Sport Physical Activity Research Articles

The Expectations of eSport Becomes Part of Sports

The development of science and technology in the 21st century is increasingly rapid, as can be seen by the race of telecommunications companies to create communication tools that offer convenience. As a global industry considered from a financial perspective, eSport is receiving attention from various circles and is being developed to increase competition interest and financial benefits. Sports usually include forms of physical exercise that require strength, endurance, and motor skills. Sports and eSport are different. eSport players don't always move physically despite participating in competitions and rivalries. According to some experts, eSport are a subset of sports. The method used is library research in the form of article review. The implementation of library research consists of investigating, mapping, combining, and evaluating previous research findings on a particular topic or field of knowledge. This method uses various sources of information, including primary articles (n=29). The point is that eSport players tend to be sedentary lifestyle players, which results in problems with fitness and health, so it is not in accordance with the impact of traditional sports physical activities that use large muscles to move body parts while moving. The status of eSport in sport is being questioned in Sport Science studies, as it does not have a positive impact on the fitness and health of eSport players unlike traditional sports athletes. It is increasingly clear that eSport should be seen as electronic entertainment and competition rather than as part of a sport that includes dominant physical activity.

Premorbid physical activity and prognosis after incident myocardial infarction: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study

High to moderate levels of physical activity (PA) are associated with low risk of incident cardiovascular disease. However, it is unclear whether the benefits of PA in midlife extend to cardiovascular health following myocardial infarction (MI) in later life. Among 1,111 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants with incident MI during Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities follow-up (mean age 73 [SD 9] years at MI, 54% men, 21% Black), PA on average 11.9 (SD 6.9) years prior to incident MI (premorbid PA) was evaluated as the average score of PA between visit 1 (1987-1989) and visit 3 (1993-1995) using a modified Baecke questionnaire. Total and domain-specific PA (sport, nonsport leisure, and work PA) was analyzed for associations with composite and individual outcomes of mortality, recurrent MI, and stroke after index MI using multivariable Cox models. During a median follow-up of 4.6 (IQI 1.0-10.5) years after incident MI, 823 participants (74%) developed a composite outcome. The 10-year cumulative incidence of the composite outcome was lower in the highest, as compared to the lowest tertile of premorbid total PA (56% vs. 70%, respectively). This association remained statistically significant even after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.80 [0.67-0.96] for the highest vs. lowest tertile). For individual outcomes, high premorbid total PA was associated with a low risk of recurrent MI (corresponding aHR 0.64 [0.44, 0.93]). When domain-specific PA was analyzed, similar results were seen for sport and work PA. The association was strongest in the first year following MI (e.g., aHR of composite outcome 0.66 [95% CI 0.47, 0.91] for the highest vs. lowest tertile of total PA). Premorbid PA was associated positively with post-MI cardiovascular health. Our results demonstrate the additional prognostic advantages of PA beyond reducing the risk of incident MI.

Nostalgia-based marketing campaigns and sport participation

PurposeFramed by nostalgia marketing, this research draws upon lessons from ParticipACTION, a Canadian non-profit health promotion organization, to examine one of their most well-known campaigns, Body Break with ParticipACTION, in order to assess the potential role for nostalgia-based marketing campaigns in sport participation across generational cohorts.Design/methodology/approachExploratory sequential mixed methods involving two studies were completed on behalf of ParticipACTION, with the authors developing the research instruments and the collection of the data undertaken by research agencies. Study 1 was the secondary analysis of qualitative data from five focus groups with different demographic compositions that followed a common question guide. Study 2 was a secondary data analysis of a pan-Canadian online survey with a sample (n = 1,475) representative of the overall adult population that assessed awareness of, and attitudes toward, ParticipACTION, Body Break, physical activity and sport participation. Path analysis tested a proposed model that was based on previous research on attitudes, brand and loyalty. Further, multi-group path analyses were conducted to compare younger generations with older ones.FindingsThe results provide direction and understanding of the importance of nostalgia in marketing sport participation programs across generational cohorts. For instance, in the four parent-adult focus groups, unaided references as well as frequent and detailed comments regarding Body Break were observed. Similarly, Millennials reported that Body Break was memorable, Canadian and nostalgic, with a mix of positive and negative comments. The importance of nostalgia was supported sequentially via results from the national survey. For example, while 54.1% of the 40–54 age-group associated ParticipACTION positively with Body Break, so did 49.8% of the 25–39-year age group, most of whom were not born when the promotion ran. Further, brand resonance was found to explain 4% more variance in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), the proxy for sport participation, for younger people compared to older people.Practical implicationsResults provide direction to brands, properties and agencies around the use of nostalgia in sport marketing campaigns and sponsorship efforts. For brands seeking to sponsor sport properties to alter their image with potential consumers in a new market, associating with a sport property that many view as nostalgic could improve the impact of the campaign. On the sport property side, event managers and marketers should both identify existing assets that members or fans are nostalgic about, as well as consider building nostalgia into current and new properties they develop.Originality/valueThis research is valuable to the sport marketing and sponsorship literature through several contributions. First, the use of nostalgia marketing, and nostalgia in general, is novel in the sport marketing and sponsorship literature, with future research in nostalgia and sponsorship recommended. Second, the potential to adopt or adapt Body Break to other sport participation and physical activity properties is empirically supported. Finally, the finding that very effective promotions can have a long-lasting effect, both on those who experienced the campaigns as well as younger populations who only heard about it, is notable.

