Physical-chemical Characteristics Research Articles

Development and Properties of Functional Ceramic-based Photocatalytic Materials

With the rapid development of energy, information, environmental protection and biological science and technology, the material with a long history-ceramics, has also obtained a new research progress, namely, the development of functional ceramics. Functional ceramics play a key role in related scientific research and engineering project applications, with their unique thermal, electric, magnetic, acoustic and optical physical characteristics, chemical, biological and appropriate mechanics characteristics. Moreover, because the photocatalytic technology has the characteristics of mild reaction conditions, convenient operation and no secondary pollution, it is considered as the most promising environmental governance technology in the 21st century, that is, it can effectively solve the problems of fossil energy depletion and environmental pollution. In addition, photocatalytic technology also has the characteristics of low energy consumption, and has also become a necessary technology to develop new energy sources. If functional ceramics and photocatalytic technology are combined together, it will solve many problems in industrial production and life. A variety of materials with photocatalytic characteristics in functional ceramics have been developed. This paper mainly expounds the performance research and its development and application of Ti-based functional ceramic photocatalytic materials, multiple material composite ceramic photocatalytic materials and tungsten-based activated carbon-based ceramic photocatalytic materials.

Preliminary Study on the Thermal Behavior and Chemical-Physical Characteristics of Woody Biomass as Solid Biofuels

The chemical composition of woody biomass directly influences its thermal degradation and, subsequently, the selection of processes and technologies used for its conversion into energy or value-added products. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the thermal behavior and chemical-physical characteristics of three different woody biomass species (hardwood, softwood and chemically-treated wood) using thermogravimetric and characterization analysis based on ISO 16948, ISO 18125 and ISO 18122 methods. The main findings show that the most significant trend of mass loss, around 70%, in the thermal degradation of the different species of woody biomass occurred between 150 °C and 500 °C and that the residual mass at 650 °C was between 13% and 24%. Although the three species of woody biomass showed a high average energy content (19.60 MJ/kg), softwood samples had a more stable thermal degradation than hardwoods and chemically-treated woods.

Effect of different millet flours on the physico-chemical characteristics, proximate composition and sensory characteristics of enrobed chicken nuggets

A study was conducted to analyse the effect of different millet flours viz., finger millet flour, pearl millet flour and foxtail millet flour on physic-chemical characteristics, proximate composition and sensory characteristics of enrobed chicken nuggets. Refined wheat flour in the control nuggets was completely replaced by 3.5 per cent each finger millet flour in T1, pearl millet flour in T2 and foxtail millet flour in T3 and the treatment nuggets were subjected to different stages of enrobing. Nuggets incorporated with millets had better nutritive value than control chicken nuggets. On the basis of physico-chemical characteristics, proximate composition and sensory analysis, T2 enrobed chicken nuggets incorporated with 3.5 per cent pearl millet flour was found to be the best formulation.

Chemical Composition and Physical Characteristics of Orange Peel Essential Oil

The citrus-based food and beverage industry is limited to using fruit flesh as the main raw material. Orange peels that cannot be utilized are disposed of as waste. The potential of citrus peel is very high to be processed into essential oil. Essential oils are widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and agricultural industries. Various citrus varieties in Indonesia have different characteristics, including the content of essential oils in peel waste. The process of making essential oils can be done by distillation. This research was conducted to find out the chemical and physical of various essential oils from citrus varieties (RGL Mandarin, Gamindo B, and Montaji Agrihorti lemon). The test results show that the yield of each essential oil of RGL Mandarin, Gamindo B, and Montaji Agrihorti lemon is 3,866%; 1,174%; and 3,615%. The volatile compound content tested using GC-MS in Gamindo B citrus essential oil contained 3 compounds, RGL Mandarin found 4 compounds, and Montaji Agrihorti lemons found 4 compounds. A sensory preference test on color and odor attributes was conducted on 30 panelists. Montaji Agrihorti Lemon essential oil is the most preferred by color and Gamindo B essential oil is the most preferred by odor.

