Physical Activity In Smokers Research Articles

Phase angle measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Associations with physical inactivity and frailty

BackgroundFactors associated with early-stage frailty (pre-frailty) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remain unestablished. In addition to skeletal muscle quantity, skeletal muscle dysfunction can be estimated using an angular metric from bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA), termed the phase angle, that reflects cell membrane reactance representing the structural stability. This study examined whether the phase angle was more closely associated with pre-frailty compared with skeletal muscle quantity in patients with COPD. MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis included stable smokers with and without COPD whose frailty status was assessed using the Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria. The phase angle and skeletal muscle index (SMI) were measured using BIA, and physical activity over one week was assessed using triaxial accelerometers. ResultsA total of 159 patients were categorized into robust, pre-frail, and frail groups (n = 38, 92, and 29, respectively). The phase angle was significantly smaller in the pre-frail and frail groups than in the robust group after adjusting for age, sex, height, body mass index, smoking history, and lung function. In contrast, SMI did not differ between the robust and pre-frail groups. When combining the pre-frail and frail groups into a non-robust group, 4.8° was determined as the cutoff phase angle value to identify non-robust status. A phase angle <4.8° was associated with shorter durations of moderate-intensity physical activity but not with light physical activity. ConclusionsA smaller phase angle was associated with pre-frailty and impaired moderate-intensity physical activity in smokers with and without COPD.

SAĞLIK PROFESYONELLERİNDE SİGARA İÇİCİLİĞİ İLE FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Purpose: Smoking and physical inactivity are two major health problems that concern the public. Although the relationship between physical activity level and smoking status is defined in different study groups, this relationship is not clearly defined in health care professionals who are thought to be a guide for community health. Therefore, our study aimed to examine the relationship between smoking and physical activity level in healthcare professionals. Methods: A total of 193 healthcare professionals (median age; 38 [interquartile range-IQR; 34-45] years, body mass index; 24 [IQR; 21-27] kg/m2), 102 smokers and 91 non-smokers, who worked in an educational research hospital, participated in the study. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Smoking history was taken in the smoker group, and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence was administered to determine the nicotine addiction level. Results: The demographics of the groups were similar (p>0.05). Walking activity, moderate physical activity and total physical activity scores were significantly lower in smokers than non-smokers (p<0.001, p=0.021, and p=0.001, respectively). The total physical activity score in the smoking group was showed a moderate negative correlation with the nicotine dependence and the amount of cigarette consumption (r=-0.462 and r=-0.483, respectively, p<0.05). Conclusion: The level of physical activity in smokers' health professionals was found to be low. As the amount of cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence increases, the level of physical activity decreases. In this crucial population, further studies should be undertaken to improve both smoking cessation and physical activity.

Anxiety Sensitivity is Associated with Lower Enjoyment and an Anxiogenic Response to Physical Activity in Smokers.

The subjective affective response to, and enjoyment of, physical activity are strong predictors of engagement in physical activity. Anxiety sensitivity, the fear of bodily sensations, is a cognitive factor that may inhibit the pleasurable affective experience of physical activity, possibly contributing to low levels of physical activity. The current study evaluated anxiety sensitivity in relation to PA enjoyment and affective experience before and after exercise in smokers. Participants were low-active treatment-seeking smokers (n = 201) enrolled in a smoking cessation intervention. At baseline, participants completed self -report assessments of anxiety sensitivity, cigarette dependence, and physical activity enjoyment. State affect was also reported before and after a submaximal exercise test to index pre-exercise activity affect and affective response to exercise. Anxiety sensitivity was significantly negatively correlated with physical activity enjoyment, specifically lower enjoyable physical feelings of physical activity. Anxiety sensitivity was significantly correlated with lower state mood and higher state anxiety prior to the submaximal exercise test, and higher anxiety immediately after the exercise test. Additionally, anxiety sensitivity predicted increased anxiety, but not lower mood, in response to the submaximal exercise test. This is the first study to document an association of anxiety sensitivity with affective determinants of physical activity behavior in smokers. Anxiety sensitivity was associated with lower physical activity enjoyment, higher negative affect prior to after exercise testing, and an anxiogenic response to exercise. Future work is needed to understand how the current findings generalize beyond smokers.

