Physical Arrangement Research Articles

An artificial bee colony algorithm for design and optimize the fixed area layout problems

The placement of production equipments plays a major role in designing a layout in cellular manufacturing. The better placement increases the productivity. This article introduces a new algorithm to design and optimize a fixed area cellular layout problem by using an artificial bee colony (ABC) technique which is based on the intelligent foraging behavior of a honeybee. The objective of this article is to determine the physical arrangement of work centers by minimizing the total traveling distance of the product. Volume of the product and distance between the work centers are the important factors that affect layout design. Some relative importance factors like priority of products, hazardous moves, and back-tracking moves are considered in this article. Layout moment ratio helps to compare the different proposed layouts. The higher layout moment ratio is the more desirable layout. Also this article compares the results of ABC technique with genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA) algorithm based on the total moment value, layout moment ratio, number of iterations, computation time, and back-tracking movements. Finally, it concluded that ABC is a better technique to solve fixed area cellular layout problems than the mentioned algorithms with high dimensionality.

Natural convection experiments on the outer surface of an inclined helical coil

Natural convection heat transfer on the outside of an inclined helical coil was investigated experimentally. For a single turn helical coil laid on the horizontal plane, the heat transfer rate was very close to that of a horizontal cylinder. The heat transfer rate decreased when the coil was tilted. For inclined helical coils with higher numbers of turns, the heat transfer rates were influenced by plumes from the lower turns, exhibiting preheating, velocity, and chimney effects. For very small pitches, the preheating effect was dominant. For moderate pitches, the velocity and chimney effects became dominant. For larger pitches, the plume effect disappeared. The angle of inclination affects the physical arrangement of the helical coil and influences the heat transfer. The study was performed using very high Pr of 2014. An empirical correlation was proposed based on the experiments.

Myosin-Binding Protein C Corrects an Intrinsic Non-Uniformity in Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Cardiac contraction is initiated by calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through channels (ryanodine receptors) that are located near the sarcomere ends. Once released, calcium must diffuse towards the sarcomere center to fully activate the actomyosin contractile system. This physical arrangement should lead to a spatial calcium gradient and thus non-uniform contractile activation. We hypothesize that myosin-binding protein C (MyBP-C), a potent thin filament activator, is localized to the sarcomere center (C-zone) to mitigate the potential deficit in calcium activation. We used EM and super-resolution STORM microscopy to visualize the relative positions of the ryanodine receptors and MyBP-C within the sarcomere. Laser scanning confocal microscopy of calcium transients in isolated cardiac cells showed that calcium concentrations at the center of each sarcomere lagged those near the ends of each sarcomere by as much as 150 nM. The functional impact of this calcium gradient was determined by examining the sliding of native, calcium-sensitive actin-thin filament shards over native mouse cardiac myosin-thick filaments using a TIRFM-based motility assay. The presence of MyBP-C enhanced the fraction of thin filaments moving within the thick filament C-zone (pCa50 6.5 ± 0.04 vs 6.4 ± 0.02; p<0.01). 3D EM reconstructions of native thin filaments suggest this calcium sensitization results from MyBP-C's N-terminal domains shifting tropomyosin on the thin filament. Using an analytic model, we show that MyBP-C residing within the C-zone can counterbalance differences in calcium activation within the sarcomere during the early phase of contraction. Thus, MyBP-C's localization to the C-zone may function to correct an intrinsic defect in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, and any disturbance of MyBP-C localization or function will contribute to the consequent cardiac pathologies.

Density and group size influence shoal cohesion, but not coordination in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

The formations made by gregarious animals can range from loose aggregates to highly synchronized and ordered structures. For very large, coordinated groups, both physical and social environments are important for determining the physical arrangement of individuals in the group. Here we tested whether physical and social factors are also important in determining the structure of small, loosely coordinated groups of zebrafish. We found that even though our fish were not crowded and did not use most of the available space, the distance between individual fish was explained primarily by the amount of available space (i.e., density). Zebrafish in a larger space spread out more and the total dimensions of the shoal were an additive function also of group size. We, however, did not find any impact of social or physical environment on the orientation of individual fish or shoal. Thus, both physical and social factors were important for shoal spatial arrangements, but not individual orientation and shoal alignment.

