Physical Carrying Capacity Research Articles

Spatial Patterns of Tourism: Towards Legally-Based Tourism Village Regulations Based on Physical Carrying Capacity Analysis

Lowita Beach was a tourist area in Suppa District, Pinrang Regency, with 11 tourist attractions. The annual increase in visitors to Lowita Beach can compromise tourist comfort and damage the area's natural habitat. This is the basis for researchers to analyse the Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC) of Lowita Beach. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of tourist activities, assess the physical carrying capacity of the area, and formulate the role of tourist villages in managing the Lowita Beach area. The research approach used was research and development, as initiated by Borg and Gall: the calculation of Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), area parameters, and the number of tourists. The study population comprised 93 tourists who visited the Lowita Beach area. Data was collected through the completion of questionnaires, interviews, measurements, and field observations. A quantitative-descriptive approach was used for data analysis. The Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC) analysis reveals that Lowita Beach's ideal capacity is 1 visitor per day, yet it currently hosts an average of 35 visitors daily, significantly surpassing this threshold. This overcapacity indicates that the beach is experiencing environmental strain and underscores the need for management strategies to align visitor numbers with sustainable limits. In conclusion, despite the physical carrying capacity (PCC) of Lowita Beach being 17 visitors per day, the present daily visitor count suggests that the beach is currently facing overcrowding, albeit not to a significant extent. Hence, it is necessary to implement policy interventions from the tourist villages of Tasiwalie and Wiringtasi, which should include the establishment of standardized operating procedures and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, in order to ensure sustainable tourism management at Lowita Beach.

Carrying Capacity Assessment of the Aik Nyet Natural Tourism Area in Buwun Sejati Village, West Lombok Regency

The increase in the number of tourists in 2023, based on data from KPH Rinjani Barat, is 36,788 visits per year. Large and continuous tourist visits to a certain area can have negative impacts on the environment and the visitors themselves. This study aims to assess the carrying capacity of the Aik Nyet natural tourist area to ensure it can support ongoing visitor activities. The tools used in this study include writing materials, GPS, questionnaires, raffia ropes, and tally sheets. The materials used in this research include area maps, bio-physical conditions, visitor information, and vegetation data in the Aik Nyet tourist area. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed in this study. The findings show that the physical carrying capacity (PCC) is 25,232 people. The real carrying capacity (RCC) can accommodate 24,663 people, and the effective carrying capacity (ECC) can support 9,865 people. Monitoring of the water quality in the area is recommended.

DAYA DUKUNG FISIK DAN PERSEPSI PENGUNJUNG PANTAI LUBANG BUAYA DI NEGERI MORELLA KECAMATAN LEIHITU KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

The aim of this research is to determine the physical carrying capacity and perceptions of visitors at Lubang Buaya Beach, Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency. This research uses direct observation and interviews based on research questionnaires to collect data at Lubang Buaya Beach. The research results show that the physical carrying capacity values ​​for picnicking and swimming are 1,302 and 604 visitors/day. If we look at the number of visits on big holidays and weekends of 200 people/day, it is still below the calculated physical carrying capacity value. Tourist perceptions are based on the classification of respondents' attitudes (Presntasi) on the question variable of tourist perceptions (respondents) towards the Lubang Buaya Beach tourist attraction, some tourists stated that they were satisfied with the attractions of the tourist attraction, satisfied with carrying out activities while at Lubang Buaya Beach, while for the amenities and accessibility of the object Lubang Buaya Beach tourism most tourists expressed satisfaction.

KAJIAN KESESUAIAN DAN DAYA DUKUNG FISIK KAWASAN PANTAI YANAIN DI NEGERI HULALIU KECAMATAN PULAU HARUKUKABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

This research aims to assess the suitability and physical carrying capacity of Yanain Beach in Hulaliu State, Pulau Haruku District, Central Maluku Regency as a tourist destination. The methodology employed in this study involved a survey, collecting both primary and secondary data through direct field observations. Primary data included visual observations and measurements at Station 1 and Station 2, as well as interviews with visitors to the beach area. Data analysis utilized tourism suitability index and physical carrying capacity of the beach area. Yanain Beach covers an area of 2.14 hectares with a sandy beach width of 18.76 meters, providing ample space for tourist activities. Additionally, it features a relatively shallow depth (1.48 meters), slow current velocity (0.0847 m/s), and high water clarity (>80%), making it an attractive tourist destination. Based on the calculated values, it was concluded that Yanain Beach in Hulaliu Village is "Highly Suitable" for various tourism activities, with an average TSI score of 92.25%. Furthermore, the analysis of the beach's carrying capacity indicated that the area can accommodate 641 people per day for recreation purposes, and 407 people per day for swimming and bathing activities at the beach.