Long-term effects of a program to increase physical activity in smokers

Long-term effects of a program to increase physical activity in smokers

Long-term Effects of a Program to Increase Physical Activity in Smokers

BACKGROUND:Programs aimed at increasing physical activity in daily life (PADL) have generated growing interest to prevent the deleterious effects of physical inactivity. Recent literature has shown that a short-term protocol using pedometers increased PADL in smokers with normal lung function. However, the long-term effects of such a protocol were not yet studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the results of 1-year follow-up after a program aimed at increasing PADL in smokers with normal lung function.METHODS:Twenty-four smokers were followed (15 men; mean [interquartile range (IQR)], 51 [41–57] years of age; BMI, 26 [22–29] kg/m2; 20 [20–30] cigarettes/d). Subjects were assessed at baseline, immediately after completion of the program, and 1 year later for PADL, lung function, 6-min walking distance (6MWD), smoking habits, quality of life, anxiety, and depression. The 5-month program used pedometers and informative booklets as interventions.RESULTS:The gains achieved after the program were maintained in the long term: steps/d (postprogram vs 1-year follow-up, mean [IQR]: 10,572 [9,804-12,237] vs 10,438 [9,151-12,862]); 6MWD (625 [530–694] m, 88 [81–97] % predicted vs 609 [539–694] m, 89 [81–96] % predicted), anxiety (34 [26–41] points vs 35 [36–47] points) and depression (6 [2–9] points vs 5 [2–11] points) (P> .05 for all). One year after the program, 20% of the subjects had quit smoking.CONCLUSIONS:In smokers with normal lung function, improvements in daily physical activity, exercise capacity, anxiety, and depression obtained through a 5-month program aimed at increasing physical activity are sustained 1 year after completion of the program. Furthermore, such a program can contribute to smoking cessation in this population.

Reduction of physical activity in daily life and its determinants in smokers without airflow obstruction

In smokers without airflow obstruction, detailed, objective and controlled quantification of the level of physical inactivity in daily life has never been performed. This study aimed to objectively assess the level of physical activity in daily life in adult smokers without airflow obstruction in comparison with matched non-smokers, and to investigate the determinants for daily physical activity in smokers. Sixty smokers (aged 50 (39-54) years) and 50 non-smokers (aged 48 (40-53) years) matched for gender, age, anthropometric characteristics, educational level, employment status and seasons of the year assessment period were cross-sectionally assessed regarding their daily physical activity with a step counter, besides assessment of lung function, functional exercise capacity, quality of life, anxiety, depression, self-reported comorbidities carbon monoxide level, nicotine dependence and smoking habits. When compared with non-smokers, smokers walked less in daily life (7923 ± 3558 vs 9553 ± 3637 steps/day, respectively), presented worse lung function, functional exercise capacity, quality of life, anxiety and depression. Multiple regression analyses identified functional exercise capacity, Borg fatigue, self-reported motivation/physical activity behaviour and cardiac disease as significant determinants of number of steps/day in smokers (partial r(2) = 0.10, 0.12, 0.16 and 0.05; b = 15, -997, 1207 and -2330 steps/day, respectively; overall fit of the model R(2) = 0.38; P < 0.001). Adult smokers without airflow obstruction presented reduced level of daily physical activity. Functional exercise capacity, extended fatigue sensation, aspects of motivation/physical activity behaviour and self-reported cardiac disease are significant determinants of physical activity in daily life in smokers.

