Physical Carrying Capacity Research Articles

Assessment of Physical Carrying Capacity of Braham Sarovar: A Religious Place in Kurukshetra City, Haryana

Assessment of tourism carrying capacity is essential to regulate and manage the visitors. The uncontrolled tourism activity is a major concern for the authorities to manage religious destinations. In the recent past, world has faced many miss-happening on religious destinations. Therefore, the present study tries to estimate the physical carrying capacity of Braham Sarovar, a very famous religious destination in Kurukshetra, Haryana using both primary and secondary data sources. Paper has adopted different methodologies suggested by International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Indian Road Congress (IRC), Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment, India. Beside that GIS approach is used to establish a framework for assessment of the study area. Present study has identified the maximum number of pilgrims that Braham Sarovar conserves which is about 5,67,534 persons per day on any specific occasion. The destination has adequate space for parking but lack sufficient number of toilet and need to ensure availability of large number of such public conveniences of temporary nature during big events like sun eclipse.

Social, Environmental and Sustainable Entrepreneurship Research

What process of socioeconomic transformation might move humanity towards sustainability-as-flourishing, an ideal view of sustainability where life flourishes indefinitely on Earth? We suggest entrepreneurship as one such process and review the literature on three types of entrepreneurship said to transform society by creating value beyond profit: social, environmental and sustainable entrepreneurship. From environmental and social scientific literature, we distil a set of requisites for sustainability-as-flourishing, a topic of growing interest. We then review the literature on social, environmental and sustainable entrepreneurship relative to these requisites. Findings show contributions and also limitations towards sustainability-as-flourishing reflected in research on each type of entrepreneurship. We propose a research agenda to address the most glaring limitations including a failure to study critical reflection processes that can shape entrepreneurs’ actions and a lack of emphasis on the Earth’s physical carrying capacity. Future research could also zero in more on complex systems thinking and consider root causes.

Kajian Potensi dan Daya Dukung Taman Wisata Alam Bukit Kelam untuk Strategi Pengembangan Ekowisata

It is believed that ecotourism can increase community welfare and natural resource sustainability. Ecoutourism development in Bukit Kelam natural tourism park (TWABK) need to be based on the function and carrying capacity of the area, so that it must be discovered the object potential and tourism attraction. The study aimed to: (1) identify and analyze the object potential and natural tourism attraction in TWABK; (2) analyze carrying capacity of TWABK for ecotourism development, (3) identify and analyze the stakeholders of TWABK; and (4) formulate the strategies of ecotourism development in TWABK. Analysis guide of ADO-ODTWA Dirjen PHKA 2003 is used to analyze the object potential and natural tourism attraction. The criteria of Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), Real Carrying Capacity (RCC) and Efective Carrying Capacity (ECC) is used to analyze the carrying capacity of TWABK. Stakeholder Grid is used to analyze the stakeholders and the ecotourism development strategies of TWABK which formulated by using SWOT analysis. Some objects in TWABK are feasible for ecotourism development, which are: bukit Kelam landscape, Kelam ring road, climbing transect, the hill peak, the foothills area, the hillside, spiritual tourism of Maria cave and agro tourism. The ECC of TWABK area for ecoutourism is 196 persons/day, with slope correction factor, soil erosion sensitivity, landsape potential, climate and wildlife disturbance (swallow birds spawn season). The stakeholders of TWABK is divided into four categories, which are: the key players (the ministry of forestry, the ministry of tourism and creative economy, the agency of cultural and tourism of Sintang district, the agency of forestry and plantation of Sintang district and the community),the context setters (the NGOs), the crowd (private sectors) and the subjects (visitors, academics, and refill drinking water company). The ecotourism development strategy formulation of TWABK results 9 strategies, which are: area stabilization, management plan formulation, ecotourism development according to the potency and carrying capacity of the area, publication and promotion, protection of the area, management collaboration, environmental education and counseling, community development,and ecotourism impacts monitoring and evaluation. Keywords: carrying capacity, ecotourism, strategy

