Physical Appeal Research Articles

A Model for Eruptive Mass Loss in Massive Stars

Eruptive mass loss in massive stars is known to occur, but the mechanism(s) are not yet well understood. One proposed physical explanation appeals to opacity-driven super-Eddington luminosities in stellar envelopes. Here, we present a 1D model for eruptive mass loss and implement this model in the MESA stellar evolution code. The model identifies regions in the star where the energy associated with a local super-Eddington luminosity exceeds the binding energy of the overlaying envelope. The material above such regions is ejected from the star. Stars with initial masses of 10−100 M ⊙ at solar and SMC metallicities are evolved through core helium burning, with and without this new eruptive mass-loss scheme. We find that eruptive mass loss of up to ∼10−2 M ⊙yr−1 can be driven by this mechanism, and occurs in a vertical band on the H-R diagram between 3.5≲log(Teff/K)≲4.0 . This predicted eruptive mass loss prevents stars of initial masses ≳20 M ⊙ from evolving to become red supergiants (RSGs), with the stars instead ending their lives as blue supergiants, and offers a possible explanation for the observed lack of RSGs in that mass regime.

Nitrogen Gas-Assisted Extrusion for Improving the Physical Quality of Pea Protein-Enriched Corn Puffs with a Wide Range of Protein Contents.

Blowing agent-assisted extrusion cooking is a novel processing technique that can alter the expansion of extruded snacks and, thus, enhance their physical appeal, such as texture. However, to this day, this technique has only been studied for ingredients with limited protein contents (<30%). In this study, protein-enriched snacks were extruded using nitrogen gas as a blowing agent at a wide protein range (0-50%) to better explore the potential of this technique in manufacturing high-protein snacks. The results showed that, with nitrogen gas injection, extrudate radial expansion was significantly (p < 0.05) improved at 10% and 40% protein, while extrudate density was significantly reduced at 30% and 50% protein. Nitrogen gas-injected extrudates, especially at 50% protein, exhibited improvements in texture, including a reduction in hardness and an increase in crispness. Collectively, this study showed the promising potential of nitrogen gas-assisted extrusion in improving the physical appeal of innovative healthy snacks at a high protein level (i.e., 50%).

A review: Eco-Conscious Design: Incorporating Biodegradable Materials in Modern Product Development

The study paper investigates the rapidly evolving field of sustainable design and the increasing acceptance of biodegradable materials in the method of developing products. This research explores the movement towards environmentally conscious designs in light of increased environmental concerns and increasing customer demand for goods that are sustainable. This study addresses a range of biodegradable materials, examining their corresponding characteristics and investigating their integration into product design in various industries. This research discusses some of the challenges encountered in the purchase, production, and promotion of biodegradable products, all the while assuring their practicality and physical appeal. Also, the article examines the environmental consequences linked to these materials, drawing comparisons with traditional non-biodegradable alternatives. This study utilizes a mixture of theoretical analysis and case studies to offer useful insight into efficient techniques for implementing materials that decompose into product design. The research places a strong focus on achieving an equilibrium between ecological responsibility, practicality, and appealing to consumers.

Reassessing the Impact of Fear Appeals in Sustainable Consumption Communication: An Investigation into Message Types and Message Foci

In the face of escalating environmental challenges, effective communication has assumed unprecedented significance. This study addresses a critical research gap concerning the utilization of fear appeal in promoting sustainable consumer behavior. Rather than treating fear appeals as a singular construct, this research decomposes them into distinct components to explore the nuanced impacts of various fear appeal aspects. Additionally, we investigate how different message foci influence the effectiveness of various fear appeals in promoting sustainable consumption. To achieve these objectives, we designed an experimental study encompassing eight distinct scenarios, achieved through the manipulation of four types of fear appeal and two types of message focus. Participants were randomly assigned to one of these scenarios. Our findings reveal noteworthy differences in purchasing intentions, particularly in the context of various fear appeal types. Specifically, we observed significant variations between the economic fear appeal and the physical fear appeal, as well as between the self-esteem fear appeal and the physical fear appeal. Surprisingly, our analysis of the moderating effect of different message foci did not align with our initial expectations. The outcomes of this research offer valuable insights for green marketers, empowering them to employ diverse facets of fear appeal in their marketing strategies with greater flexibility and efficiency. These findings underscore the evolving landscape of sustainable consumer behavior and the evolving role of communication in addressing environmental challenges.

