyze the relationship between the myths of romantic love and intimate partner violence, to identify the predictive factors. Theoretical Framework: Partner violence has its beginnings in dating; through obvious or invisible behaviors due to their normalization. In Mexico, 70.1% of women aged 15 years and older have experienced at least one situation of violence throughout their lives (INEGI, 2022). On the other hand, the myths of romantic love are a set of socially supported beliefs with sexist ideals that can be a direct source of information to know if it is related to violence in the couple. Method: The proposed research is quantitative, non-experimental and correlational. The instruments used were: Boyfriend Violence Questionnaire by Rodríguez-Franco et al., (2010) and the Romantic Love Myths Scale by Bonilla and Rivas (2020). 200 people (65 men and 135 women) adolescents in the age range of 16 to 23 years participated. Results and Discussion: Significant relationships (p<.05) were found between the myths of distorted love and dating violence, since actions that cause harm to the subject are minimized. Distorted myths are related to humiliation, sexual violence, physical coercion, gender violence, emotional and instrumental punishment in the relationship. Implications of the research: The findings contribute to the understanding of emotional health in couple relationships, as well as the psychosocial dynamics between beliefs and practices of violence in relationships. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the understanding of violence and the role of myths of romantic love in couple relationships in the context of southeastern Mexico.

Право вместо христианской морали: парадокс этики любви Льва Петражицкого

The article deals with the ideas of the Russian-Polish jurist, philosopher of law L. Petrazhycki (1867–1931) about the social significance of morality and law as the means to achieve a “supralegal” and “supramoral” ideal of love. His reasoning demonstrates a deep theoretical analysis of law in its correlation with Christian morality. Petrazhycki draws a distinction between law and morality based on the nature of duties: in law duties are dependent on external authority or another’s claim, while in morality they are not. The author analyses this distinction and argues that is consistent with the Christian view on human freedom. Based on the analysis of Petrazhycki’s concept of intuitive law, it is concluded that law and morality share the same psychological mechanism of self-obligation, which makes is possible to postulate the inner morality of law. The idea of an inner morality of law is further developed by Petrazhycki in his concept of intuitive law which is seen as the imperative of conscience, as initial intuition of justice. The concept of intuitive law embodies an integrated moral and legal experience of a person and is used to describe a situation in which the right ethical choice is made — such a choice corresponds to both moral imperatives and the requirements of justice. The paradox of Petrazhycki’s ethics of love consists in the fact that as the most effective tool for its achievement, the scientist chooses positive law, which has mechanisms of motivational pressure and physical coercion that are absent in morality and intuitive law, while the preaching of the Gospel message, associated with the freedom of its acceptance, turns out to be unsuitable for achieving the ideal of universal love. However, the transformation of freely executed imperatives of Christian morality into legal duties causes an effect opposite to the goal pursued, as it deprives a person from both morality and freedom as its necessary condition. The author draws a parallel between the ideal constructed by Petrazhycki and the “reign of peace and happiness” without freedom that was described by Dostoevsky in “The Grand Inquisitor”.

ВИЗУАЛЬНАЯ МИЛИТАРИЗАЦИЯ БЫТИЯ: ГОЛЛИВУДСКИЕ СТРАТЕГИИ ЭСТЕТИЗАЦИИ НАСИЛИЯ

the centuries-old communication between the elite and the masses in the context of modern mass culture has gradually acquired a rather unconventional character. Instead of the usual system of coercion in its various forms, visual ways of manipulating people’s feelings and thoughts are becoming increasingly popular in political discourse. The complex of corporate economic and political interests is becoming the reason for the active transformation of the modernmanagement system under the influence of decisive biopolitical arguments introduced by the authorities into the socio-cultural space. As an archaic form of realization of power interests, war is becoming widespread today, replacing physical coercion with media programming of feelings, thoughts and behavior of individuals. For many decades, the American horror film has successfully positioned itself as one of the most effective ideological tools for establishing effective biopolitical control over the masses of consumers both inside and outside the United States. It is Hollywood horror cinema that acts as a non-trivial, effective and most profitable way to aestheticize and visually promote violence as natural forms of civilization.