Benefits of Sports Activities on Increasing Student Confidence

Background: Sports activities are not just physical exercise, but are also the key to opening the door to increasing self-confidence for high school students. This research explores the positive impact of sports activities on students' psychological aspects, especially self-confidence. Methods: This research is a correlational descriptive study which aims to determine whether there are benefits of sports physical activity in increasing the self-confidence of high school students. The research involved a sample of 60 high school students using random sampling techniques. The research instruments are questionnaires and documentation. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 statistical software. Results: The results of the analysis show that there is a positive relationship between learning achievement and emotional intelligence of high school students, with a significance value (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, our research has illuminated the profound positive impact of sports activities on enhancing student confidence across various domains. Through a comprehensive exploration of literature and empirical analysis, we have uncovered compelling evidence supporting the multifaceted benefits of sports participation in bolstering students' self-assurance and self-belief.

Propuesta de adaptación del reglamento de balonmano para personas con parálisis cerebral o daño cerebral adquirido

At present, handball is a discipline that is not adapted to people with Cerebral Palsy or Acquired Brain Injury. The aim of this study is to develop a proposal for adapting the handball regulations for this group, taking as a reference the regulations and functional classification of football 7-a-side, adapted to these players. The basis of the adaptation process has been the regulations of the International Handball Federation and the functional classification of another sport adapted to people with cerebral palsy and acquired brain damage, Soccer 7. It is necessary to make an adaptation of the material, technical and tactical aspects, as well as sports facilities depending on the motor skills of the participants. The practice of physical-sports activity has multiple benefits at a social, emotional, physical, and psychological level, so including one more collective sport, the only one that already exists for this population, which is football 7-a-side, expanding their participation options sporty.

Australian sport and physical activity behaviours pre, during and post-COVID-19

BackgroundGlobally, COVID-19 and associated restrictions impacted negatively on recreational physical activity (RPA). Participation in community sport was significantly impacted with cancelled training and competitions. Whilst team and club-based sport participation declined during COVID-19 restrictions, participation in some physical activities actually increased, particularly individual and online activities and outdoor activities not requiring facilities.AimThe aim of this study is to investigate changes in the patterns of participation in club-based sport, informal sport and other RPA in Australia from pre, during and post-COVID-19 restrictions. Further, these participation patterns are broken down by gender, age and region of residence.MethodsTwo longitudinal waves of an online survey were conducted in mid-2020 and mid-2021. The first wave also captured retrospective pre-COVID19 (2019) data. Two sections of the survey dealt respectively with two ‘settings’ of RPA: organised club sport, and less structured sport and recreational physical activity (designated ‘other RPA’). For each year 2019–2021 each individual was categorized as participating (Yes/No) in each of club sport and other RPA. For each setting, the proportions of each pattern of participation were tabulated, and the results for the demographic cohorts were compared.ResultsA total of 1,138 Australians aged 13 years and above completed both waves of the survey. Overall, there were considerable differences between the patterns of club sport and other RPA. Most individuals who participated in other RPA (69%) were able to and did participate continuously throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. However, and not surprisingly, the club-sport participants were forced to drop out in 2020 during COVID-19 restrictions, and less than half reported returning to play post-COVID-19 restrictions. Less than a quarter of sports club participants were able to continue to play throughout COVID-19 and beyond. Significantly more males returned to playing sport 51% than females 44%.ConclusionParticipation in community club-based sport has been significantly negatively impacted by COVID-19, more so than participation in some other recreational sport and physical activities. Further, fewer females than males returned to playing community sport, and priority and specific attention should be given to understanding why women and girls have not returned to playing community club-based sport.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND POSTURAL STABILITY AMONG INDONESIAN CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