Sustainable rural development in Northwest Iran: proposing a wellness-based tourism pattern using a structural equation modeling approach

Today, wellness tourism has become a thriving industry. In wellness tourism, the tourists travel to relieve the pressures of ordinary life and become refreshed with no medicinal intervention. In wellness tourism, tourists seldom have any specific physical illnesses; rather, they are interested in enjoying the healing properties of certain regions. In this non-experimental research, a structural equation model was used to analyze the data to explore various aspects of well-being and identify the variables that influence wellness tourism. The statistical population included 237,415 tourists who visited the tourist attractions of Sarab County in Iran. The sample size was determined 384 subjects. The results showed that destination location in terms of climate, positive image of the region, excellent food, as well as physical, traditional, and historical appeals of the region, were the factors that had the highest effect on determining the destination of wellness tourism. In general, this study contributed to the development of wellness tourism in the world including Iran. The practical steps were taken based on the strategies, and approaches presented to reduce stress which enhances well-being during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Convolução como um apelo da natureza

In this manuscript, we show in an educational way, how the operation known as convolution works. This is an important subject as it has a relevant physical appeal. At first, we will discuss the sampling concept where we will briefly focus on the decomposition of signals through a function known as impulse function. We address the impulse function and talk about the peculiarities of its representation in the discrete domain. We then talk about time signal shifts and address some very simple algorithms that deal with the pure convolution problem, without noise and without filters, in an elementary focus. We will deep-dive into the concept with the convolution integral culminating to the discussion with the Toeplitz matrix which is a key component of discrete convolution. It is worth mentioning that the methodology used in this work is simple and may offer the possibility to test a linear physical system for any input, a subject that is little treated in current literature. Finally, we conclude with some notes on the famous operation which has been used a long time for testing linear and time invariant physical systems, as it is very important in real applications in signals, telecommunication and image processing.

Challenges Confronting Community Newspapers in Meeting Aesthetics Standards

Aesthetics deals with the beauty of an object or subject. Aesthetics has the power of drawing the readers to feel and experience what the artists have felt and experienced. This paper therefore examined the challenges affecting community newspapers in meeting aesthetics demand. Anchored on investment theory of creativity, the paper employed ethnographic research design, the paper found that, community newspapers find it difficult to command visual appeal among its audience due to the inability of most publishing house to work as a team. Also, the lack of experience among journalists/editors, as well as the absence of sophisticated tools equally affects the ability of community newspapers to bring out of its best in respect to physical appeal. The study further found that getting the layout and design right is difficult because of lack of creativity and poor visual sensitivity. Lastly, the paper established that community newspapers have equally been found culpable in the area of textual aesthetics; hence the need for improvement. Keywords: Aesthetics, Community newspaper, Challenges, Design, Editors