THE NEXUS OF POWER AND OPPRESSION: A FOUCAULDIAN AND GRAMSCIAN STUDY OF PROSPERO’S DOMINANCE IN THE TEMPEST

This study focuses on the intricate power dynamics and hegemonic structures in William Shakespeare’s The Tempest, focusing on Prospero’s dominion over his subordinated subjects, Ariel and Caliban. Drawing from Michel Foucault’s power relations and Antonio Gramsci’s hegemony, the study reveals that power within the narrative transcends physical coercion, encompassing the manipulation of cultural, political, and ideological elements. The findings unveil the complex interplay of forces governing authority, subjugation, and the imposition of cultural and intellectual control in the context of the master-slave relationship. Prospero, as the master, employs language and narrative manipulation to assert his dominance over Ariel and Caliban, yielding both physical and psychological control. The themes of oppression and colonialism within the play are distinctly portrayed, notably through the enslavement of Caliban and Ariel, emphasizing their resilience against prevailing power imbalances. Moreover, this research extends beyond Shakespeare’s work, functioning as a metaphor for contemporary societal challenges related to power, dominion, and resistance. Ultimately, the interplay of power and oppression within The Tempest provides a profound lens through which to examine the intricacies of power within the broader spectrum of human existence, enriching our understanding of power dynamics in literature and their significance in contemporary societal issues.

Effectiveness of mixed-mode parenting training program during the COVID-19 pandemic: A quasi-experiment study in Hong Kong

This study examined the effectiveness of a mixed-mode parenting training program in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic with a quasi-experiment. Altogether 139 parents of preschoolers (ages 3–6) participated in this study and completed the survey on Family Emotional Expressiveness, Child Behavior, Authoritative & Responsive & Negative Parenting across three time points during the lockdowns. They were cluster randomly assigned to the intervention (N1 = 69) and control groups (N2 = 70). The intervention was a 3-month mixed-mode parental training program, including 12-session videos followed by phone calls and homework assignments. The control group did not receive any parental training during the same period. The repeated ANOVA results indicated that: (1) there was a significant main effect of Time (p =.012, ηp2 = 0.045) on parents physical coercion dimension (PCD) scores and also a significant interaction effect between Time and Group (p =.042, ηp2 = 0.032), with the experimental group improved more over time; (2) there was a significant main effect of time (p =.027, ηp2 = 0.036) on parents’ verbal hostility dimension (VHD) scores, but no significant Time*Group interaction effect; (3) there was no significant Time effect in parents’ score on Negative Submissive (NS), but there was a significant interaction effect between time and group (p =.004, ηp2 = 0.054), with the experimental group reduced more than the control group. These results further provided empirical evidence to support the effectiveness of a mixed-mode parental training program in reducing negative parenting, including the negative submissive emotional expressions at home, physical coercion, and verbal hostility in interacting with preschool children at home. Implications based on social-cultural contexts are also discussed.

International environmental policy processes that dispossessed developing societies of public land resources: A case study of Nepal