Regulating “Nirvana”: Sustainable surf tourism in a climate of increasing regulation

Indonesia's Mentawai Islands are widely regarded as a surfer's “Nirvana.” This paper uses qualitative interviews and participant observation to explore the politics of surf tourism recreational capacity management in the Mentawais, and the wider implications for Mentawaian host communities’ involvement in the surf tourism economy. While much of the Mentawaian surf tourism industry was vehemently opposed to a recently introduced capacity management model, the market responded favourably. There appear to be immediate advantages for government and local communities in incentivising low-volume, high-yield land-based surf tourism development, and social carrying capacity measures such as vocational training and cultural interchange emerge as viable adjuncts to purely physical carrying capacity regulation.

Tourism carrying capacity on estuarine beaches in the Brazilian Amazon region

ABSTRACT Sousa, R.C., Pereira, L.C.C., Costa, R.M. and Jimenez, J.A., 2014. Tourism carrying capacity on estuarine beaches in the Brazilian Amazon region. In: Green, A.N. and Cooper, J.A.G. (eds.), Proceedings 13th International Coastal Symposium (Durban, South Africa), Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 70, pp. 545–550, ISSN 0749-0208. Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) can be defined as the level of human activity that an area can support without provoking deterioration of its physical and environmental characteristics. The present study aimed to estimate the maximum number of visitors that Colares, Maruda and Murubira beaches can receive during periods of peak visitation. The TCC was calculated considering the Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), the Real Carrying Capacity (RCC), and the Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC) of each beach. In each survey, the number of visitors along a pre-established transect (central portion of each beach) was counted every hour (8 am until 6 pm). The maximum recom...

An Assessment on Destination Characteristics: The Case Study of Pulau Perhentian

The growth of tourism in the small island has brought both positive and negative impacts towards the environment particularly. However, the growth seems disregard with the limited natural resources, facilities, accessibilities and others. Pulau Perhentian, one of the well known islands in Malaysia that is struggling with many physical carrying capacity related issues such as waste management, supply of accommodation, utilities, facilities and environmental protection. Consequently, this study aims to evaluate the destination characteristics that contribute to the management of physical carrying capacity using the criteria matrix. Finding shows that the physical development has marked the island into a yellow colour that indicates the condition of current development. This evaluation is hoped to contribute and assist in future tourism activities and physical developments in Perhentian.

Ecotourism Carrying Capacity and the Potentiality of the Safari Park of Bangladesh

Abstract The study was undertaken to assess the tourist’s carrying capacity and to explore ecotourism potential of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, the only safari park of Bangladesh. Carrying capacity was assessed both from physical and social aspect. On the other hand, 250 visitors were interviewed with semi structured questionnaire for ecotourism prospect evaluation along with some secondary data. The total daily-allowed visit was 17,300 with rotation coefficient of 3.46. Maximum daily average numbers of tourists were relatively below the physical carrying capacity of the Park (5,000). The social carrying capacity was 4.38 persons per day. As there are different categories of visitors, their choice of encounters and number of expected encounters also varied. Each year, the total tourist’s number varied significantly (p≤0.05). That proved the safari park had immense tourist prospect. 85 percent visitors were from lower and middle class family as entrance fees and other fees inside were very cheap in relation to other private amusement place. The ecological perspective of the park will remain unaltered if the carrying capacities of the area are followed with sustainability. Therefore, it is the proper time for taking appropriate decision.Key Words: carrying capacity, ecotourism, tourism prospect, wildlife safari, Bangladesh

Beach Carrying Capacity: The physical and social analysis at Costa de Caparica, Portugal