ACCEPTABILITY OF A FACEBOOK PAGE AMONG GRADE 7 LEARNERS AND TEACHERS AS A MEDIUM FOR READING

This research study focused on the development of a Facebook Page for reading to enhance students reading interests and habits. Specifically, it seeks to identify the reading interests and habits of Grade 7 students of Paaralang Sekundarya ng Lucban Integrated School as basis for the development of the facebook page intended for evaluation in its level of acceptability in terms of content, relevance, organization, usefulness and applicability. The researcher involved one hundred eleven (111) Grade 7 students for the survey on reading interests and habits and sixty (60) Grade 7 students and sixty (60) secondary language teachers for the evaluation of the Facebook Page as respondents. Descriptive research method design was used in this study in gathering and treating the data. A researcher-made survey and questionnaires were used as the instrument in order to obtain the necessary data. The instrument utilized was a questionnaire with 4- point Likert Scale with ratings of (4) Highly Acceptable/Very High; (3) Acceptable/High; (2) Slightly Acceptable/Low and (1) Not Acceptable. Out of one hundred eleven (111) students asked of their perception in reading, twenty eight (28) or 25% enjoyed reading a lot or has a habit of reading on a daily basis where in 61% or sixty eight (68) students like reading sometimes. As to presence of company during reading, majority of them or sixty two (62) prefer to read by themselves and find it difficult to share their own reading experiences to others. For students who read a lot, the perceived data reveals they tend to read for personal and academic reasons. Moreover, majority of the students like to read text inspired by fantasy, adventure and suspense. The teachers marked the acceptability level of the developed Facebook page with an overall mean score of 3.68 in terms of content; 3.72 for relevance; 3.71 for organization; 3.56 for usefulness and 3.51 for its applicability. All of which are interpreted as Very High level of acceptability. Meanwhile, students perceived the level of acceptability of the developed Facebook page as High in terms of its content, relevance and organization which obtained an overall mean score of 3.48, 3.46, and 3.46 respectively and Very High in terms of usefulness and applicability with an overall mean score of 3.56 and 3.53 respectively. With an overall mean score of 3.64, the teachers perceived that the level of acceptability of the developed Facebook Page is Very High similarly, an overall mean score of 3.50 as obtained on students? remarks implies a Very High level of acceptability. Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn: 1) Grade 7 students tend to read a lot for personal and academic purposes only and not of their habit and interest. They are encouraged to read by themselves but find it difficult to share their reading experiences with other students. 2) Teachers recognize the importance and relationship of using social media and other platforms like Facebook and Facebook pages in education and in reading specifically since students are more engaged in this medium, whether for personal or academic purposes. 3) The developed Facebook page attained a very high level of acceptability for teachers, while students perceived its content, relevance, and organization as the high level, which indicates a need for further improvement. 4) Students pay much attention to the physical appeal and features of a specific social media site like Facebook and Facebook page. Based on the conclusions drawn from the study, the following recommendations are offered: 1) Students must be oriented on the proper use of social media platforms and their integration into education to maximize its academic purpose. 2) Teachers may be given input on a Facebook page's salient features to cope with students? expectations. 3) A Facebook page developer must pay much attention to its content and appealing features to motivate users. 4) Layout artists or page developers may be consulted to come up with a more user-friendly design and features for a Facebook page. 5) The developed Facebook page may be evaluated using the wider scope of respondents to further test its validity, and 6) it is suggested that the page be used to its intended users to test its effectiveness after considering the content and features enhancement.

(5+1)-dimensional analytical braneworld models: Intersecting thick branes

Two codimensional thick braneworlds are investigated in quite general terms for two intersecting scalar fields generating the extra dimension defect. In general, when one considers two codimensional thick braneworlds, the warp factor is constructed as a stringlike defect. Considering a twofold warp factor constructed from two intersecting warp factors, an alternative bulk configuration is examined. With the brane localization thus driven by two crossing scalar fields, the possible solvable models obtained from such a two codimensional setup are systematically discussed. The obtained solutions are classified as five different models organized into two subsets, for which some of their physical properties are evaluated. For models $I$ and $II$, in the first subset, Einstein equation solutions are rigidly defined, up to some arbitrary constant. For models $III$, $IV$, and $V$, in the second subset, an additional degree of freedom not constrained by Einstein equations is admitted. The solutions are all obtained from a departure statement of assuming a conformally flat metric for the internal space, which is concomitant to the proper choice of coordinates. Eventual singularities in the curvature are identified, however, without affecting the physical appeal of the solutions described in terms of the stress energy tensor patterns, which are shown to be free of singularities for model $IV$, besides admitting straightforward reductions to ($4+1$) dimensions. In particular, from the framework of models $III$ and $IV$, one is able to achieve braneworld solutions over two different geometries of ${\mathbb{S}}^{2}$ which, as demonstrated, can be reduced to trivial and nontrivial extensions of the well-known ($4+1$)-dimensional braneworlds. Therefore, our ($5+1$)-dimensional results point to a consistent and expanded generalization of a ($4+1$)-dimensional braneworld which naturally admits the possibility of an enlarged and maybe more accurate phenomenology.

Quantum reference frame transformations as symmetries and the paradox of the third particle

In a quantum world, reference frames are ultimately quantum systems too – but what does it mean to "jump into the perspective of a quantum particle"? In this work, we show that quantum reference frame (QRF) transformations appear naturally as symmetries of simple physical systems. This allows us to rederive and generalize known QRF transformations within an alternative, operationally transparent framework, and to shed new light on their structure and interpretation. We give an explicit description of the observables that are measurable by agents constrained by such quantum symmetries, and apply our results to a puzzle known as the `paradox of the third particle'. We argue that it can be reduced to the question of how to relationally embed fewer into more particles, and give a thorough physical and algebraic analysis of this question. This leads us to a generalization of the partial trace (`relational trace') which arguably resolves the paradox, and it uncovers important structures of constraint quantization within a simple quantum information setting, such as relational observables which are key in this resolution. While we restrict our attention to finite Abelian groups for transparency and mathematical rigor, the intuitive physical appeal of our results makes us expect that they remain valid in more general situations.