AbstractPublic lands including forests and community pastures are still crucial means of local livelihood, social security, and environmental conservation in many developing countries including Nepal. However, these resources are increasingly managed primarily to offset greenhouse gas emissions of developed countries. The new management has exacerbated many local problems: livelihood constriction, social crises, human casualties (deaths and serious injuries), biodiversity degradation, and water scarcity including cryosphere retreating. Drawing data from multiple sources, this study attempted to explain the international political objectives and processes that dispossessed developing societies of public land resources for the benefit of developed countries. It shows that representatives of the developed countries were proactively and strategically involved in agenda formation, solutions negotiations, and decision-making while developing international environmental policies, and succeeded to structure the policies for managing the resources of developing countries for the best benefit of their own countries. The developed countries provided funds and experts, as strategic tools, through international aid agencies to implement the policies of their interest in institutionally weak countries. In Nepal, the aid agencies influenced the thinking of the public and the decisions of the government and other stakeholders through a series of strategic measures. They propagandized false crises, worked with a coalition of powerful international agencies, offered free technical support, and changed national policies proactively to manage the land resources for achieving their missions. Active involvement in policy implementation also helped the agencies to monitor implementation hurdles and apply other tactics to resolve them. Lucrative flash incentives were provided to motivate and get the support of communities, powerful stakeholders, and politicians to implement the policies. Psychosocial pressures were also applied to persuade local communities and their leaders for getting local cooperation in making and practicing new legal institutions (government authority rules or orders, user group rules, and forest management plans) that bind and control local communities for forest protection. The institutions obliged local communities to contribute free labor or cash for developing, modifying, and protecting the forests. These two levels of interventions led to the further development of reinforcing institutions, resource conditions, and social-ecological systems that secured benefits for developed countries and deprived local communities of power to control, produce and access the public land resources in their own backyard for years. This study also showed that international environmental policies and aid agencies have respectively served as institutional weapons and vehicles for materially and institutionally powerful countries to colonize the land resources of weaker countries, without using of physical coercion or deplyment of military forces.

Exploring use of coercion in the Norwegian ambulance service – a qualitative study

BackgroundHealthcare laws allow for exceptions from the consent requirement when patients are not competent to consent or pose a danger to themselves or others. In these cases, the use of coercion may be an alternative to voluntary health care. Ambulance personnel are regularly confronted with patients who need healthcare but refuse it and/or refuse to cooperate. This study aimed to explore ambulance personnel`s experience with use of coercion and factors influencing the use of coercion in the ambulance service in Norway.MethodWe conducted two focus group interviews with a total of eight informants, all ambulance personnel from a large Norwegian ambulance service. Digital recordings of the interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using systematic text condensation.ResultsThe informants` stories revealed several methods of coercion used by the ambulance personnel; physical coercion, pragmatic coercion, pharmacological coercion and coercion used to ensure the patient is secured during transportation. The main reasons for using coercion were preventing patients from harming themselves or others and to ensure that patients unable to consent receive healthcare considered necessary. Systemic factors as difficulty of applying the law to real-life situations, and organizational factors as fear of breaching guidelines, experienced lack of support from the management, fear of charges of misconduct, and lack of training in assessing patients´ competence to consent seem to influence ambulance personnels use of coercion.ConclusionEthical grey areas in clinical practice emphasize the need for clinical discretion. Despite the fact that regulatory provisions allow for exceptions from the requirement to obtain consent, transferring these regulations to real life prehospital settings can be difficult. Consequently, the decisions made by ambulance personnel in clinical situations are highly influenced by organizational ethos and guidelines. The informants describe the coercive interventions they have employed to manage patients who are deemed to require healthcare but refuse it and/or refuse to cooperate.

Child aggression and parenting behavior: Understanding the child-driven effects with parents' emotion regulation as a moderator.

The present study examined the longitudinal relations between child aggression and coercive parenting behaviors and the moderating role of parental emotion regulation strategies in these relations. The sample of this study were 168 children (88 girls; Mage = 60.97 months, SD = 5.51) and their parents recruited from five kindergartens. At Time 1 (T1), parents reported their own use of coercive parenting behaviors (i.e., physical coercion and psychological control) and emotion regulation strategies (i.e., suppression and reappraisal). A coloring task was administered to assess the child's aggression at the child's kindergarten. At Time 2 (T2; approximately 6 months later), mothers and fathers again reported their coercive parenting behaviors. Results indicate that suppression served as a moderator in the relations between child aggression and mothers' coercive parenting behavior. Specifically, (a) T1 child aggression was not directly predictive of T2 coercive parenting behaviors; (b) child overt aggression at T1 was associated with increased coercive parenting behaviors at T2 among mothers reporting higher use of suppression and was associated with decreased coercive parenting behaviors at T2 among mothers reporting lower use of suppression; (c) T1 child covert aggression was associated with increased T2 psychological control among mothers with more use of suppression and was associated with decreased psychological control among mothers reporting lower use of suppression. Reappraisal was not a moderator in the relations between child aggression and coercive parenting behaviors. These results shed light on the relations between child aggression and coercive parenting behavior as a function of parents' emotion regulation strategy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