Are there limits to growth of tourism on the Caribbean islands? Case-study Aruba

Mass tourism is a major driver of economic growth in the Caribbean. One major trade-off of this economic growth model is the loss of natural areas due to tourism activities and increasing urbanization. Aruba is one of the most tourist intense destinations within the region with a total of 1.1 million stay-over tourists in 2019. Moreover, this island has one of the largest population densities in the Caribbean and high-speed urbanization takes place in this formerly rural island state. Therefore, this study aims to assess the islands' carrying capacity in relation to its limited land resources by means of a geospatial methodological analysis coupled with a correlation analysis between socio-economic indicators and statistics. First, the past and present drivers and characteristics of urbanization are analyzed. Second, the correlation between socio-economic indicators and the number of tourists was assessed. Third, two future scenarios were developed to assess the maximum carrying capacity. From 1986 till 2020, Aruba's built environment increased from ~29–60 km2 and translates to one-third of the island. Expansion was characterized by sprawl in the earlier years and changed to infilling in the latter. Furthermore, the results indicate that all socio-economic indicators are strongly positive correlated to tourism. Lastly, the possible maximum physical carrying capacity for yearly visitors and number of inhabitants was calculated to be ~1.7 million and 150.000, respectively. We conclude that the proposed methodological framework is robust and adequate to serve as a low budget decision-making tool for sustainable tourism development on islands.

Tourism Carrying Capacity of Community Based Ecotourism: Case Study of Olo-Olo Mangrove Forest, and Eco-Park in Lobo, Batangas, Philippines

The purpose of this research is to analyze the Tourism Carrying Capacity of recreational activities in a community-based tourism destination and determine the sustainability of the ecotourism management in Olo-Olo Mangrove Forest and Eco Park in Lobo, Batangas, Philippines, by calculating the physical ecological and social carrying capacity of the recreational activities of the community-based ecotourism site. The method utilized in this research is mixed, measuring quantitative analysis of Carrying capacities using Boullon’s Model applied with the Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) framework. A qualitative approach was used in determining the social and ecological carrying capacity and recorded preferences of the site manager and the visitors. The study reveals that the total physical carrying capacity may range from 79 to 2488 tourists per day; ecological- solid wastes capacity of 333 tourists daily; ecological- water availability capacity of 20 tourists daily; and social carrying capacity of 900 to 1200 tourists daily. The combined tourism carrying Capacity of OMFE shows that the mangrove park can accommodate a wide range of tourists per day depending on which LAC scenario. The current tourist influx in OMFE is only 26 visitors daily on average, which is far below the computed combined carrying capacity. It is still directed towards sustainable ecotourism. Keywords: Tourism Carrying Capacity, Mangrove Eco Park, combined carrying capacity, Community-Based Ecotourism

Evaluation of tourist carrying capacity to support recreational beaches management

The overexploitation of sandy beaches by tourism reduces ecological integrity, rendering natural conditions unsatisfactory for the needs of the population and resulting in negative socio-economic impacts. In this context, the assessment of tourist carrying capacity aims to support beach management from a social, environmental, and economic perspective. The objective of this study was to estimate the tourist carrying capacity at nine beaches in the states of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and Espírito Santo (ES), southeastern Brazil. The physical carrying capacity was calculated based on the available space for recreation in scenarios of one user per 5 m2 and 10 m2. Subsequently, limiting environmental factors for recreational use such as sunlight, precipitation, strong winds, tidal range, and temperature were considered, supporting the calculation of the tourist carrying capacity. For the calculation, management conditions (infrastructure and services) were estimated based on the scoring of 69 indicators, included in the international beach quality program called Blue Flag and in the main instrument for coastal management in Brazil, the Orla Project. At RJ beaches, the carrying capacity was not exceeded in the scenario of one user per 10 m2, except in the central region with a higher tourist appeal. In ES state, the results indicated overload for all beaches in the central southern region; for example, one received six times more users than its tourist capacity. Overall, the highest percentages of management capacity were recorded at beaches with Blue Flag certification. The beaches that require the most improvements in coastal management are those located in regions with lower Human Development Index (HDI) and farther from major urban centers. The results suggest priority management actions and guide efforts towards potential beach certification. The management of services, infrastructure, and overload highlights the need for preventive measures to avoid the tourism paradox, including loss of environmental quality and revenue. Moreover, the flexibility of this evaluation tool allows for its application in beaches of any country. The integration of tourist carrying capacity and assessment of the coastal scenario provides a more comprehensive and effective framework for the sustainable management of beaches.