Production and Physicochemical Properties of Cake with Different Ratios of Soy Lecithin

This research was geared towards producing and evaluating the physicochemical properties of cake with different ratios of soy lecithin. Soy lecithin was produced by the degumming of raw soy oil by adding 2% water content to the oil and heating to 70oC. Soy oil yield was 31% while lecithin yield was 2.18%. The soy lecithin produced had a yellow-brownish colour. Mixture design was used for the experiment. The soy lecithin was used to replace 50% and 100% egg content in two different cake samples while a third sample had no lecithin. The first sample was made up of 250g wheat flour, 100g Margarine, 65g sugar, 5g baking powder, 2 eggs, 1.25g soy lecithin and 2g salt (MEL2), the second sample was made up of 250g wheat flour, 80g Margarine, 65g sugar, 5g baking powder, 2.5g soy lecithin and 2g salt (MEL3) while the third sample was made up of 250g wheat flour, 100g Margarine, 65g sugar, 5g baking powder, 4 eggs and 2g salt (MEL1). The margarine content of sample MEL3 was reduced by 20%. The physical properties of the cake samples were examined and sample MEL2 gave a better physical appeal than the other samples after baking. The specific volume of sample MEL2 (4.21cm3) was higher than those of samples MEL1 and MEL3. The proximate composition of the samples showed that the moisture content ranged from 32.9 – 34.1%, protein content 5.89 – 6.14%, ash content 1.61 – 1.64%, fat content 14.5 – 15.3% and carbohydrate 43.09 – 44.85%. Sensory evaluation was carried out on the samples to determine the most acceptable and analysis of variance was used to check for significant difference. Sample MEL2 was preferred in taste, colour, texture, flavour and general acceptability and was significantly different from samples MEL1 and MEL3 in general acceptability. It was observed that egg and some fat content in cakes could be replaced with soy lecithin. This study forms a basis for new product development for the pastry food industry.

Does Adlerian Play Therapy Increase Social, Physical, and Task Appeal More Than Content Mastery Services in Elementary School Students?

This study examined the difference in effectiveness between Adlerian Play Therapy and content mastery services in increasing physical, social, and task attractiveness to students in primary schools. The factorial design experimental method was applied to 72 fifth-grade students from two public elementary schools in Bandung, Indonesia, whose dimensions of attractiveness were lower than the other study groups. Each intervention carried out six meetings in different schools. Adlerian Play Therapy starts from the one-session relationship-building stage, the lifestyle investigation stage through the three-session secret book, the lifestyle understanding stage through one-session games, and the reorientation &amp; re-education stage through one-session games. Classical guidance services for content mastery with a community circle strategy start from building relationships in two sessions, introducing the importance of one session, improving the social aspects of one session, improving the physical aspects of one session, and improving the aspects of one session assignments. Manova analyzed the Interpersonal Attraction Scale (IAS) instrument. Adlerian Play Therapy further enhances all dimensions of interpersonal attractiveness than content mastery services. Recommendations are aimed at counseling teachers to use Adlerian Play Therapy to increase children's social, physical, and assignment attractiveness. It is hoped that other researchers will research further related to increasing task attractiveness.