Silva, S.F. and Ferreira, J.C., 2013. Beach Carrying Capacity: The physical and social analysis at Costa de Caparica, Portugal In: Conley, D.C., Masselink, G., Russell, P.E. and O’Hare, T.J. (eds.), Proceedings 12 th International Coastal Symposium (Plymouth, England), Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, pp. 1039-1044 ISSN 0749-0208. The bathing-tourism phenomenon on Costa de Caparica beaches has evolved into mass tourism, compromising environmental preservation and socioeconomic balance. The aim of the study focuses on the use of management tools, such as carrying capacity, expanding to associated surfing activity in the water, as surfers are also users. This tool operates in available surface area and utilization rates, and it is also strongly influenced by the interconnection of analysis methodologies under protection of areas of higher sensitivity, and within the recreational conflict and behavioral response of users. For physical carrying capacity a head-count of users (surfers and beachgoers) was made at two different Costa de Caparica beaches, assessing their spatial distribution. After that, conflicts were analysed and sand dunes’ vulnerability were studied. Finally, through GIS, areas of use were delimited and by utilization rates the advisable maximum number of users for each area was obtained. Social carrying capacity was conducted through 322 personal interviews, looking at coastal perception and beach usage. The observations made during the summer months showed that user rates were 26m 2 and 54m 2 per use on the sand area and, 250m 2 and 660m 2 per user on the water plane for surfers. The comparison of physical and social carrying capacity showed an overcrowding phenomenon, which translated into a degree of discomfort for users, especially for surfers. This paper explores the physical dimension of the beaches and the perception of users, and the need to integrate the water plane as a part of the beach carrying capacity into the beach plans.

Research of Rate-Matching for TD-SCDMA System

Rate-matching is to ensure the transmission channel multiplexed total bit rate to match the physical channel carrying capacity in TD-SCDMA system. It directly affects the quality of sending data. This paper is focused on the researches of rate-matching, the three important parameters is calculated, the rate-matching processing is presented, the computation flow chart is given, and the computation results is listed to demonstrate the influence of semi-static performance on data rate-matching. It provides some basis for the further research of TDD communication.

Sandy beach conservation and recreation: Guidelines for optimising management strategies for multi-purpose use

This paper addresses the need for a simple model for managers to employ when planning strategies for management of sandy beaches. It is based on the premise that in the overwhelming majority of cases beaches are suitable for recreation or for conservation or a combination of the two, whereas other uses are rare. The broad range of physical, ecological and socio-economic factors relevant to beaches, are reviewed briefly. Then three key factors are selected to develop each of two simple indices, an index of conservation value, CI, based on dune state of health, the presence of iconic species and macrobenthic species richness; and an index of recreation potential, RI, based on the extent of infrastructure, the level of safety/health of the beach and its physical carrying capacity. By combining these two indices, a beach can be simply classified as suitable for intensive recreation, or primarily for conservation, or for mixed use. Ten principles are outlined for consideration and potential application to beach management strategies. Finally, 23 beaches from three continents are classified, with detailed descriptions of a beach typical of each major use type.

Assessing Ecotourism Potential and Capacity of Desert District of Maranjab, Kashan

This paper intends to identify and assess ecotourism potentials of different areas in Maranjab desert, kashan district. The research is an applied one, and a descriptive-analytical research. Both documentary and field studies have been adopted for data collection and thus identification and prioritization of areas with the highest potential for ecotourism development within the desert district of Maranjab. The research aims to address some main questions concerning tourism development in the desert: 1) What are determining factors for attracting tourists to the desert of Maranjab? 2) What area of the desert district has the highest potential for tourism development? Regarding research main questions, areas with the best potential for tourism development were determined using strategic planning method and Delphi technique. Selected relevant criteria, in order to evaluate research questions, include: existing land capabilities, area's geomorphology, infrastructures, and tourist attractions. Having the selected criteria and sub criteria scored and weighted according to their relative importance, map layers of the area, pertaining to these specified criteria and sub criteria, were prepared using GIS software, in 1:25000 scale maps. Adopting criteria such as slope, proximity to water sources and climate, the area with the best potential for tourism development were determined. Physical carrying capacity of the area was determined based on the proposed area's expanse and the type of tourism is being developed and was estimated to be 67200 people. Considering the desirable situation of the desert, i.e. its proximity to some populous city centers, effective planning in tourism development could lead to significant job creation and economic prosperity of the area.