Study of the physicochemical and mechanical stability of an edible leather of mango (Mangifera indica) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) pulp

Mango (Mangifera indica) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) are two important fruits with many industrial uses and excellent sensory, nutritional and functional characteristics. In this research work, the development of intermediate moisture edible leathers obtained by convective drying technology of the mixture of mango and pineapple pulp at 60 and 70 °C was carried out, evaluating their physicochemical characterization and stability under controlled storage conditions at 25 and 35 °C. The results showed that leathers subjected to drying at 60 °C and stored at 35 °C presented a significant increase in water activity. Leathers stored at 35 °C showed greater browning due to the effect of storage temperature. The highest resistance to cutting and tension was observed in edible leathers dried at 70 °C and stored at 25 °C. The Young's Modulus in tension varied between 1.317 and 2.22 MPa. The greatest degradation of vitamin C (57%) was found in leathers dried at 70 °C and stored at 35 °C. It was possible to conclude that the mango and pineapple pulp-based leathers stored for 4 weeks presented physical-chemical and techno-functional characteristics that make them suitable for consumption.

Mesoporous silica nanocatalyst used in the preparation of the retention substance bentonite-sorbents sorption of isotherms research

In this study, the retention substance bentonite was used in the preparation of a mesoporous silica nanocatalyst. The analysis of sorbents from the sorption isotherm study and the results obtained were summarized. Also discussed are the chemical composition of bentonite from the Navbahor deposit, the types of sorbent isotherms obtained by the adsorption of various gases on sorbents, descriptions of sorbent isotherms in mesoporous sorbents, the phase composition of sorbent samples synthesized from textures, and the physic-chemical characteristics of the X-ray diffractometric catalyst, and the dependence of the characteristics of texturs of the characteristics of nanocomposite sorbents made from bentonite.

Features of Physical-Chemical Properties of Oil as Indicators of Oil Systems (on Example of the Permian Arch)

The physical-chemical properties of the oil of the Permian Arch oil fields are considered. Based on 838 oil samples from seven Paleozoic gas and oil complexes, ranges of physical-chemical indicators, including density, sulfur, nitrogen, resins, asphaltenes, paraffins and metalloporphyrins, were established. The physical-chemical characteristics of oil are considered as identifiers of the conditions for the formation of oil and gas potential. By performing cluster analysis based on 353 samples, five homogeneous physical-chemical groups of oil (clusters) were identified. The properties of oil of oil and gas complexes and clusters are presented in the "box plot" diagrams. The interpretation of the data was carried out taking into account the ideas about the possible formation of the oil and gas potential of the Permian arch due to three oil systems – "riphean", "devonian terrigenous" and "domanic". The different composition of oil within the field ("diversity of properties") may indicate the features of hypergenic transformations of the composition of oil, as well as possible migration from several generation zones at different time stages. The relatively homogeneous properties of the oil at the YarinskoKamennolozhskoye and Osinskoye fields are interpreted as the result of generation in sources that are productive in volume and intensive in time, and according to the characteristics of the physical-chemical clusters probably belonging to different zones of generation of the "domanic" system.

Performance of ‘BRS Magna’ vines grown under different training systems, rootstocks and production cycles

Over the past decade, the business of producing juice from grapes (Vitis labrusca L. and hybrids) has been expanding in response to increasing consumption encouraged by campaigns promoting the benefits grape juice can have on health. This study aimed to determine the effect of the production cycle, vine training system, and rootstock on the yield and physical and physical-chemical characteristics of ‘BRS Magna’ grapes grown in the Vale do Submédio São Francisco in the northeastern region of Brazil. The study was conducted in Petrolina, Pernambuco, over eight production cycles (2017 to 2020). The grapevines were trained in three vine training trellis systems: espalier, lyre, and pergola; and grafted onto two rootstocks: IAC 572 and IAC 766. The production cycle, training system, and rootstocks affected the yield components, vigor, and physical characteristics of the BRS Magna grapes. The combination of the pergola training system and rootstock IAC 766 stood out from the others, providing mean yields estimated at 26 t ha –1 per production cycle. The soluble solids content (SS), titratable acidity (TA), and SS TA –1 ratio were affected neither by the training system nor the rootstock, and higher values for SS and lower values for TA were obtained in the first, second, fourth and eighth production cycles. Thus, the pergola training system and rootstock IAC 766 are recommended for promoting yield gains in the ‘BRS Magna’ grape in the Vale do Submédio São Francisco.