Modern Tools for Effective Representation of Archival Resources of Ukraine

Relevance. The basic tool for the representation of digital archival resources in the global communication space is the websites of archival institutions, which provide society with remote access to a wide range of archival sources of information, significantly reducing the need for physical appeals to government agencies.An important step in the development of the archival sphere is the intensification of work on digitization of the most valuable funds of state archival institutions, the creation of electronic reference and search apparatus for archival resources, the organization of unimpeded access to them through the network information and communication infrastructure.The aim of this paper is to analyze modern tools for effective representation of archival resources.Research methodology. Socio-communicative and systemic approaches are the most productive in solving the problems of effective representation of archival resources in the global communication space.Results. The paper states that the content and structure of the website of the state archival institution should contribute to the performance of the following main functions: information (round-the-clock availability of information for the user); advertising (effective promotion of the archive in the search engines of the global network, presentable zooming in the system of its resources and services); communication (online communication with partners, users); image (formation of a positive image of the state archive). In addition, it is important to implement the general requirements for the organization and content of the website: clarity, convenience, ergonomics, information content, up-to-dateness.Novelty. An attempt is made to analyze the modern tools for effective representation of archival resources of Ukraine.The practical significance. The author analyzes the information resources, content and structure of the website of the state archival institution and emphasizes the importance of performing its main functions: information; advertising; communication; image.Conclusion. The article considers the specific features of the application of modern tools for the representation of archival resources. The author highlights the general requirements for the organization and content of the website such as clarity, convenience, ergonomics, information content, up-to-dateness. The paper emphasizes the need to provide information on websites In Ukrainian and English, which will accelerate the integration of Ukraine’s national archival heritage into the world communication space. The areas of further research are the development of a unified web platform that will integrate the resources of all archival institutions of the regions and the country as a whole.

More fluency of the mental imagery, more effective?

PurposeFear appeals in advertising communication are considered by advertisers when other types of advertising appeals do not achieve expected effects. Fear appeals, by arousing the fear that something may threaten consumers’ present lives, are often adopted to persuade individuals to take a particular action. Although this topic has been widely studied, the internal operation mechanism of fear appeals in consumers has not been fully understood or agreed upon.Design/methodology/approachThree experiments were conducted where the type of fear appeal was manipulated (i.e. physical fear appeal or social ear appeal), as well as consumers’ consideration of future consequences (CFC) and mental imagery approaches.FindingsThis study examined the effects of fear appeal on mental imagery fluency and how it affects advertising effectiveness and the moderating effect of consumers’ CFC were discussed. When receiving advertisements with physical fear appeals, consumers with low CFC had greater mental imagery fluency than did those with high CFC. Furthermore, consumers’ purchase intentions could be improved by increasing consumers’ mental imagery fluency on fear appeal. Therefore, the interaction between fear appeal and CFC on purchase intention was mediated by mental imagery fluency. This study found that consumers responded differently to fear appeal advertising when they engaged in different mental imagery approaches.Originality/valueThe present study adds to social marketing literature by showing how consumers’ mental imagery fluency influence the fear appeal effectiveness, and this study’s results also enable social marketers to understand the two factors (i.e. consumers’ CFC level and mental imagery approaches) that affect the influence of fear appeals on consumers’ purchase intentions. Moreover, social marketers are recommended to provide consumers with advertising information by using various message types to facilitate consumers’ imagination of advertising appeals. This heightens the importance of consumers’ acceptance and absorption of advertising content, in turn, strengthening their purchase intentions.

Dilemma between Health and Money: Social Prevention of COVID-19 through Balinese Physical Distancing and the Local Social Ethics

The purpose of this study is to analyze how effective government policies are in implementing physical distancing in Bali. The survey was conducted to collect data using an online questionnaire by 109 people of different backgrounds and ages. After analyzing the data, the overall conclusion concludes that the appeal for physical distancing did not significantly affect several activities that could predictably increase the transmission of COVID-19 in Bali. On the same page, the COVID-19 outbreak felt by respondents has damaged their jobs in Bali, which is dominated by the tourism sector. It appears that there are two contradictions between physical distancing calls that are viewed as interfering with respondents' work activities. On the other hand, it is predicted that the outbreak of COVID-19 will increase if physical distancing is not performed, which is worse. This study recommended containing the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak.

Exploring Determinants of Sexual Satisfaction in a Chilean Representative Sample

This article examines the relationship between sexual satisfaction and gender, age, social status, being in stable relationships, intercourse frequency, and satisfaction with physical attractiveness (physical appearance and sex appeal). A self-report questionnaire was applied in a representative sample of 767 residents of Santiago (Chile), over 18 years old and that have had, at least, one sexual relation (with penetration) during their lives. Higher sexual satisfaction was predicted negatively by age and positively by higher satisfaction with sex appeal, higher intercourse frequency and having a stable relationship. Among women, the principal predictors are satisfaction with sex appeal and intercourse frequency. Among men to the above, it is necessary to add satisfaction with physical appearance and having a stable relationship – at odds with supposed higher relevance for women of body satisfaction and sensibility to social relationships. Discussion emphasizes the controversial nature of the gender differences found regarding the Latin American culture.