Short-Term Effects of Using Pedometers to Increase Daily Physical Activity in Smokers: A Randomized Trial

In adults it is recommended that the minimum of 10,000 steps/day should be performed in order to consider an individual as active. The pedometer, a small device that counts steps, has been used to monitor and/or motivate physical activity in various populations. To investigate the short-term effects of a protocol using a pedometer or an informative booklet to increase daily physical activity in apparently healthy smokers who reached or did not reach the minimum public health recommendation of 10,000 steps/day. Subjects were randomly assigned to 2 groups: group pedometer (GP, n = 23), who wore a pedometer every day during 1 month, aiming to achieve 10,000 steps/day; and group booklet (GB, n = 17), who received a booklet with encouragement to walk as much as possible in everyday life. Each group was subdivided according to their baseline daily physical activity level: active (subjects who achieved 10,000 steps/day), and inactive (those who did not achieve this minimum). Only the physically inactive GP increased significantly its daily physical activity (pre vs post 7,670 [6,159-9,402] steps/day vs 10,310 [9,483-11,110] steps/day, P < .001), with a concomitant increase in the 6-min walking test (6MWT) distance (mean and interquartile range 540 m [501-586 m] vs 566 m [525-604 m], P = .03). In GP, Δ post-pre steps/day correlated significantly with baseline number of steps/day (r = -0.63, P = .01), but not with 6MWT. In the inactive subjects (summing GP and GB), there were significant correlations between steps/day and cigarettes/day, pack-years, and Fagerström questionnaire (r = -0.55, -0.40, and -0.59, P ≤ .05 for all). Furthermore, improvement in steps/day in the inactive subjects of GP was correlated with baseline cigarettes smoked per day, pack-years, and Fagerström questionnaire (r = 0.51, 0.65 and 0.53, P ≤ .05 for all). Physically inactive smokers improve their daily physical activity level by using a simple tool (pedometer), and larger improvement occurs in subjects with the lowest levels of physical activity.

Lack of association between physical activity in smokers and plasma glutathione peroxidase levels.

One proposed mechanism for the protective effect of physical activity on cancer development is through increasing endogenous antioxidant enzyme systems such as glutathione peroxidase (GPX; ref. [1][1]). GPX reduces hydrogen and lipid peroxides to less toxic hydroxy fatty acids using glutathione as a

Effects of Smoking on Bone and Mineral Metabolism

Many studies have confirmed Daniell’s observation in 1976 that postmenopausal women who smoke have more fractures and less bone than postmenopausal women who do not smoke. Comparison of the bone density of smokers with that of their nonsmoking twins perhaps makes the point most strongly. There are many potential causes of these differences, including less calcium and vitamin D intake and less physical activity in smokers compared with nonsmokers. There is also evidence for direct toxic effects of smoking on bone cells. Decreased new bone formation in smokers has been suggested by decreased biochemical bone marker levels in several studies. Impaired osteoblastic proliferation, differentiation, and function in vitro have also been described. A few studies found an increase in bone resorption but most did not. Several authors have reported decreased intestinal calcium absorption efficiency in smokers. This is most likely caused by low levels of serum calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D), the hormone that controls calcium absorption. Although many smokers also have low levels of the storage form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], this does not appear to be the cause of their low serum calcitriol. Most studies, but not all, indicate that serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) is suppressed in smokers, and this is most likely the cause of both the low serum calcitriol and decreased calcium absorption. Why PTH is decreased is not clear. It could be because of increased degradation or decreased production of PTH. Two studies report normal serum ionized calcium levels in smokers, but one suggests ionized calcium levels are increased, which might cause a secondary decrease in serum PTH. Management of the increased bone loss found in smokers will remain empirical until its causes are better understood.