Multivariate analysis of agronomic, physicochemical, and physiological characters of passion fruit hybrids cultivated at different environments.

Simultaneous analysis studies of several agronomic traits in cultivated plants make it possible to identify phenotypic and genotypic differences due to environmental variations, such as altitude. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate, through multivariate analysis of agronomic, physicochemical and physiological characters, passion fruit hybrids cultivated in different environments. The hybrids used were Gigante Amarelo, Rubi do Cerrado and Sol do Cerrado, cultivated in the southern region of Espírito Santo in four municipalities/environments: Marataízes (41 m), Jerônimo Monteiro (104 m), Alegre (711 m), and Ibitirama (1016 m). The agronomic characters of the plants, the physical-chemical characteristics of the fruits and the physical, biochemical and physiological qualities of the seeds were analyzed. The Singh method was used to determine the most important differentiating characters between hybrids growing in different environments. Based on these characters, a dissimilarity matrix was generated and a principal coordinate analysis was performed. It was observed that the pulp yield was influenced by altitude. The three hybrids showed greater performance in terms of agronomic characters at altitude (41 m) than at altitude (104 m). The Sol do Cerrado hybrid showed high performance in the physical-chemical characteristics of the fruits at altitude (104 m).

Design, Formulation and Optimization of Peel-Off Face Mask Gel for the Symptomatic Treatment of Rosacea

The aim of this research work was to design formulate and optimization peel off face mask for the treatment of Rosacea. Among the 4 different types of rosacea, this research work aims to develop a user-friendly symptomatic treatment for the types which affect the facial skin. The peel off mask was formulated using 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a gelling agent and the main ingredient was chamomile oil. Evaluation of peel off mask included physical characteristics (organoleptic properties, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, film drying time), chemical characteristics (pH value), stability and antimicrobial activity. The variation in PVA affects the pH value, viscosity and film drying time significantly. Stability test showed that all peel off mask show no significant changes at room temperature with and without exposure to sunlight and at low temperature. The peel off mask containing chamomile oil using 10% PVA has the inhibitory effect against bacteria (S. aureus, E. coli) and fungi (C. albicans) as compared with the positive controls (clindamycin gel, gentamycin and clotrimazole gel). Variation in the concentration of PVA in the formula affected the physical, chemical characteristic and antimicrobial activity of the chamomile oil peel off gel face mask significantly. The preparation using 10% PVA was found to be the best formula with optimal results and better antimicrobial action

Assessing Friction Angle of Sand According to Fly Ash and Bottom Ash Contents

The treatment of coal ash produced at coal-fired power plants requires high costs and has environmental problems. Therefore, a high proportion of coal ash has been reused, and the effective reuse of coal ash has been investigated extensively. In this study, the physical-chemical characteristics of bottom ash and fly ash sampled from a domestic coal-fired power plant were investigated. In addition, the shear behavior of bottom and fly ashes-sand mixtures was evaluated to verify the reuse potential of bottom and fly ashes. Direct shear tests were performed to evaluate the friction angle of the coal ash-sand mixture, which was used as an input parameter in the numerical analysis for slope stability to establish a framework for assessing the reuse potential of coal ash.