Investigation of the physical carrying capacity of selected caves in the Buda Mountains and Szeklerland from the perspective of tourism sustainability

Investigation of the physical carrying capacity of selected caves in the Buda Mountains and Szeklerland from the perspective of tourism sustainability

Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) of Tongkonan Lempe Tourism Attraction, North Toraja Regency

Tongkonan Lempe is one of tourist attraction in Lolai Tourist Area in Kapala Pitu Subdistrict, North Toraja Regency. Based on North Toraja Regional Spatial Plan 2012-2023, Kapala Pitu Subdistrict was set as a landslide-prone area. However, in the Lolai tourist area, there was a large-scaling land clearing for tourist objects without regard to environmental impact. The purpose of this study is to determine the Ecological Carrying Capacity and Economic Carrying Capacity of Tongkonan Lempe Tourism Object. The method used in this research is the Cifuentes Method to determine ecological carrying capacity which consists of Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), Real Carrying Capacity (RCC), Management Carrying Capacity (MCC), and Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC). Meanwhile, to determine Economic Carrying Capacity use Cost Benefit Analysis. Existing tourist visits have exceeded the value of the environmental carrying capacity. The Tongkonan Lempe tourist attraction can only accommodate a maximum of 31 tourists per day, while the average number of visits in 2022 is expected to be 122 visitors per day.According to the cost-benefit analysis, the Tongkonan Lempe tourist attraction's management will have to spend IDR 50,596,000 to preserve environmental quality with the current number of visitors of 122. If the number of visitors is lowered to an environmentally ideal level of 31, the net economic profit value is IDR 17,236,000 because the environmental conditions are still maintained. Several recommendations can be made based on several literature sources to raise the ecological carrying capacity including: replanting by adding types of vegetation to increase the value of the flora diversity correction factor, increasing the number of officers to improve services, especially during holidays, and limiting the number of tourists.

Study of Environmental Carrying Capacity on Three Potential Tourism Destinations of Lumajang Regency, East Java

Lumajang Regency in East Java Province has significant potential for tourism development due to its intersection with the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS). The purpose of this research is to assess the Environmental Carrying Capacity (DDTL) of toruism area to provide a foundation for sustainable tourism development planning in Lumajang Regency. The research focuses on three tourist destinations: Ranu Pane, Wotgalih Beach, and Tumpak Sewu Waterfall. The method used is the DDTL calculation approach by Cifuentes (1992), which includes Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), Real Carrying Capacity (RCC), and Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC). Data was collected through observation, literature study, and interviews with key stakeholders. The analysis results display the PCC, RCC, and ECC values in sequence for each location: Ranu Pane (9,941; 1,228; 1,228), Wotgalih Beach (1,641; 1,068; 1,068), and Tumpak Sewu Waterfall (312; 25; 25). The ECC value can serve as a metric for measuring the DDTL status of tourist locations in comparison to the average number of tourists. Ranu Pane and Wotgalih Beach have an ECC value greater than 1,000 when compared to the average number of tourists, which ranges from 500 to 900 people per day. Therefore, their status has not yet exceeded the DDTL. In contrast, Tumpak Sewu Waterfall has an ECC value of less than 50 with an average number of tourists exceeding 100 people per day, and its status is classified as having exceeded the DDTL limit. These results can be considered by the Lumajang Regency Government when planning the development of tourist destinations.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION-BASED TOURISM GOVERNANCE IN POST COVID-19 (CASE STUDY ON CONSERVATION IN BOROBUDUR TEMPLE)

This research was conducted to provide conceptions of recommendations for sustainable tourism governance. This research focuses on tourism areas in Borobudur. Literature review was conducted to strengthen the scientific arguments. The spatial analysis using a geographic information system (GIS) and In-depth Interviews for analyzing the completed questionnaire data. The research framework is based on the idea that at least four major factors and one auxiliary factor play a significant role in the management of the tourism industry following the Covid-19 pandemic in order to achieve sustainable tourism governance (economic impact, tourism trends and their predictions in the future). The result shows that health protocols have been conducted in Borobudur. However, the temple's physical carrying capacity is vulnerable to damage and need some policy. Nevertheless, Borobudur Temple tourism has undeniably provided numerous advantages such as boosts the local economy Moreover, this research found that, the sustainability of the temple needs multi-actor cooperation.