Introduction: The higher workloads experienced by construction workers reflect the higher physical demands of construction work. Prolonged workloads are responsible for up to 60% of chronic fatigue, diseases, and injuries among construction workers. Individuals need to develop their balance to support physical activity in order to improve their quality of life. Abnormalities in the balance of construction workers is associated with an increased risk of falls. Aims: This preliminary study aims to assess the relationship between physical activity and postural stability among Indonesian construction workers. Methods: A total of 118 healthy male construction workers without health problems were recruited for this study. Their physical activity levels were measured using the Baecke questionnaire for work, sports, and leisure time, while their postural balance was assessed using the one-leg standing test. Results: This study found a significant difference between physical activity in sports and during leisure time compared to activity at work (F 2.234 = 149.3, p < 0.0001). In addition, this study found a weak correlation between physical activity at work and postural stability among construction workers (p = 0.006, r = -2,498). Conclusion: These preliminary findings indicated that construction workers had higher levels of physical activity at work. However, no correlation was found with postural stability. Further research is needed to investigate larger sample sizes with similar characteristics.

Team Sports and Executive Functions: A Comparative Observational Pilot Study

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the executive functional ability among participants regularly practicing and participating in four different sports, including Cricket, Volleyball, Kho-Kho, and Kabaddi, and the active control group.METHODS: This pilot study included 125 university youths aged 19-25 years. Twenty-five participants were selected for each of the four different sports disciplines, including Cricket, Volleyball, Kho-Kho, and Kabaddi, to meet the purpose of the study. Twenty-five active, healthy male participants served as the control group. Moreover, participants in the control group did not regularly engage in organized sports; however, they were all recreationally active and healthy. The Executive Functions (EFs) of all sampled participants were assessed using the Tower of London (TOL) and Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT). Mean, standard deviation, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) post-hoc tests were used for data analysis and interpretation.RESULTS: One-way ANOVA demonstrated significant differences among groups in both tests; thus, the post-hoc Tukey’s HSD test was conducted, which gave pairwise comparisons between and within groups. Pairwise comparison of the TOL test indicated significantly higher EFs in Kabaddi players than those in the Volleyball (<i>p</i><.01), Kho-kho (<i>p</i><.05), and the control (<i>p</i><.001) groups; however, there was no significant difference between the Kabaddi and Cricket groups. The Cricket group demonstrated higher EFs than the control group (<i>p</i><.05). The pairwise comparison results of the SCWT test indicated significantly higher EFs in Volleyball (<i>p</i><.001) and Khokho (<i>p</i><.05) players than those in the control group.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that people involved in regular physical and team sports activities have higher EFs than nontrainer active control individuals.

A quest for legitimacy? An exploratory study of the new meanings of sports and physical activity in contemporary Saudi Arabia

The Saudi Arabian Kingdom is currently undergoing significant socio-cultural changes, primarily driven by Vision 2030, a strategic document outlining the nation's future development. This initiative includes efforts to enhance sports participation and physical activity levels across various sectors of the country. This paper represents one of the first attempts to understand the effects of the Vision on domestic sports/physical activities policy through the lens of selected actors in the field. with a special interest in youth sports. Based on extensive fieldwork that took place within the country, including qualitative semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from various organisations within Saudi sports, we identify several key facets seen as crucial enablers or obstacles for the field of sports and physical activities. The individual facets form two main groups – activities of state authorities in Saudi Arabia, specifically the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Sports, and informal practices influenced by broader cultural changes oscillating between the traditional views and contemporary demands. Amongst the identified cultural facets, gender takes a crucial discursive position. As we examine these processes through the lens of concepts of soft power and rightful resistance, we identify formal and informal legitimation practices used by stakeholders to achieve and potentially surpass the goals set by Vision 2030 for the Kingdom's sporting landscape.