Generation of 3D Model for Urban area using Ikonos and Cartosat-1 Satellite Imageries with RS and GIS Techniques

Abstract. Urban design is a subject that is concerned with the shape, the surface and its physical arrangement of all kinds of urban elements. Although urban design is a practice process and needs much detailed and multi-dimensional description. 3D city models based spatial analysis gives the possibility of solving these problems. Ahmedabad is third fastest growing cities in the world with large amount of development in infrastructure and planning. The fabric of the city is changing and expanding at the same time, which creates need of 3d visualization of the city to develop a sustainable planning for the city. These areas have to be monitored and mapped on a regular basis and satellite remote sensing images provide a valuable and irreplaceable source for urban monitoring. With this, the derivation of structural urban types or the mapping of urban biotopes becomes possible. The present study focused at development of technique for 3D modeling of buildings for urban area analysis and to implement encoding standards prescribed in "OGC City GML" for urban features. An attempt has been to develop a 3D city model with level of details 1 (LOD 1) for part of city of Ahmedabad in State of Gujarat, India. It shows the capability to monitor urbanization in 2D and 3D.

Applying inversion techniques to derive source currents and geoelectric fields for geomagnetically induced current calculations

Abstract. This research focuses on the inversion of geomagnetic variation field measurement to obtain source currents in the ionosphere. During a geomagnetic disturbance, the ionospheric currents create magnetic field variations that induce geoelectric fields, which drive geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in power systems. These GIC may disturb the operation of power systems and cause damage to grounded power transformers. The geoelectric fields at any location of interest can be determined from the source currents in the ionosphere through a solution of the forward problem. Line currents running east–west along given surface position are postulated to exist at a certain height above the Earth's surface. This physical arrangement results in the fields on the ground having the magnetic north and down components, and the electric east component. Ionospheric currents are modelled by inverting Fourier integrals (over the wavenumber) of elementary geomagnetic fields using the Levenberg–Marquardt technique. The output parameters of the inversion model are the current strength, height and surface position of the ionospheric current system. A ground conductivity structure with five layers from Quebec, Canada, based on the Layered-Earth model is used to obtain the complex skin depth at a given angular frequency. This paper presents preliminary and inversion results based on these structures and simulated geomagnetic fields. The results show some interesting features in the frequency domain. Model parameters obtained through inversion are within 2% of simulated values. This technique has applications for modelling the currents of electrojets at the equator and auroral regions, as well as currents in the magnetosphere.

Detection of Different Interfaces in Percolated Networks of Antimony Tin Oxide: Borosilicate Glass Composites by Impedance Spectroscopy

Glass composites containing percolated segregated networks of conducting antimony tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles were fabricated through the use of a hot‐pressing technique, which resulted in glass microspheres deforming into faceted polyhedra with the ATO located at the edges. Once the ATO percolated, it was shown that minor changes in the processing parameters could cause drastic differences in the electrical properties (as much as 4–5 orders of magnitude in some cases). This study aims to investigate how the hot‐pressing processing conditions, that is, temperature and pressure, can influence the electrical properties of percolated glass/ATO composites. Glass composites containing 4.8 wt% ATO, which is a concentration higher than the percolation threshold, were hot pressed at several different temperatures (550°C–675°C) and pressures (5.8–23.4 MPa) and were examined using impedance spectroscopy. A comprehensive equivalent circuit model was developed based on the microstructure of the composites and the individual impedance behavior of the materials involved. It was found that the physical arrangement as well as the individual properties of the glass, the ATO nanoparticles, and the different interfaces between ATO (point contact vs partially sintered vs glass coated) all contributed to the measured response in a quantitative way. The equivalent circuit model was successful in fitting all of the impedance behaviors at different temperature and pressures thus revealing the influence of the processing conditions on the electrical properties of percolated ATO/glass composites.

Original order in the digital world

This article expands the concept of original order and presents two systematic views of the order of electronic records. In one view, abstract conceptual order can be used as guidance for the physical arrangement of records storage media and intellectual arrangement of records through a software interface. In the second view, organising electronic records entails managing the relationship between electronic records and the paper records in the same collection, between electronic records and their metadata, among different electronic records, as well as managing the relationships among the different copies, different versions and different captures of the same electronic records.