Influence of topographic and edaphic factors on vulnerability to soil degradation due to cattle grazing in humid tropical mountains in northern Honduras

Low altitude humid tropical mountains in Central America have experienced a process of livestock expansion during recent decades. However, the use of sloping areas for cattle grazing may lead to significant soil degradation and therefore we examined the influence of the slope gradient on soil degradation in pastures in a humid tropical mountainous area in northern Honduras. Understanding this relationship permits estimates of the physical carrying capacity of the soil, which in turn may help to improve livestock use within the study area. Variables examined included soil bulk density, texture, organic matter content and consistency as well as visual indicators of soil and vegetation degradation. There is a significant positive correlation between the bulk density as a proxy for soil degradation and slope gradient. Furthermore, it was found that when soils are water-saturated grazing leads to severe degradation. Together with visual indicators, these data show that paddocks with slopes less than 30% have a carrying capacity between 900 and 1900 Animal Units (AU) ha − 1 year − 1 and many are currently underutilized. Paddocks with slopes between 30 and 50% have a carrying capacity between 400 and 600 AU ha − 1 year − 1 . Paddocks with slopes over 50% have the lowest carrying capacity: less than 200 AU ha − 1 year − 1 . The latter are frequently over-used; most of them show clear signs of soil and vegetation degradation. Land use in these areas needs to change or their grazing management needs to be reorganized to adjust actual stocking rate to physical carrying capacity of the soils to prevent further degradation. ► Correlation between bulk density and slope gradient (R = 0.68, p < 0.01). ► The slope gradient is a diagnostic factor to analyze the vulnerability to compaction. ► Grazing under saturated soil conditions enhances soil vulnerability to degradation.

The Physical Carrying Capacity at the Cultural Heritage Site of Petra

This study aims at estimating the physical carrying capacity at Petra and offering alternatives to the current situation, which negatively affects the physical and ecological environments of the site. The study utilized data from the Ministry of Tourism, the Central Bank of Jordan, and Jordan Tourism Board for the years 1999 to 2005. The carrying capacity was estimated based on specific formulas after Boullon. The results show that the calculated carrying capacity (16,200 visitors per month) exceeds the acceptable limits except in January. It is also visible that the number of monthly visitors is about the calculated carrying capacity during the season of Arab tourism in Jordan, which is the largest market segment. The study recommends controlling the seasonality of tourism in Petra, using the Siq as an entry point with a single direction flow for tourists, and adopting a promotional policy that ensures the balanced distribution of tourists around the year.

The Evaluation of Festival Activities in Tems of Conservation and Usage in Natural Areas: Kafkasor Culture, Art and Tourism Festival

The aim of this study is to evaluate some important environmental problems caused by festival activities in Artvin-Kafkasor area in terms of conservation-usage. For this purpose, an inventory was carried out in the festival area and surrounding region. Physical carrying capacity of study area was estimated between 3432 (min.) and 5750 (max.). During the festival, a total of 8607 people made entrance to the festival area. In the last day of the festival, 6400 people made entrance, which was more then the maximum carrying capacity of the festival area. During the festival, 2454 motor vehicles were registered and 360 tents were pitched, 60 of which belonged to tradesmen. The usage density of pitched tents and number of motor vehicles exceeded capacity and caused damage to the festival area. The average number of people per fountain and restroom (toilet) was recorded as 150 and 600 (1600 in the last day of festival), respectively. The average amount of garbage per person was calculated as 1.053 kg/day. Therefore, because of insufficient facilities and unplanned usage of the festival area, damage to the festival area was observed

Beach Carrying Capacity Assessment: How important is it?