Variation of Pectin and Sugar Concentration on The Characteristic of Passion Fruit Gummy Candy

Gummy candy is a type of soft candy who made from juice and gel-forming materials. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of variation of pectin and sugar concentration on physical and chemical characteristics of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) gummy candies. The research using factorial completely randomized design with two factors, namely concentration variation of pectin (1%, 1,5%, 2%) and concentration variation of sugar (30%, 40%, 50%). The observed parameters included physical characteristics (color, elasticity) and chemical characteristics (water content, ash content, pH, vitamin C, reducing sugar content, total acid). The result showed that concentration of pectin significantly affected on color (lightness, redness, yellowness), elasticity, water, ash, vitamin C, reducing sugar content, and total acid content, where as concentration of sugar significantly affected on color (lightness, yellowness), elasticity, water, ash, pH, vitamin C, reducing sugar content, and total acid content. The interaction affected significantly on elasticity, water, reducing sugar content, and total acid content. A3B2 treatment (pectin concentration 2% and sugar concentration 40%) was the best treatment based on parameters of water content (17.41%), ash content (1.06%), and reducing sugar content (8.28%).

A scientific review on the correlation of the silver nanoparticle synthesis methods with host cytotoxicity

Silver nanoparticles have been extensively researched and have several applications such as antimicrobial and anticancer, and can be used in the agricultural, biomedical, pharmaceutical, textile area, among others, but its toxicity is still little understood. Nanoparticles can measure between 1 – 100 nm and the most currently studied is the silver nanoparticle (AgNP). The main methods of synthesis are the chemical and the biogenic pathway, or green, which is less environmentally polluting, more environmentally friendly, and simpler, although standardization is more complex. Morphological and physical-chemical characteristics differ according to the synthesis method and, consequently, present different degrees of toxicity. Nanotoxicology studies the toxicity of nanoparticles on living organisms and scientists seek to know about the physical-chemical properties and their influence on interaction with the environment. It is known that there are several parameters that influence toxicity, such as dose, particle size, shape, morphology, surface chemistry, agglomeration/aggregation state, synthesis method, cell type and organism in which it is tested. Therefore, this article aims to address the main ways of synthesis of AgNPs, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method, the parameters that influence toxicity and examples of studies.

Dosing Methods to Enable Cell-Based In Vitro Testing of Complex Substances: A Case Study with a PAH Mixture.

Cell-based testing of multi-constituent substances and mixtures for their potential adverse health effects is difficult due to their complex composition and physical-chemical characteristics. Various extraction methods are typically used to enable studies in vitro; however, a limited number of solvents are biocompatible with in vitro studies and the extracts may not fully represent the original test article's composition. While the methods for dosing with "difficult-to-test" substances in aquatic toxicity studies are well defined and widely used, they are largely unsuited for small-volume (100 microliters or less) in vitro studies with mammalian cells. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate suitability of various scaled-down dosing methods for high-throughput in vitro testing by using a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Specifically, we compared passive dosing via silicone micro-O-rings, cell culture media-accommodated fraction, and traditional solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide) extraction procedures. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to evaluate kinetics of PAH absorption to micro-O-rings, as well as recovery of PAH and the extent of protein binding in cell culture media with and without cells for each dosing method. Bioavailability of the mixture from different dosing methods was also evaluated by characterizing in vitro cytotoxicity of the PAH mixture using EA.hy926 and HepG2 human cell lines. Of the tested dosing methods, media accommodated fraction (MAF) was determined to be the most appropriate method for cell-based studies of PAH-containing complex substances and mixtures. This conclusion is based on the observation that the highest fraction of the starting materials can be delivered using media accommodated fraction approach into cell culture media and thus enable concentration-response in vitro testing.

Karakteristik Kefir Susu Sapi Dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea)

Kefir is made from a kefir seed starter consisting of L kefiri, genus Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, and Acetobacter that grow side by side. The addition of butterfly pea flowers extract to kefir can improve functional properties and sensory. The aim of this study was to investigate the physical characteristic, chemical characteristics, microorganisms, antioxidant activity, and organoleptic properties of cow’s milk kefir with the addition of butterfly pea flowers during storage at refrigerator temperature (1‒4°C). The research analysis used a completely randomized design with a 3x3 factorial pattern with three repetitions. The first factor was the addition of butterfly pea flowers (0%, 3%, and 6%), and the second factor was storage time (0, 3, and 6 days). The physical, chemical, antioxidant activity, and microorganism characteristics were tested using two-factor ANOVA and further tested by the Duncan test. Data on organoleptic properties were analyzed by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and then verified using the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that during storage the kefir increased the pH value and TAT value and decreased the viscosity and fat content. The inhibition of DPPH and the antioxidant capacity of the addition of butterfly pea flowers extract increased and decreased with the length of storage. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and the yeast did not change. Sensory hedonic test panelists prefer the color and aroma of kefir with the addition of telang flower extract. Sensory test of hedonic quality with the best characteristics, namely the addition of 6% butterfly pea flowers extract.
 