Turkmen Vernacular Settlements : Study of the Role of Culture and Vernacular Shelters of Gomishan Historical City

As time passes, places used by people as shelter or housing become diverse, modern and more complex. In many ways, housing joints architecture with life and the life necessitates mental organization and physical arrangement of the world as places. Housing of vernacular Turkmen tribes is one of the well-known examples in Gomishan city. Early shelters have good adaptation with climate and are mainly composed of tent and tent with certain types of wooden structures. The role of culture in forming vernacular housing of Turkmen people and application of vernacular house in definition of social structure are some of the goals of research. Since cultural characteristics, climate and tribes' lifestyle play vital role in socioeconomic structure and vernacular housing forming, theoretical framework of the research is based on culture and tradition. The method of research is descriptive-analytical and historical-interpretative and data are collected using documentary-library study and field studies. According to results, fixed and variable basics of design which are proportional to utilities and certain situations were recognized.

Generalized QCTO for Metamaterial-Lens-Coated Conformal Arrays

The use of inhomogeneous metamaterial lenses is proposed to enable suitable radiation properties for arbitrary-shape antenna arrays. Towards this end, the Quasi-Conformal Transformation Optics (QCTO) methodology is generalized to allow an arbitrary physical arrangement coated with a suitable lens to exhibit the same radiating features of an arbitrary reference virtual array in free space. A representative numerical example, concerned with a two-dimensional layout, is presented to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method as well as the enhanced features of the resulting metamaterial-coated arrays with respect to standard conformal arrangements.

Redesign of an Exhaust Gas Economiser Using Software

Approaches to heat exchanger designs are numerous. Marine heat exchangers are usually single and they do not form part of a large network. Selections are generally based on the duties, area and the heat quantum. Over capacities and un-optimised designs could result. As an exercise to verify the choice, an existing heat exchanger on board of an operational ship was redesigned using computer software with thermodynamic data and standard geometric values. The formulae employed in the software were extracted and verified. The geometric data was used to develop the design drawings using SolidWorks®. Visualising the designs, the physical arrangement was improved. Comparisons and design improvements were made keeping the standard values in view. With the exercises, a method of developing an optimised physical design reducing the number of rating runs has been demonstrated.

VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 Signaling Regulates Chemokine Gradients and Lymphocyte Migration From Tissues to Lymphatics.

Introduction: Homeostatic circulation of immune cells via blood and lymph is integral to adaptive immunity. Afferent lymphatics in peripheral tissues constitutively produce a CCL21 gradient to guide dendritic cells and T cells to lymphatic vessels and then to draining lymph nodes (dLN). VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 are, respectively, the major growth factor and its receptor for lymphatic endothelial proliferation. We hypothesized that these molecules may also regulate chemokine gradients and lymphatic migration. Methods: To assess migration from tissues to dLN, CFSE-labeled CD4+ T cells were injected into the foot pad and migration to the draining popliteal LN quantified. To assess migration into afferent lymphatics, T cells were injected into the ear pinna and visually quantified by whole mount immunohistochemistry (IHC). Anti-VEGFR-3 or control mAb were injected with the T cells. Results: The number of transferred CD4+ T cells detected in dLN peaked at 12 hours after tissue transfer, and was significantly inhibited by over 95% with anti-VEGFR-3. Whole mount tissue IHC showed that anti-VEGFR-3 prevented migration of CD4+ T cells into the lymphatic lumen and caused tissue retention, with a greater than 3-fold increase in the number of cells remaining in the tissues. IHC also demonstrated that anti-VEGFR-3 abolished the CCL21 gradient around the lymphatic vessels, yet flow cytometry and qRT-PCR showed that CCL21 production were not inhibited. Heparan sulfate (HS), a major component of the proteoglycan surrounding lymphatics, is known to be critical to establish the CCL21 gradient by immobilizing chemokines. IHC showed that anti-VEGFR-3 down-regulated HS expression around the lymphatic vessels. Heparanase (HPSE) is known to regulate HS expression, and neutralization with anti-HPSE Ab prevented anti-VEGFR-3 induced reduction of HS and dispersion of the CCL21 gradient. VEGFR-3 signaling is dependent on PI3Ka, and a PI3Ka inhibitor likewise inhibited CCL21 and HS expression, while a PI3K activator prevented the effects of anti-VEGFR-3. Conclusion: VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling through PI3Ka regulates the activity of HPSE, which in turn regulates the HS and CCL21 gradients around tissue afferent lymphatics. These molecules and their functional and physical arrangement regulate CD4+ T lymphocyte migration in tissues to dLN. These represent a new target to influence immunity and tolerance.