Beaches are highly valuable tourist resources; therefore determining their carrying capacity is an essential factor for their sensible use and management. The study synthetically presented in this paper is focused on the SW coast of Portugal, during the summer of 1998 and 1999. It explores the concepts of physical carrying capacity (number of individuals a beach can physically accommodate) and social carrying capacity (concentration of individuals above which beach users become uncomfortable – crowding perception).Two distinct methods of data collection were used. Measurements on georeferenced digitised aerial photography were used for the physical carrying capacity evaluation. For the social carrying capacity, several user counts, video images and more than 200 interviews were conducted at five different beaches, exploring landscape perception, landscape evaluation and behaviour.The results achieved enable the understanding of fundamental differences between the two carrying capacity types and how to link and integrate them within management plans. The results also illustrate the difficulties in producing a universal carrying capacity formula, which can be applied in any beach indiscriminately. Nevertheless, the limitations encountered do not question the validity of these studies, as they are evidently of great importance for beach management and thus should be used in a flexible way, fully adapted to the existing specific site conditions.

Microhabitat Use by Age-0 Brown Trout and Grayling: Seasonal Responses to Streambed Restoration under Different Flows

We examined microhabitat selection by age-0 brown trout Salmo trutta and grayling Thymallus thymallus in experimental flumes with channelized (monotonic configuration and low amount of stones) or restored (highly heterogenous substrate) streambed structures at low and high flows and at different times of year. Both brown trout and grayling used higher water velocities in summer high flows. Both species also occupied higher-velocity microhabitats in channelized than in restored flumes, but for grayling this difference was significant only in summer. Overall, brown trout used lower water velocities than grayling. In winter and in high-flow treatments, brown trout were more susceptible to downstream displacement in channelized compared with restored flumes. For grayling, the effect of flume type occurred only in winter when fish were located further downstream in channelized flumes. Both species were more aggregated in winter. Brown trout also exhibited a different spatial pattern among the flume types, being more aggregated in channelized flumes. The flume type did not affect the spatial pattern of grayling, but they were more contiguously distributed in high flows. Because both brown trout and grayling used lower velocities in winter, the potential for interspecific competition may increase in winter. The spatiotemporal differences in fish habitat preferences suggest that assessment of the physical carrying capacity of a stream in relation to species-specific habitat requirements is a prerequisite for effective management of brown trout and grayling populations. Preference curves indicated that the habitat requirements were narrowest in winter and that the crucial habitat factor was the availability of flow refuges; thus, the curves helped identify the timing of, and the key factor underlying, a potential habitat bottleneck in northern boreal streams.

Population planning and change in Singapore

Population planning in Singapore has always been linked to economic planning. Lacking natural resources on an island 536 sq. kms. in size, the physical carrying capacity was not large so that the government had to resort to careful economic planning to overcome this constraint. The “stop at 2” population policy of 1965–87 was designed to support the economic plans to improve the quality of life of the people. Restraint of population growth was promoted as a necessary move serving the common good of Singaporeans as the country struggled in her early years of independence to build a nation. By 1983, however, Singapore switched from being antinatal to being pronatal. The environmental determinism school that influenced population planning gave way to environmental possibilism in which man is the main agent determining his own actions in the population-environment relationship. Technology has allowed the leadership of Singapore to make use of the global economy as its hinterland. By concentrating on the high-end service sector, such as mercantile banking or currency markets, Singapore has used the new information age of computers to take advantage of the changing world market. The “quality” population required to do this job is missing, thus the “have 3 or more if you can afford it” policy.

Political Power versus Ecological Evolutionary Forces: What Are the Proximal Sources of Income Distribution?

Political Power versus Ecological Evolutionary Forces: What Are the Proximal Sources of Income Distribution?

A first alternative for estimating the physical carrying capacities of natural areas for recreation

Utilizing an adaptation of the Universal Soil Loss Equation, this article discusses a method for approximating the physical carrying capacity of natural areas for outdoor recreation. Classification of forested woodland and field environments is based upon the conversion of ground cover coefficients to the percentage of ground cover required to maintain soil productivity over time. Four canopy types, three canopy densities, and two general types of ground cover are recognized in the equation as well as soil characteristics, topographical variations, and rainfall velocities and intensities. The method requires that the areal distribution of soils occurring within natural areas be mapped. Approximations will vary according to the intensity of the planning desired, and may range from a general classification of large land areas to highly site-specific evaluations. Data generated from over 40 years of cooperative research form the basis for classifying natural areas according to their relative physical capacities to accommodate outdoor recreation.