Sports-Statin Interaction: Ensuring Safe and Smart Synergy

Both sports (physical activity) and statins are recommended for the prevention and management of atherosclerotic cardiovasculardisease. The synergy that they create in risk reduction, however, may turn dysfunctional at times. Statin usage is associated witha risk of muscle-related conditions including myalgia, myositis and rhabdomyolysis. This risk is exacerbated by unaccustomedphysical activity, exercise or sports. The communication shares practical and pragmatic suggestions regarding the preventionand management of the potential sports-statin interactions that may occur. It also highlights the need to consider drug-lifestyleinteractions, apart from conventional drug-drug interactions.

Basic motor competencies of kindergarten children: Differences in sex, age, sport club membership, and physical activity in everyday life

Introduction
 The kindergarten age (four to six years) is considered to be a central phase of motor development, as basic motor competencies (BMC) are formed here. The development of BMC is crucial for participating in physical activities (PA) and sport, which in turn supports the development of a healthy lifestyle. Two domains of competence can be distinguished: the competence domain of object-movement includes tasks related to handling balls and the competence domain of self-movement includes movements of one's own body (Herrmann et al., 2022).
 Methods
 The BMC of N = 44 children (aged M = 58.1 months, SD = 7.9, 54.5% boys) were assessed in Hamburg, Germany, using the MOBAK-KG instrument (Herrmann et al., 2020). The children’s sport club membership and PA were recorded from the parents’ questionnaire. Data was analyzed using t-tests.
 Results Boys achieved higher scores in object-movement (p = .047, d = .62), whereas there were no significant differences between boys and girls in self-movement. Older children (60-67 months) performed significantly better in both domains (self-movement: p = .024, d = .72; object-movement: p < .001, d = 1.48) than the younger cohort (39-59 months). More than half of the children are physically active for at least half an hour on three days or less per week. Children who engage in PA for at least half an hour on four or more days a week achieved significantly better results in self-movement (p = .025, d = .72) but not in object-movement. Significant differences were also found between BMC and sport club membership in both domains (self-movement: p = .009, d = .84; object-movement: p = .004, d = .94) in favor of the children who are members of a sport club, with boys being in sport clubs more often than girls.
 Discussion/Conclusion
 A high level of BMC seems to enable children to take part in sports activities even in the kindergarten age. Boys already showed higher performance in handling balls in that age. The higher scores in both domains in favor of the older cohort indicate that the BMC of kindergarten children must always be interpreted in an age-specific manner. PA can be seen as an important factor in promoting self-movement. However, it should be noted that the information on PA is based on the subjective assessments of the parents, who might be biased. Participation in sport clubs is, however, relatively selective and depends on various factors, such as the social environment. Therefore, it is important to provide PA time in kindergarten. This study is the first in Germany which reproduces results from the Swiss context and refers to the validity of the MOBAK-KG instrument across cultures.
 References
 Herrmann, C., Bretz, K., Kühnis, J., Seelig, H., Keller, R., Storni, S., Voisard, N., Rossi, F., & Ferrari, I. (2022). Monitoring motorischer Basiskompetenzen von Kindergartenkindern in der Schweiz. Abschlussbericht MOBAK-Monitoring 2021 [Monitoring the basic motor skills of kindergarten children in Switzerland. Final report MOBAK-Monitoring 2021] Zürich: Pädagogische Hochschule Zürich. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6380396
 Herrmann, C., Ferrari, I., Wälti, M., Wacker, S., & Kühnis, J. (2020). MOBAK-KG: Motorische Basiskompetenzen im Kindergarten. Testmanual [MOBAK-KG: Basic motor skills in kindergarten. Test manual] (3rd ed.). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774435

Changes in Sports Participation, Specialization, and Burnout From 7th to 12th Grade: Final Results From a 6-Year Longitudinal Study.