Physical space and its impact on waste management in the neonatal care setting.

This paper reports an investigation intended to obtain some understanding of how the working environment might influence the practice and knowledge of those involved in the management of healthcare waste. The National Health Service (NHS) has a continuing waste problem, and the way it manages waste harms the environment and consumes resources. It has been estimated that the carbon footprint of the NHS in England is approximately 20 million tons of CO2e. It has been suggested that better waste segregation could lead to more effective recycling, saving up to 42,000 tonnes of CO2. This qualitative study employed non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews. The interviews were carried out with the key informants within the participating neonatal intensive care unit. Findings from this study indicate that space and the physical arrangement of the environment are significant and influential factors in clinical practice. Where the clinical environment is not supportive, poor infection control and waste management practice is likely to occur. However, proximity of staff caused by a lack of physical space might facilitate situated learning and a collective development of knowledge in practice. The implementation of sustainable waste management practices would be more likely to succeed in an environment that facilitates correct waste segregation.

Social mix and the role of design: Competing interests in the Carlton Public Housing Estate Redevelopment, Melbourne

The social mix policy approach has become a common reaction to the multiple-disadvantage increasingly present in public housing estates in western cities. This approach and its social effects on socially-mixed communities have been studied widely; however the physical form or arrangement of models that such communities are formulated around have been largely missing from this discussion. The importance of design principles as well as the barriers to their implementation in mixed-tenure communities has been largely overlooked. We investigate these factors in a case study of the Carlton Public Housing Estate Redevelopment in Melbourne, Australia, using an analysis of in-depth interviews with public housing tenants, private residents and service providers. The findings show how the implementation of design ‘principles’ was contingent on political and economic decisions made by government and private enterprise stakeholders. Perceptions of whether the physical design of the redevelopment contributed to the lack of successful social mix varied between tenants, government officials, private developers and private residents. We conclude that partly due to the way that economic interests compromised the implementation of preferred design principles undertaken in the Carlton Redevelopment Project (Stage 1), neither housing tenure mix nor social interaction has been successfully experienced by public and private residents in the estate.

Deformation and magnetic fabrics in ductile shear zones: A review

The Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) is a well-established petrofabric tool for indicating relative strain and microstructural character and has been validated on various rock types and different structural settings. The magnetic susceptibility of a rock (K) depends primarily on the nature and abundance of magnetic minerals. The physical arrangement and lattice-preferred orientation of these magnetic minerals give rise to magnetic anisotropy. The AMS scalar parameters most commonly used to constrain strain include the corrected degree of anisotropy (P′>1), a proxy for fabric intensity, and the shape factor (−1≤T≤+1), an indicator of the magnetic fabric symmetry (prolate vs. oblate).A number of studies have shown that a positive correlation generally exists between P′ and strain. Thus, the AMS shows a great potential as a tool for examining deformation in geologic structures characterized by large strain gradients such as shear zones. However, a number of caveats exist: (i) The increase of P′ with strain cannot be solely attributed to deformation because P′ also increases with K regardless of deformation; (ii) Strain across shear zones is typically heterogeneous and is often localized in units of different lithology, thus making the separation of the lithological and strain controls on AMS difficult; also, deformation is commonly accompanied by mineral segregation or fluid–rock interaction that induces changes in magnetic mineralogy; (iii) Even if the undeformed lithology was uniform across a shear zone, variations in strain rate or temperature may result in different deformation mechanisms; hence, the relationship between P′ and strain depends strongly on both the mineral carriers of AMS and on deformation mechanisms; and (iv) The AMS is unable to resolve composite fabrics, such as those resulting from S–C structures, where minerals on the C and S planes, respectively, contribute to AMS.