‘Slaves’ Without Coercion? Work-Related Classification Patterns Among Romanian Migrant Workers

Tens of thousands of Romanian migrants work in the German construction sector. Their work is often characterized by unpaid wages, long workdays and by the withholding of sick or holiday payments. The risky and exploitative nature of the conditions under which Romanian migrants work on German construction sites is reflected in their negative evaluation of their engagements as “slave labor” by Romanian workers. Starting from such a clearly negative evaluation, the paper asks how Romanian construction workers in Germany classify their work and what role such classifications have within the context of labor exploitation. Based on qualitative interviews with and participant observation among Romanian construction site workers in Germany and in Romania, the article reconstructs four work classifications. Work may be interpreted as the fulfillment of obligations or as necessary for economic revenue; hard work itself can be a symbolic contribution to one’s own sense of identity or it can have the meaning of being part of everyday normalcy. Each of the work classifications offers a different reason to make hard work plausible in the eyes of the workers and employers actively turn such interpretations into a mechanism of vulnerability. Without direct physical coercion, these ideas motivate workers to take on work that they themselves criticize as ‘slave labor.’ The paper concludes by arguing that the recognition of such classifications and their social effects are crucial for an understanding of labor exploitation.

Revisiting the demeanour effect: a video-observational analysis of encounters between law enforcement officers and citizens in Amsterdam

ABSTRACT We investigate the ‘demeanour hypothesis’, stating that police officers are more likely to arrest and use force against citizens who display a ‘bad attitude’. We observed 78 encounters captured on surveillance cameras in the city of Amsterdam. Video material allowed us to code specific behaviours (‘citizen pointed at officer’) instead of the more ambiguous interpretation of behaviour (‘citizen was disrespectful’) used in prior studies. We employ two regression analyses to estimate the extent to which different types of citizens’ behaviour – ‘bad attitude’, non-compliance, and aggression and crime – relate to physical coercive behaviour by law enforcement agents. After controlling for non-compliant, aggressive and criminal behaviours, as well as situational and individual features, citizens’ ‘bad attitude’ behaviours remain associated with physical coercion. However, our data also shows that the effects of aggressive and criminal behaviours are far stronger than that of ‘bad attitude’ behaviours. Yet, there is an observable ‘demeanour effect’ in our sample. Conceptually, we provide a more thorough behavioural description of what a ‘bad attitude’ looks like. Practically, our findings can be used in training, such as scenario or VR training, in order to raise officers’ awareness of citizens’ behaviours, and may assist them to prevent escalation in their encounters with the public.

Voluntarism and Coercion

Abstract Research on Franciscan missionaries in California has traditionally either emphasized or excused their use of physical violence on indigenous people. This paper adopts a “boundaries” approach to highlight and explain how Franciscans were able to both advocate for and eschew physical coercion on the same target audience without any perceived contradiction. The paper argues that unidirectional group boundaries, often mundane and unproblematic, may, in some instances, validate a paradoxical combination of external voluntarism and internal coercion when employed institutionally. The study concludes with a discussion of the relevance of these theoretical concepts to religion and coercion in contemporary society.