Previous studies show alarming rates of burnout and dropout from sports participation and physical activity in the youth population. Early sports specialization may increase the risk of injury, burnout, and eventual dropout from sports. Sports participation will decrease, specialization will increase, and burnout will increase from junior high to high school. Prospective longitudinal study. Level 2b. The graduating class of 2023 was surveyed longitudinally in the fall of each school year from 7th to 12th grade (n = 35-77 from middle to high school based on new enrollment participants and attrition). Survey questions asked about sports participation, specialization, and burnout. Responses were analyzed by grade level using mixed effects linear and logistic regression accounting for repeated measures. The number of days per week in which students engaged in at least 60 minutes of strenuous exercise progressively decreased from 7th through 12th grade from 4.0 to 2.3 days per week (P < 0.01). The percentage of students participating in sports also decreased from 7th to 12th grade from 82% to 39% (P < 0.01). More students stopped participating in a sport (38% vs 22% to 29%, P = 0.04), quit a sport to focus on a single sport (60% vs 46% to 49%, P = 0.01), or reported that 1 sport was most important to them (71% vs 54% to 67%, P = 0.06) in 9th grade. Burnout in sports did not differ significantly by grade level (19% to 23%, P > 0.99). In contrast, burnout in school was significantly more common in high school (54% to 69%) compared with middle school (36%, P < 0.01). Burnout in school was higher in female students compared with male students (68% vs 38%, P < 0.01). Organized sports participation and general physical activity decreased from middle to high school, with the entry into high school at 9th grade being a time at which a significant number of students dropped other sports to specialize in a single sport or stopped participating. Burnout in sports did not appear to increase with age; however, there was an increase in school-related burnout as students transitioned from middle to high school. Our results highlight the need for continued research into sports participation, specialization, and burnout in adolescents. In addition, health professionals and the community (parents, coaches, teachers) supporting youth athletes may consider positive interventions during the periods of transition from middle to high school to include facilitating different tracks of sports participation (including a developmental or recreational model of play) to reduce dropout from sport and supportive measures to lessen burnout from sports and from school.

Analysis of the Relationships between Sport Participation, Physical Activity, and Concurrent Substance Misuse in College Students: A Gender-Stratified Analysis in the Post-Pandemic Period

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased substance use and misuse (SUM). The period in which one undergoes college education is known to be associated with a greater risk of SUM, and there is a need for greater awareness of the risks associated with concurrent SUM in the post-pandemic years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gender-specific relationships between physical activity levels (PAL), sport participation, and concurrent SUM among college students in the first post-pandemic year. The participants were college students from Croatia and from Bosnia and Herzegovina (n=398) who were tested on sport factors (involvement in individual and team sports, time of involvement, frequency of training, sport achievement), physical activity levels (PALs), and concurrent SUM (simultaneous consumption of cigarettes and alcohol) by using structured anonymous previously validated questionnaires immediately after the pandemic period. Sport factors and PALs were not significantly associated with concurrent SUM in the total sample or in male students. In female students, higher competitive achievement in sports was shown to be associated with the risk of concurrent SUM (OR=1.45, 95%CI:1.11-1.98). The results evidenced an increased risk of concurrent SUM in female students who achieved greater success in sports. Therefore, it seems that public health authorities should develop specific educational and preventive programs in female athletes. The timing of this study was in the first post-pandemic year which could have at least partially influenced our findings.

Practice of physical-sports activities for athletes of the Ecuadorian Federation of Sports with Visual Impairment: an integral approach for inclusion and performance

This study addresses a fundamental issue in the field of sports: the inclusion of athletes with visual impairment in Ecuador and how a comprehensive approach in the practice of physical activities and sports can improve both the inclusion and performance of these athletes. The objective of the article is to promote a comprehensive approach in the practice of physical activities and sports for athletes with visual impairment in Ecuador, in order to promote their full inclusion in the sporting arena and improve their athletic performance. The importance of promoting the inclusion of people with visual impairment in sports is highlighted, underlining the physical and psychological benefits that this process can provide. Then, the current situation of visually impaired athletes in Ecuador is analyzed and the obstacles they face to fully participate in physical and sporting activities are identified. Various strategies and programs that can be implemented to improve the inclusion and performance of athletes with visual impairment in Ecuador are explored. These include adapting sports facilities, training coaches and health professionals, and promoting an inclusive mindset in society. In conclusion, the article advocates for a comprehensive approach in the practice of physical-sports activities for athletes of the Ecuadorian Federation of Sports with Visual Impairment, emphasizing that inclusion and performance are not mutually exclusive goals, but can coexist and benefit each other.