 Keywords: butterfly pea extract, kefir, storage organoleptic

Jaboticaba powders production by freeze‐drying: Influence of octenyl succinic anhydride‐modified starch concentrations over anthocyanins and physical properties

AbstractThis research aimed to evaluate the influence of the modified starch with octenyl succinic anhydride (MS) on anthocyanins content and the physical properties of the jaboticaba peel freeze‐dried powders. The formulations were obtained by mixtures of jaboticaba peel pulp and different MS content (10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, w/w). The powders were characterized by physical properties, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy using the Fourier transform (FTIR), and anthocyanins content and retention by HPLC‐DAD. DSC analysis showed an increase in the glass transition temperature of the powders with an increase in the MS content (from −10.26°C to 53.40°C). Three anthocyanins were identified and quantified: delphinidin‐3‐O‐glucoside, cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (main anthocyanin present in the samples), and peonidin‐3‐O‐glucoside. The retention of anthocyanins increased significantly with increasing MS content (from 18.0% to 58.0%). Overall, a positive effect of the MS content in the physical and physical–chemical characteristics of jaboticaba peel pulp powders could be observed.

Jatobá (Hymenaea sp.) as a wheat substitute in plant-based cookies to improve its nutritional quality

Jatoba (Hymenaea sp.) is a Brazilian savanna fruit with low lipid content, high amounts of dietary fiber, protein and minerals like calcium, iron, and zinc. Despite the lack of studies, due to jatoba nutritional characteristics, it could be used to replace wheat on plant-based cookies, improving their nutritional quality. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the use of jatoba flour to replace wheat flour in plant-based cookies regarding chemical composition and physical characteristics. Cookies were prepared with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of jatoba flour replacing wheat flour and, subsequently, physical parameters (cooking factor, diameter, thickness and spread rate) and chemical composition were evaluated. Regarding the cooking factor, there was no significant difference between the samples, the cookies’ diameters were smaller in the samples 25%, 50% and 75% compared to the control sample and 100%.I In the thickness parameter the control sample showed a smaller value compared to the preparations made with jatoba and the spreading rate showed a significant difference from the control sample to the others, however the samples 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% did not differ from each other. Plant-based cookies with jatoba flour were higher in fiber, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc content than the control sample (100% based on wheat flour). Jatobá flour is a good alternative to improve the nutritional quality of plant-based cookies.

Chemical-Physical Characteristics of Edible Film Incorporated Bali Cattle Hide Gelatin and Encapsulated Gaharu Leaf Extract

The objectives of this study were to analyze the potential of incorporating bali cattle hide gelatin and gaharu leaf extract encapsulated as an edible film with antioxidant potential. The research method was using Completely Randomized Design, ie concentration of gaharu leaf extract encapsulated (G0 = 0%, G1 = 5%, G2 = 10%, G3 = 15% and G4 = 20%). The results showed that the characteristics of edible films were significantly different (P <0.05), such as moisture content (7.37%) in G4; protein (86.25%) in G0, phenol (10.84 mg / 100 g GAE) in G4 and antioxidant (150.36 mg / L. GAEAC) in G4, and the effect was not significant on ash content of the film. It film thickness, tensile strength, elongation, and water vapor transmission rate of edible film were significant (P <0.05) influence with results for 0.04 mm (G0); 1.64 Mpa (G0); 54.86% (G1) and 11.20 g.mm/m2.day in G4, respectively. The conclusion of the research is edible film of incorporation of balicattle skin bali gelatin and gaharu leaf extract encapsulated with 20% concentration yielding functional characteristics (potency antioxidant) with the highest value. Indicators of chemical characteristics include moisture content (7.37%); ash content (0.49%); protein content (71,98%); phenol (10.84 mg / 100 g GAE) and antioxidant (150.36 mg / L GAEAC). While physical indicators include film thickness (0.02 mm); tensile strength (1.54 MPa); elongation (71.48%) and water vapor transmission rate (11.20 g.mm/m2.day).