Preschool-aged children’s hair cortisol and parents’ behavior, psychopathology, and stress

Parental factors, including parenting behavior, parent mental health, and parent stress, are associated with child stress. More recently, studies have shown that these parental factors may also be associated with children’s hair cortisol concentration (HCC). HCC is a novel biomarker for chronic stress. HCC indexes cumulative cortisol exposure thereby reflecting longer-term stress reactivity. Although HCC is associated with a range of problems in adults such as depression, anxiety, appraisal of stressful events, and diabetes, studies investigating HCC in children have been inconsistent, with particularly little information about parental factors and HCC. As chronic stress may have long-term physiological and emotional effects on children, and parent-based interventions can reduce these effects, it is important to identify parental factors that relate to children’s HCC. The aim of this study was to examine associations between preschool-aged children’s physiological stress measured via HCC and mother- and father-reported parenting behavior, psychopathology, and stress. Participants included N = 140 children ages 3–5-years-old and their mothers (n = 140) and fathers (n = 98). Mothers and fathers completed questionnaire measures on their parenting behavior, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and perceived stress. Children’s HCC was assessed by processing small hair samples. HCC levels were higher in boys compared to girls, and higher in children of color compared to white children. There was a significant association between children’s HCC and fathers’ authoritarian parenting. Children’s HCC was positively associated with physical coercion, a specific facet of fathers’ authoritarian parenting, even after accounting for sex of the child, race/ethnicity of the child, stressful life events, fathers’ depression, fathers’ anxiety, and fathers’ perceived stress. In addition, there was a significant interaction between higher levels of both mothers’ and fathers’ authoritarian parenting and children’s HCC. Children’s HCC was not significantly related to mothers’ and fathers’ anxiety and depression or mothers’ and fathers’ perceived stress. These findings contribute to the large literature that links harsh and physical parenting practices with problematic outcomes in children.

A relação entre estilos parentais e desenvolvimento auditivo em crianças com implante coclear

ABSTRACT Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and hearing skills in children with hearing loss who use cochlear implants. Methods This is an observational analytical study. The participants were the children’s main caregivers divided into a study group (N=50) and a control group (N=28). The children’s ages were between 3 and 7 years old. Subjects in the study group provided a past medical history (PMH), and completed the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and the Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS) or the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (MAIS). Subjects in the control group also provided a PMH and completed the PSDQ. The Mann Whitney test, the Spearman coefficient, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for data analysis, utilizing the JASP 0.8 and SPSS 23 softwares. Results Results showed that The authoritarian parenting style and punishment dimension revealed a statistical significance, with higher scores for children with altered auditory development. Conclusion It was concluded that the practice of authoritarian parenting style with punitive dimensions and physical coercion were related to altered hearing development. Regulation dimension presented a significant correlation with hearing development. The outcome suggested the importance of psychotherapeutic strategies for caregivers who are responsible for children with hearing loss.

Capacity for mentalization in adolescents: The contribution of parenting styles

An authoritative parenting style and a high capacity for mentalization in adolescents have been recognized in the literature as a strong protective factor in preserving the mental health of adolescents. The aim of this research was to examine the predictive contribution of parenting styles to adolescents? capacity for mentalization. Two hundred high school students participated in the research (54.5% boys; the average age of the respondents was 17 years). The results of multiple regression analysis indicate that, when it comes to the parenting style of the mother, the dimensions of an authoritative style (regulation and connection) contribute significantly positively to an adolescent?s capacity for mentalization, while the dimensions of an authoritarian style (verbal hostility and non-reasoning) contribute significantly negatively to the development of this reflective function. When the father?s parenting style is taken into account, the dimension of an authoritative parenting style that significantly contributes to the development of mentalization is regulation, while the non-reasoning and physical coercion dimensions of an authoritarian style show a negative contribution. The main conclusion of the research is that the dimensions of an authoritative parenting style (connection and regulation) significantly contribute to the development of mentalization capacities in adolescents, while the dimensions of the authoritarian parenting style (verbal hostility of the mother, non-reasoning of both parents andphysical coercion of the father) negatively contribute to the development of mentalization. The basic pedagogical implications of the paper lead towards encouraging positive parenting styles, which would improve the overall development of children, as well as the development of their capacity for mentalization.