GROWTH PROSPECTS OF E-RETAILING IN ELECTRONIC GOODS MARKETS

E-retailing has emerged as a significant player in the retail industry in India. The major cutthroat competition happens between Flipkart, Amazon, and Snap deal. These merchants have a significant competitive edge on electronic goods over other merchants in Indian online shopping portals. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to understand and analyses the universal perception and satisfaction quotient of customers in India concerning to the purchase of electronic goods via these e-commerce merchants. We have used hypothesis testing and analysis of variance to understand customer satisfaction and customer perception. The results show that overall customer satisfaction is the highest for Flipkart. Also, the physical appeal and the quality of the product are the main reasons which impact the customer's perception toward not shopping online. This study is original in itself because it is limited to the purchase of electronic goods only from the emerging e-retail merchants- Flipkart, Snap deal, and Amazon in India.

The Relationship Between Country Branding Components and Competitive Advantage

The goal of the current research work is examining the association between competitive advantage and country branding in view of citizens. Country branding is the core of managing which plays a vital role in managing the sustainable competitiveness of a nation. Country competitiveness is a concept which shows the degree to which a country can be differentiated from its rivals in the field of global competition. Data collected from Erzurum in Turkey and Urmia in Iran. Convenience sampling method was used in this study. Having determined the validity of data through excluding the missing inputs, 604 subjects were obtained to in order to conduct the considered analysis. Participants of the study involved 286 and 318 individuals from Turkey and Iran countries, respectively. Turkish citizens exhibited higher levels of emotional, physical, financial and social appeal than Iranian citizens. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between physical, financial and leadership components and competitive advantage in both countries.Key Words: Country Branding, Competitive Advantage, Turkey, IranJEL Classification: M30, M31, N30

Citra Perempuan dalam Iklan Sabun Shinzui

Advertising is a surefire tactic of producers in promoting an item or service so that interest and curiosity appear for consumers. This study aims to describe the characteristics of the image of women in Shinzui soap advertisements. This type of research uses qualitative methods with a semiotic approach. The data consists of two, namely primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques in this research are observation and study of document contents. The data that has been obtained is then processed to look for the meaning contained in the data. The first thing to do is to write it in the form of a detailed description then reduce it (process it). The results showed that the three advertisements that became the research data have the same characteristics, namely in each scene the feminism traits have been shown, namely using a beautiful white dress, unraveling hair, a woman's posture that has purposional criteria and the image of women's figure is more highlighted in biological properties to attract consumers. Furthermore, the image of women in advertisements consists of two, namely having a biological or physical appeal and the attractiveness of gentle, graceful and graceful behaviors or characters.

Heroes or criminals: discursive representation of cancer patients in health awareness advertisements

This article compares the use of metaphors in breast and lung cancer awareness advertisements in order to examine the positioning and identity construction of the respective cancer patients. A semantic annotation software tool was used to identify the overuse of semantic fields in each corpus of cancer awareness advertisements and multimodal metaphors were identified following the protocols of Bounegru and Forceville’s (2011) article, ‘Metaphors in editorial cartoons representing global financial crisis’, Forceville’s (2009) essay, ‘Non-verbal and multimodal metaphor in a cognitivist framework: Agendas for research’ and Pérez-Sobrino’s (2017) book, Multimodal Metaphor and Metonymy in Advertising. Findings showed that breast cancer awareness advertisements deployed more positive words than did the lung cancer awareness advertisements and they used a wide range of source domains such as WILD ANIMALS and FIGHTERS, showing the creative representation of deeply entrenched conventional metaphors as well as the use of humour and euphemism. On the other hand, lung cancer awareness advertisements were much less metaphorical and mostly sought to persuade people to quit smoking. The metaphorical use of military weapons showed that ‘shockvertising’ was recurrent in lung cancer awareness advertisements. The present study argues that both types of advertisements partially present the facts of breast cancer and lung cancer, and the guilt-loading of smokers in the lung cancer awareness advertisements invisibly transformed the physical threat appeals into social threat appeals.