AODV-UI Proof of Concept on MIPS-based Wireless Router

AODV routing protocol facilitates changing and simple-to-setup network environment. It helps setting up a network without sufficient infrastructure, such as in disaster area. Development of AODV protocol has gathered a worldwide research interest. However, not many researches implement AODV routing protocol in real mobile nodes and real MANET. In addition, real implementation deals with other works concerning underlying protocol, firmware and hardware configuration, as well as detailed topology both in logical and physical arrangement. This work aims to implements Ad-hoc On-demand Distant Vector – particularly University of Indonesia AODV (AODV-UI) routing protocol on low-end inexpensive generic wireless routers as a proof of concept. AODV-UI is an improved version of AODV routing protocol that implements gateway interconnection and reverse route capability. This routing protocol has been previously successfully tested in NS-2. In this work, current AODV-UI protocol is ported to OpenWRT + MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages) little endian architecture then tested on the real networking environment. Underlying media access layer is also altered to provide the protocol greater control over the network. Performance of this implementation is measured in terms of energy consumption, routing overhead, end-to-end delay, protocol reliability and packet delivery ratio.

DNA origami based assembly of gold nanoparticle dimers for surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Plasmonic sensors are extremely promising candidates for label-free single-molecule analysis but require exquisite control over the physical arrangement of metallic nanostructures. Here we employ self-assembly based on the DNA origami technique for accurate positioning of individual gold nanoparticles. Our innovative design leads to strong plasmonic coupling between two 40 nm gold nanoparticles reproducibly held with gaps of 3.3 ± 1 nm. This is confirmed through far field scattering measurements on individual dimers which reveal a significant red shift in the plasmonic resonance peaks, consistent with the high dielectric environment due to the surrounding DNA. We use surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to demonstrate local field enhancements of several orders of magnitude through detection of a small number of dye molecules as well as short single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides. This demonstrates that DNA origami is a powerful tool for the high-yield creation of SERS-active nanoparticle assemblies with reliable sub-5 nm gap sizes.

Permasalahan Lokasi Pedagang Kaki Lima dalam Ruang Perkotaan

Urban development is inseparable from the problem of the urban informal. The informal sector is a sector that will always grow and thrive. Various issues that arise in urban development is the problem of the location of the activity space street vendors (PKL) in the urban space. The problem of space activity occurs in the informal street vendors space settlements or urban space. PKL is one of the supporters of the activity in a public space that can be categorized as an 'activity support'. These activities tend to be located in a place according to its activity. Meanwhile, there is little discussion of urban street vendors in view space. Until now, the discussion is more to the economic, social and policy. In addition, many of the types of activities studied, space requirements, physical arrangement and the arrangement of the display / architectural aesthetics. The methodology used in conducting the study concerns the location of street vendors in the urban space using the method of literature revie. Given this method, can identify deficiencies / weaknesses of the informal sector theory and the theory of space to determine the location of street vendors in urban spaces. The conclusion of this research is to study the behavior of PKL space that affect the determination of the location of trade.Abstract : Urban development is inseparable from the problem of the urban informal. The informal sector is a sector that will always grow and thrive. Various issues that arise in urban development is the problem of the location of the activity space street vendors (PKL) in the urban space. The problem of space activity occurs in the informal street vendors space settlements or urban space. PKL is one of the supporters of the activity in a public space that can be categorized as an 'activity support'. These activities tend to be located in a place according to its activity. Meanwhile, there is little discussion of urban street vendors in view space. Until now, the discussion is more to the economic, social and policy. In addition, many of the types of activities studied, space requirements, physical arrangement and the arrangement of the display / architectural aesthetics. The methodology used in conducting the study concerns the location of street vendors in the urban space using the method of literature revie. Given this method, can identify deficiencies / weaknesses of the informal sector theory and the theory of space to determine the location of street vendors in urban spaces. The conclusion of this research is to study the behavior of PKL space that affect the determination of the location of trade.