Evaluación de la Actividad y Aptitud Física en el Modelo de Educación Deportiva: Revisión Sistemática

The sport education model (SEM) is the most widely researched and implemented pedagogical model in physical education (PE) field. The SEM promotes enthusiastic, competent, and literate people through sports has evolved through non-sports content, practical lessons, and physical conditioning to promote physical activity (PA) and fitness. This study aimed to systematically review the SEM PA and fitness outcomes reported in the PE and related fields and identify new trends for future research directions since Hastie et al.’s (2011) study. The research articles selected were found through six databases: ResearchGate, Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscuss (EBSCO), ERIC (ProQuest), and Google Scholar. The articles were selected using the following criteria: (a) peer-reviewed studies in indexed international journals, (b) SEM implemented in isolation or compared with others, (c) findings focused on PA or fitness, (d) elementary–college or related setting research, and (e) published in English or Spanish. The associated keywords (sport education, pedagogical models, physical activity, and fitness) were used in different combinations. A total of 21 articles were identified through the search process and analyzed using PRISMA guidelines. Articles were initially categorized according to the following dimensions: country of origin, focus, topics, length of season, participants (grade, gender, age), and results. Since Hastie et al.’s (2011) review, the number of studies related to the SEM and PA as season outcomes, new contexts, and research purposes has expanded. The results showed the SEM’s feasibility as a PM that can promote moderate/vigorous physical activity and health-related fitness components (cardiovascular) through different topic contents and in academic and non-academic settings.

Association of European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology practical recommendations for surveillance and prevention of cardiac disease in childhood cancer survivors: the importance of physical activity and lifestyle changes From the Association of European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology Working Group Sports Cardiology, Physical Activity and Prevention, Working Group Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Working Group Imaging and Working Group Heart Failure.

Childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, presenting as the main causes of morbidity and mortality within this group. Besides the usual primary and secondary prevention in combination with screening during follow-up, the modifiable lifestyle factors of physical activity, nutrition, and body weight have not yet gained enough attention regarding potential cardiovascular risk reduction. These practical recommendations aim to provide summarised information and practical implications to paediatricians and health professionals treating childhood cancer survivors to reduce the risk of cardiovascular late effects. The content derives from either published guidelines or expert opinions from Association of European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology working groups and is in accordance with current state-of-the-art. All usual methods of prevention and screening regarding the risk, monitoring, and treatment of occurring cardiovascular diseases are summarised. Additionally, modifiable lifestyle factors are explained, and clear practical implications are named. Modifiable lifestyle factors should definitely be considered as a cost-effective and complementary approach to already implemented follow-up care programs in cardio-oncology, which can be actively addressed by the survivors themselves. However, treating physicians are strongly encouraged to support survivors to develop and maintain a healthy lifestyle, including physical activity as one of the major influencing factors. This article summarises relevant background information and provides specific practical recommendations on how to advise survivors to increase their level of physical activity.

Explaining the Communication Pattern of Attention to Health and Humor in the Work Environment with the Mediating Role of Sports Activities in Elementary School Teachers

This research aims to elucidate the relationship between health awareness and humor in the work environment, focusing on the mediating role of sports activities among elementary school teachers. A correlational survey method was employed. The study population comprised all male and female elementary school teachers in Sahne City, totaling 289 individuals (126 men and 163 women). A sample of 182 participants was selected using the Krejcie and Morgan table. Research instruments included healthcare questionnaires (Sijtsama and Beck, 2009), humor measurement in the work environment (Maja et al., 2009), and self-reports on sports activities. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 and SmartPLS 3 software, utilizing descriptive statistics, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and structural equation modeling via the partial least squares method. Results indicated that teachers' attention to health and sense of humor are favorable. Teachers' sports activities ranged from low to moderate levels. Increased health awareness among elementary teachers correlated with higher levels of humor. However, sports activities did not significantly affect teachers' humor levels or mediate the relationship between health awareness and humor.The findings suggest that the mediating variable (sports activities) did not reach the desired level to impact teachers' humor significantly. Similarly, health awareness did not considerably influence humor through sports activity mediation. It is recommended that specialized classes for physical and mental sports activities (e.g., yoga, meditation) be planned and implemented for teachers.