The association of cigarette smoking with disease outcome in patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis

Objective Cigarette smoking is known to increase rheumatoid factor (RF) and nodule formation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we examined the influence of smoking on disease outcome at 3 years among patients newly presenting with inflammatory polyarthritis (IP). Methods We studied 486 patients with IP who were referred to the Norfolk Arthritis Register, of whom 323 (67%) satisfied the American College of Rheumatology 1987 criteria for RA. Smoking status was assessed at baseline. Disease outcome was assessed at 3 years, using measures of joint inflammation, functional disability, and radiologic damage. The influence of smoking on disease outcome was explored using logistic regression techniques, with patients who had never smoked as the referent group. Results are expressed as odds ratios (ORs), with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results Current smokers were significantly more likely to be RF positive at baseline (47%) than were ex-smokers (34%) and never smokers (31%). After 3 years, rheumatoid nodules were significantly more common in smokers (13%) compared with ex-smokers/never smokers (4%), a relationship which persisted after adjusting for age and sex (OR 4.07, 95% CI 1.38–12). In contrast, after adjusting for age and sex, current smokers had significantly fewer swollen joints (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.37–0.98). However, smoking status had no influence on the development of erosions or functional disability. Conclusion Despite smokers being more likely to develop nodules and to be RF positive, current smokers did not have higher levels of radiologic damage, and had fewer swollen joints. We hypothesize that this could be due to either the effect of cigarette smoking on the inflammatory response or other factors (e.g., reduced physical activity in smokers) which may limit joint inflammation and damage.

The association of cigarette smoking with disease outcome in patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis.

Cigarette smoking is known to increase rheumatoid factor (RF) and nodule formation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we examined the influence of smoking on disease outcome at 3 years among patients newly presenting with inflammatory polyarthritis (IP). We studied 486 patients with IP who were referred to the Norfolk Arthritis Register, of whom 323 (67%) satisfied the American College of Rheumatology 1987 criteria for RA. Smoking status was assessed at baseline. Disease outcome was assessed at 3 years, using measures of joint inflammation, functional disability, and radiologic damage. The influence of smoking on disease outcome was explored using logistic regression techniques, with patients who had never smoked as the referent group. Results are expressed as odds ratios (ORs), with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Current smokers were significantly more likely to be RF positive at baseline (47%) than were ex-smokers (34%) and never smokers (31%). After 3 years, rheumatoid nodules were significantly more common in smokers (13%) compared with ex-smokers/never smokers (4%), a relationship which persisted after adjusting for age and sex (OR 4.07, 95% CI 1.38-12). In contrast, after adjusting for age and sex, current smokers had significantly fewer swollen joints (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.37-0.98). However, smoking status had no influence on the development of erosions or functional disability. Despite smokers being more likely to develop nodules and to be RF positive, current smokers did not have higher levels of radiologic damage, and had fewer swollen joints. We hypothesize that this could be due to either the effect of cigarette smoking on the inflammatory response or other factors (e.g., reduced physical activity in smokers) which may limit joint inflammation and damage.

Reduced Cardiovascular Mortality Risk in Male Smokers Who Are Physically Active

To assess to what extent physical activity during leisure time may modify the mortality risk associated with smoking. Population-based cohort study in the city of Malmö, Sweden. The 642 men included in this study were all born in 1914 and were all free of cardiovascular disease at the baseline examination in 1968 and 1969. Smoking habits and physical activity during leisure time were assessed by a structured questionnaire. Main outcome measures were total and cardiovascular mortality rates during 25 years of follow-up. The total and cardiovascular mortality rates in smokers were 33.2 per 1000 person-years and 15.9 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Corresponding figures in nonsmokers were 17.8 per 1000 person-years and 7.5 per 1000 person-years. Mortality rates in smokers were strongly related to daily tobacco consumption. Physically active men had lower overall (adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5-0.9) and cardiovascular (adjusted RR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9) mortality rates than sedentary men. Physically active men who never smoked (used as the control category) had the lowest death rate, and physically inactive smokers the highest (adjusted RR, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.1-6.3). The cardiovascular death rates in these 2 groups were 4.3 per 1000 person-years and 16.6 per 1000 person-years, respectively (adjusted RR, 5.5; 95% CI, 2.2-13.6). Vigorous physical activity in smokers was associated with an almost 40% lower cardiovascular mortality rate (RR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3-1.2; P = .11). Regular physical activity was associated with lower total and cardiovascular mortality rates. Similar effects were observed in both nonsmokers and smokers.