Maternal-Fetal Pregnancy Complications of in Minors Raped with or without Physical Restraint in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Introduction: Pregnancy resulting from rape is a public health and sexual and reproductive health issue, especially among minors. Rape can be perpetrated with or without physical restraint. The objective of the present study is to highlight the prevalence of physical coercion leading to pregnancy and the associated maternal-fetal complications. Methodology: This was a comparative descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of complications associated with post-rape pregnancy by physical restraint among minors who were treated at the General Reference Hospital of Panzi over a two-year period from June 2020 to June 2022. A total of 140 minor survivors of violence with pregnancy were included in the study. Data were collected using a questionnaire, coded and analyzed in Excel and XLSTAT version 2014. Results: The prevalence of physical constraints was 65%. After mulltivariate analyses, denial of pregnancy (ORa: 9.64 95% CI: 1.1 - 81.2; p-value: 0.0370), attempted abortion (ORa: 56.1 95% CI: 1.5 - 2027.6; p-value: 0.0278) and agitation during delivery (ORa: 88.7 95% CI: 4.5 - 1715; p-value: 0.0030) were the complications associated with pregnancy in minors who experienced physical restraint rape. In addition, BMI was a factor in reducing the risk of physical restraint rape at the ORa of 0.5054 [0.3; 0.8]; p 0.006). Conclusion: Pregnancy among minors is a reality and occurs in a situation of physical coercion in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. These pregnancies are often associated with complications that require an intensive management system since they can jeopardize the maternal-fetal prognosis of minors.

‘Slaves’ without coercion? Work-related classification patterns among Romanian migrant workers

Tens of thousands of Romanian migrants work in the German construction sector. Their work is often characterised by unpaid wages, long working days and the withholding of sick or holiday pay. The risky and exploitative nature of the conditions under which they work is reflected in their negative evaluation of their engagements as ‘slave labour’. Starting from such a clearly negative evaluation, this article asks how such workers classify their work and what role such classifications have within the context of labour exploitation. Based on qualitative interviews with and participant observation among Romanian construction site workers in Germany and in Romania, the article reconstructs four work classifications, each of which offers a different reason to make hard work plausible in the eyes of workers, while employers actively turn such interpretations into a mechanism of vulnerability. Without direct physical coercion, these ideas motivate workers to take on work that they themselves criticise as ‘slave labour’. The paper concludes by arguing that the recognition of such classifications and their social effects are crucial for an understanding of labour exploitation.

Pemindahan Penduduk Secara Paksa Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Di Filipina Dan Akibat Hukumnya Menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional

Introduction: Population transfer or displacement is the movement of a large group of people from one area to another, In armed conflict it is often a form of forced migration carried out by state policy or international authorities and most often on ethnic or religious grounds.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the regulations prohibiting the forcible transfer of civilians in International Humanitarian Law. To know and analyze the legal impact of forcible transfer of civilians in International Humanitarian Law. Methods of the Research: The research method used in this research is normative juridical. This type of research is descriptive analytical. The sources and legal materials used are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials through literature studies which are then processed and analyzed qualitatively.Results of the Research: The results show that the transfer of civilians in armed conflict to be used as hostages or for the purpose of winning the war at the expense of the civilian population as a living shield is a form of forced migration that is prohibited either by expulsion or other coercive actions from the area where they live without being given a reason permitted by international law. The word coercion here is not limited to physical coercion, but can include threats of violence or psychological pressure (8 paragraph (2) letters (a) and (b) of the Rome Statute and Geneva Convention IV on the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War). Forced population transfer or migration carried out by the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) to make civilians as hostages and shields in the non-international armed conflict in the Philippines.

" Future visions of the Syrian political system after (2019)"

In the midst of the discussion about any political system، we see adherence to the military and police nature، and this is what we are trying to study about the structure of the political system in Syria because the regime chose the path of military security، and during the Syrian crisis the political system overturned because of repression and dependence on it and as a military solution to the regional and international crisis in which the forces cannot reach Regional and international solutions to be agreed upon by the various Syrian political forces. With the means of physical coercion of the regime، political and economic capabilities، as well as international and regional powers that do not support change in Syria and see it as a negative impact on themselves، such as Russia، China، Iran and more recently the United States of America under the Trump and Biden government، this matter shows that the survival of the regime is the only and conditional solution.