Innovative approaches to the labor rehabilitation of minors through sports and wellness programs

The article discusses innovative approaches to the labor rehabilitation of minors through the use of sports and wellness programs. The role of physical exercises and sports activities in the process of recovery and rehabilitation of adolescents involved in work is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the legal aspects and regulations governing the labor relations of minors in this area. The paper provides examples of successful programs and projects aimed at rehabilitating adolescents through physical activity, and discusses the prospects for the development of these methods in the context of modern socio-economic conditions.

Engagement in Sedentary and Physically Active After-School Programs Among African American Children with ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

Sport and physical activity (PA) programs are an important developmental resource for youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. The purpose of this study is to assess sport participation rates, PA participation, and after-school supervision rates among African American children with ADHD and/or Disruptive Behavior Disorders. In this cross-sectional study, parents of African American children with elevated symptoms of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, and/or conduct disorder (N = 175, 6- to 12-y-old, 31% female) reported after-school program participation over the past year. Logistic regression analyses tested relationships between ADHD symptoms, oppositional defiant disorder symptoms, and conduct disorder symptoms, likelihood of regular participation (≥2d/wk) in sport, PA, and sedentary after-school programs, and likelihood of being supervised and unsupervised after school. All regressions controlled for age, sex, income, and medication status. Sample participation rates were descriptively compared with participation rates of same-aged peers regionally, and nationally, reported in 3 national surveys. Parents in the local sample reported higher rates of sedentary after-school program participation (54%) but lower rates of PA program participation (31%), and sport participation (12%) compared with same-aged peers. The local sample was less likely to be unsupervised after-school compared with same-aged peers with only 27% of parents reporting that their child was unsupervised ≥ 2days per week. Children endorsing oppositional defiant disorder (odds ratio = 2.05; P < .05) and conduct disorder (odds ratio = 5.74; P < .05) were more likely to be unsupervised more frequently after-school as compared with those not meeting endorsement. Given demonstrated benefits of youth sport programming and observed inequities in participation, there is a need to develop support models that connect parents, coaches, and social services agencies to facilitate inclusion. Sports medicine professionals are uniquely positioned to contribute to these efforts, as they are often key opinion leaders in both the youth sport and health care contexts.

ФАКТОРЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ СПОРТИВНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ РОССИЙСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ

Improving health and increasing life expectancy of the population is inextricably linked with its involvement in physical education and sports. Observations show that along with the growing involvement of Russians in mass sports, a significant part of citizens do not yet use physical activity for their health, recuperation, recreation, and socialization. The purpose of the study is, through interdisciplinary analysis, to identify factors for the possible involvement of various socio-demographic groups of the population in regular mass sports and to substantiate the directions for its further development. The empirical basis of the study was the materials of official statistics, sample observations, surveys and polls. To process empirical data, grouping methods, comparative analysis, and expert assessments were used. In the process of the study, the main reasons for the passive attitude of certain groups of the population towards mass sports were identified: lack of time, poor health, age, lack of accessible sports facilities and services, difficulty in overcoming oneself. The elements of scientific novelty of this study are the substantiation of the need for a more specific relationship between medicine and sports, a comparative analysis of the possibilities of expanding sports physical activity of the population in the paid and free segments of mass sports, the development of digital transformation of the sphere of mass sports to increase the accessibility and quality of its services. The practical significance of the study is that the proposed measures are aimed at increasing the interest and value of sports activity of various target groups of the population while simultaneously considering the real conditions of their implementation. The article substantiates the feasibility of a closer relationship between medicine, medical consultations and recommendations for physical activity, especially for older people with health problems; conducting regular observations of the dynamics of the contingents involved in mass sports and changes in their motivation; strengthening marketing and promotion of sports services and facilities in the media, public service advertising, social networks; providing preferences to entrepreneurs for renting premises, plots of land, organizing sports facilities, participating in the sponsorship of mass sporting events; development and use of training methods combining offline and online elements for target consumer groups; wider use of digital technologies and services for monitoring business processes in mass sports, increasing its efficiency and quality of services.