Carrying capacity of mangrove ecotourism area in Pantai Indah Kapuk, North Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract. Ewaldo K, Karuniasa M, Takarina ND. 2023. Carrying capacity of mangrove ecotourism area in Pantai Indah Kapuk, North Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5809-5820. Mangroves are crucial in providing various ecological and economic benefits to local communities. This study focuses on the economic aspect of mangroves by analyzing their potential as a tourist attraction in the Mangrove Ecotourism, Pantai Indah Kapuk (PIK). The objective of this study is to analyze the carrying capacity of the mangroves as a tourist attraction to ensure sustainable tourism development. The study was conducted in the Mangrove Ecotourism area, Pantai Indah Kapuk, from January to March 2023, utilizing a quantitative approach. The carrying capacity of the mangrove ecosystem was assessed using the Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), Real Carrying Capacity (RCC), and Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC) methods. The calculated values for PCC, RCC, and ECC were 107, 16, and 313 visitors/day, respectively. The analysis revealed that the number of visitors at the PIK Mangrove Ecotourism in 2022 had exceeded the PCC and RCC limits, indicating potential ecological impacts. However, the number of visitors had remained within the ECC limits, suggesting that with proper management, the site could accommodate the current visitor levels sustainably. To achieve long-term sustainability, several initiatives are recommended, such as creating zoning in tourist areas to distribute visitor pressure, increasing the number of field officers to monitor the site, and implementing an online ordering system to manage visitor flow efficiently. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the carrying capacity concept in ecotourism and provide valuable insights for the management and conservation of mangrove ecosystems as tourist attractions.

Analysis of Tourism Carrying Capacity as a Basis for Development of the Tanjung Tampa Nature Tourism Park, Central Lombok Regency

The development of the Tanjung Tampa TWA into a natural tourism destination that can support one of the priority national tourism destinations in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (KEK) must pay attention to the carrying capacity of the Tanjung Tampa TWA so that it does not cause negative impacts that can damage the biophysics of the area. This research aims to analyze the tourism carrying capacity of Tanjung Tampa TWA using the Cifuentes method. The research results show that the physical carrying capacity is 4720 tourists per day, the real carrying capacity is 161 tourists per day and the effective carrying capacity is 121 tourists per day. The development of the Tanjung Tampa TWA by taking into account the results of the tourism carrying capacity analysis can be done by increasing the quantity of human resources. Improvements can be made by empowering communities around the Tanjung Tampa TWA area, improving the quality of community human resources by establishing and assisting natural tourism interpreters.

Assessment of physical carrying capacity of a mariculture zone designated in the Aegean Sea

Assessment of physical carrying capacity of a mariculture zone designated in the Aegean Sea

An evaluation model for the recreational carrying capacity of urban aerial trails

Different from traditional trails, urban aerial trails are limited by the carrying capacity of visitors. Therefore, it is necessary to research the recreational carrying capacity of aerial trails, in order to provide satisfactory recreational experiences to the visitors. This study took Xiamen Mountains-to-Sea Trail as the research target, and obtained the number of visitors and acceptability data based on visual assessment and questionnaire survey. Based on the data, a social carrying capacity model of the aerial trail in combination with Cifuentes' carrying capacity calculation method was proposed. The research results show that the trail's social carrying capacity is much lower than the physical carrying capacity without affecting tourists' recreational experience. The findings of this study explain the reasonable impact parameter range of the social carrying capacity, and further optimize the trail's recreational carrying capacity.

Environment Carrying Capacity Analysis of the Cibinong Situ Plaza as a Public Green Open Space

Cibinong Situ Plaza is a Public Green Open Space (PGOS) with a unique tourism potential: the transition from water and land ecosystems (ecotone). PGOS Cibinong Situ Plaza is the leading free recreation destination that is complete for Cibinong City residents and its surroundings. The level of visits is very crowded and dense, which is a new problem for environmental sustainability there. Therefore, to support recreational activities, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of the carrying capacity of the environment to determine the maximum threshold for the number of tourists who are in the tourist area at the same time. The analytical method uses the physical carrying capacity (PCC), real carrying capacity (RCC) and effective carrying capacity (ECC) approaches. The calculation results obtained PCC values of 684 people per day, RCC 22 people per day, and ECC 20 people per day. The actual number of tourists throughout 2019-2020 is known to be 25 people per day. The conclusion shows that the number of tourists is still below the capacity of the Cibinong Situ Plaza PGOS. Follow-up studies need to explore the preferences and level of interest of tourists regarding tourist facilities to determine the satisfaction of visiting tourists.