New Neutron Radiation Effects Capabilities at the Low Energy Neutron Source (LENS)

The Low Energy Neutron Source (LENS) is a novel, university-based pulsed neutron source located within the Center for Explo- ration of Energy and Matter (CEEM) at Indiana University. The source utilizes a low energy p-n reaction in Beryllium coupled with a high-current, variable-pulse-width proton accelerator to produce either short or long neutron pulses. One of the target stations has been optimized for neutron radiation effects studies of device and board level electronics testing with quasi monochromatic high flux neutron beams (∼ 1 MeV equivalent silicon). The total neutron flux at the device under test (DUT) is approximately 2 · 1010 (n/cm2/sec) with low gamma contamination, 1 · 109 (n/cm2/sec). The neutron spectrum at the DUT position has been calculated using MCNP-X and has been characterized using foil activation measurements. In this paper we will describe the physical arrange-ment of the Device Test Area and indicate the unique features that have been incorporated to enhance testing effectiveness. We will also present the results of MCNP-X calculations with various adsorbed reflector arrangements that modify the spectrum incident on the device. Validation of the MCNP-X calculations using foil activation measurements will also be presented.

Illustrations and Text: Storyworld Space and the Multimodality of Serialized Narrative

Illustrations permeated and arguably defined Victorian print for much of the nineteenth century. Just as technological advances facilitated the proliferation of printed materials due to the reductions in costs produced by high-speed steam presses, Patricia Anderson demonstrates how similar improvements made high-quality mass reproduction of diverse imagery both possible and profitable (2). Consequently, the Victorian reading public expected illustrations as a central print component in everything from advertisements and news reports, to poetry, printed books, and serialized stories. Perhaps no form of publishing was affected more by the use of images in the nineteenth century than that of serialized narratives. Beginning with Dickens's Pickwick Papers (1836-1837), the inclusion of illustrations played a significant role in the serial's distribution and reception. Mary Elizabeth Leighton and Lisa Surridge have argued that appeals relevant to all illustrated Victorian fiction apply with particular force to serial novels, in which the placement and prominence of illustrations made images an essential part the Victorian reading experience as they became key aspects of every (66). Similarly, while J. R. Harvey acknowledges that Victorian book illustrations were accessories after the fact that not belong to the novel in the sense that without them the novel would not be complete, he singles out serialized novels as an important exception (2). For Harvey, it is precisely in this respect that the serial novels are so unusual: they do show text and picture making a single art (2). Thus, rather than acting independently, the visual illustrations included in Victorian serialized work in tandem with the verbal words on the page as one narrative text in its evocation of the storyworld. Previous scholarship concerning illustrations in this context focuses on how the dual perspectives provided in each mode subvert plot and character construction in the storyworld and speak to issues of reliability. For example, Robert Patton suggests illustrations in Dickens's works often offer alternative perspectives and contradictory voices to those described in the narrative discourse, creating a polyvocality that is everywhere present in illustrated narratives (92). However, scholars of this period often neglect how the multimodal aspect of serial also affects the construction the space of the narrative, typically relegating the spatial component to background or scenery in favor of interpreting the focal characters and their actions. This essay, therefore, examines the role illustrations play in the construction of the storyworld space in two widely popular early Victorian serials: William Harrison Ainsworth's Tack Sheppard (1839-1840),1 originally published as monthly installments in Bentley's Miscellany, and George W. M. Reynolds's The Mysteries of London (1844-1845), originally published in weekly eight-page penny-parts. Specifically, I examine the importance of opening illustrations in establishing a reader's spatial entrance to the storyworld and how each individual installment establishes a unique re-entry for the reader into the storyworld due to the serial's enforced interruptions. Secondly, I also consider how the material placement of the visual image on the printed page relative to the corresponding verbal discourse potentially affects the reader's construction of particular interior spaces within the storyworld. This relationship is important to understand for two reasons. First, while the enforced interruptions present in the original illustrations are erased when compiled into bound forms, the narrative patterns dictated by the conventions of serialization remain present in the structure of the storyworld and its spatial components. Secondly, my focus on the structure and interaction of illustrations and printed text in the original installments as opposed to later compiled editions acknowledges arguments previously made by Leighton and Surridge concerning how changes in the physical arrangement of the text from installment to bound novel changes the configuratory process of the reader. …