Physico-mechanical and physico-chemical hardening process changing research in gypsum binder and transition in gypsum-cement binder and then to gypsum-cement-pozzolanic using with mechanical tests and x-ray spectroscopy

Gypsum-Cement-Pozzolanic binder (GCPB) has been invented in 60-s of last century in USSR by group of scientists under Mr. A. Volzhenskiy leadership. In that time in USSR and actually in US construction technological processes of civil and industrial buildings increasing a lot. So demand of cement for heavy concretes as a main component high up day to day, year to year. But realisation of that idea in practical way wasn’t easy thing because as we know from «Material science» course – cement is hydraulic binder which hardening in moisture condition or in must cases in water and if we sae about gypsum is an air binder. That means gypsum is hardening and gets its high compression strength in air condition and loosing that strength in moisture condition or under influence of water. After analysing knowledge that have been written above about GCPB we may stay some problems in front of us: 1) First problem connect with modern theoretical physical-mechanical and physical-chemical researches absence, when GCPB hardening process have been described by modern X-Ray spectroscopy and mineralogical analysis. All what we have found in internet resources is basic and theoretical issue with some mechanical tests. 2) Also the main problem when we start see on that researches and mechanical tests, there are some conflicting things as links for technical requirements of GCPB through ages, storage conditions before tests. So according by what we have said above we choose some targets of our research: a) How gypsum binder’s physical-mechanical characteristics going to change as it would be main stuff for GCPB preparing. And also transition process gypsum binder(GB) in gypsum-cement binder (GCB) and then in gypsum-cement-pozzolanic binder (GCPB); b) How gypsum binder’s physical-chemical characteristics going to change during transition process in GCB and then into GCPB with X-Ray spectroscopy analysis.

Study of possibility of manufacture of the complex titanium-containing ferroalloy via single-stage carbothermal method

The object of research is the melting technology of a complex titanium-containing ferroalloy by single-stage slagfree carbothermal method using high-ash coals as a reducing agent. The ilmenite concentrate (Shokash deposit, Aktobe region, Kazakhstan), rich titanium slag, which was obtained by the scientists of the Chemical and Metallurgical Institute named after Zh. Abishev (Karaganda, Kazakhstan), as well as high-ash coal as a reducing agent were used as charge materials. Several physical-chemical characteristics of used charge materials were previously studied to carry out large-scale labour tests on the complex titanium-containing ferroalloy melting via single-stage slag-free carbothermal method. The chemical and phase composition of materials was established and two optimal compositions of the charge mixture for alloy melting were selected on their basis. The first composition contains: coal – 67.35 %; rich titanium slag – 26.12 %; quartzite – 6.5 %. The second composition includes coal – 66.95 %; rich titanium slag – 23.1 %; ilmenite – 3.3 %; quartzite – 6.61 %. Tests for melting of a new complex titanium-containing ferroalloy were conducted in the ore-smelting furnace with 0.2 MVA transformer power. As a result of the tests, a batch of new complex titanium-containing ferroalloy was obtained, with the following average chemical composition: Ti – 18-21 %; Si – 35-45 %; Al – 10-20 %; P is no more than 0.08 %, the rest is Fe. Also metallographic studies of the alloy sample were carried out in the work. The obtained alloy according corresponds in its titanium content to the brand FeTi25 (GOST 4761-91). The test results showed the principal possibility of obtaining a new complex titanium-containing ferroalloy from rich titanium slag and ilmenite concentrate using high-ash coal as a reducing agent. The research was conducted within the framework of the study which was financially supported by the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan Republic (grant No. AP09058310).