Analysis of the Carrying Capacity and Environmental Capacity of the Bukit Tangkiling Natural Park

The Bukit Tangkiling Park area was determined based on the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia number: 046/Kpts/Um/1/1977 on January 25, 1997, with an area of 533 Ha. Bukit Tangkiling Nature Park has sloping lowlands, undulating to hilly terrain, and very steep slopes of 2% to 45% at 25 to 170 metres above sea level. Year-to-year tourism increases. An increase in tourist visits can damage natural resources and the environment by exceeding the carrying capacity and capacity of the environment. Cifuentes (1992)'s method is used to calculate the natural tourist environment's carrying capacity in protected areas. The assessment to determine the maximum number of visits to a tourist area is based on the physical, biological and management conditions in the tourist area by considering three main aspects; physical carrying capacity (PCC), real carrying capacity (RCC) and effective carrying capacity (ECC). The research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the value of the effective carrying capacity (ECC). The maximum number of tourists that can visit the Bukit Tangkiling Natural Tourism Park without disrupting the ecology. PCC = 219.063, RCC = 5.475, MC = 0.9, ECC = 4,927 people/day. ECC of 353 people/day. This value is less than the Nature tourist Carrying Capacity Value and does not harm the environment of the natural tourist region. This allows Bukit Tangkiling Park growth.

Analisis Pengelolaan Wisata Sawah Halal Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat di Desa Sidua-Dua Kabupaten Labuhanbatu Utara

Increasingly high needs make tourism a basic part of human lifestyle, and move people to get to know nature and culture in other countries. So indirectly the movement of people will affect the mutually sustainable economic chain. In this paper regarding the management of halal rice field tourism in improving the welfare of the community in Sidua-dua Village, North Labuhanbatu Regency. Therefore the aim of this study is to identify and determine the physical carrying capacity of the potential of rice fields in supporting tourism activities and find out whether rice fields have been managed optimally so that the potential of the rice fields is able to prosper the surrounding community. This research uses a type of field research (Field Research). With the nature of this research it is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study show that the Halal Labura Rice Field Tourism has very good economic potential where economically the Labura Halal Rice Field Tourism increases value from agriculture to the economic sector. This is supported by a strategic location, affordable travel tickets and attractive tourist facilities. However, Sawah Labura Halal Tourism has weaknesses, namely during the harvest season and weather changes even though it has been tricked by changing photo spots every time every three months.
 Keywords Management, Potential of Rice Fields, Community Welfare

Carrying Capacity and Suitability Indexs of Pasir Putih Beach for Ecotourism designation in Manokwari West Papua

Pasir Putih is popular beach and favorable destination for local and domestic tourists in Manokwari. Since becoming the capital city of Papua Barat province in 2000, numbers of tourists have grown significantly. However, tourist suitability index and real carrying capacity as well as physical carrying capacity of this area were not determined yet. This research is designed to determine tourist suitability index, examine sea water quality, determine physical carrying capacity of area, real carrying capacity, and to investigate the tourist perception on management and nature for future development and promotion. Survey and questionare were used to collect the data and analysed using Microsoft excel and presented in Figures and Tables. The results indicate that Pasir Putih beach has a tourist suitability index of 90% for highly suitable. Sea water qualities are in fufillment to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation, 51/MENKLH/2004 for standard for sea water quality for beach tourism activity. The real carrying capacity for Pasir Putih beach is 626 visitor per day and physical carrying capacity of area is 1.486 visitors, which can be divided into five tourism activity of beach recreation, beach sport, swimming, snorkeling, and boat cycling. Beach swimming is the most favorable activity (44%). In addition, major tourists (54%) have a great experience with the highest satisfaction, but the majority (67%) demanding for improving public facilities.

KAJIAN KESESUAIAN AREAL DAN DAYA DUKUNG HUTAN LINDUNG GUNUNG TALANG UNTUK WISATA PENDAKIAN GUNUNG

The objectives of this research were to analyze terrain suitability of Mount Talang Protected Forest for mountain tourism activities with the Geography Information System (GIS). Also to estimate the carrying capacity of Mount Talang Protected Forest for mountain tourism activities based on physical carrying capacity (PCC), real carrying capacity (RCC) and effective carrying capacity (ECC). Terrain suitability is measured using 13 parameters, such as altitude, slope, land cover, rainfall, temperature, drainage, vegetation type, fauna, interesting geological formations, historical assets, distance from water sources, accessibility and vulnerability to volcanic disasters. Each parameter mapped then overlay so that a land suitability map is obtained. As a result of analyses, it was determined that 193,52 ha was quite suitable, 1.800,16 ha was suitable, 1.011,20 ha was less suitable and 107,27 ha was not suitable. Carrying capacity was obtained by the value of PCC of 2.956 climbers/day, RCC of 684 climbers/day and ECC of 513 climbers/day.