Physical Actions Research Articles

Performance of composite ZrO2/MoDTC nanolubricant as an effective anti-friction and - Wear oil-based additive

Nanolubricants are the preferred method for improving the anti-friction and -wear performance of the moving components of machines. However, the lubrication performance requires further improvement. In this study, the tribological performances of ZrO2/MoDTC (BZM) nanolubricants with various mass ratios and concentrations were systematically evaluated using a pin-on-disc tribotester with a steel-steel contact pair. Subsequently, comparative analyses with lubricants containing only pure base oil (BO), pure ZrO2 (BZ) nanoparticles, and pure MoDTC (BM) additives were performed. The results validate the excellent anti-friction and -wear performances of BZM nanolubricants compared with individual BO, BZ, and BM lubricants, even in cases of high load and varied velocity. The optimal mixing ratio and concentration of BZM nanolubricant are 1:2 and 0.25–0.75 wt%, respectively. The friction coefficient of BZM (1:2) decreased by 71.64%, 67.80%, and 47.22%, respectively, compared with those of pure BO, BZ, and BM lubricants separately. The exceptional tribological performance of the BZM nanolubricants is ascribed to the structural advantages and physical synergistic lubricating actions of the ZrO2 nanoparticles and MoDTC additives during the friction process.

Experimental investigations on the physico-mechanical and microstructural properties of loess reinforced with anionic polyacrylamide

The typical characteristics of loess, such as macropores, weak cementation, and strong collapsibility, can adversely affect the stability of building foundations, transportation infrastructure, and other geotechnical systems. To address this problem, a water-soluble anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) was used to improve the characteristics of loess. A series of multi-scale geotechnical engineering tests, such as sedimentation column, zeta potential, Atterberg limits, standard compaction, permeability, triaxial compression strength, scanning electron microscope (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests were conducted on the loess samples. The results showed that the APAM polymer could flocculate fine loess particles into stable agglomerates via a series of physical actions, including charge neutralization, adsorption and bridging, and hydrophobic interactions. The contact form among the loess particles changed from loose point contact to strong mosaic contact with the addition of the APAM polymer, the surface porosity, fractal dimension, and interplanar spacing of the treatment material decreased significantly. The considerable improvement of loess microstructure affected its macroscopic physical and mechanical properties. The optimum moisture content and permeability coefficient of the treated loess decreased with the increases of the APAM content, whereas the plasticity index and maximum dry density increased. Additionally, the failure strength of the loess samples first increased then decreased as the APAM content increased, which showed the maximum value at an addition amount of 0.30% content, beyond which its strength value decreased. The test results demonstrated that the APAM polymer treatment could provide significant improvement in the macroscopic physico-mechanical and microstructural properties of loess. This study will serve as a crucial resource for loess foundation stabilization using the environmentally friendly and cost-effective polymer.

Between the Pen and the Line: Digital Drawing and the Feeling of Alienation and Distance


 As an artist I work mainly with digital drawing tools, but I also have this feeling of alienation towards digital drawing: As an artist educated around the 80s/90s, the classic analog drawing is the basis for my understanding of both analogue anddigital drawing, and my experience with the digital drawing tools is filtered through this early training. 
 
 
 In my research I have been testing various digital hardware and software to see how they work, and what kind of results they make. In my presentation I will look at the different quality of lines various hardware and software makes, show some of my line tests from different digital technology and reflect on my own drawing process. I will also reflect on my experience when working with digital tools and the experience I get from the finished works. The presentation will be illustrated with my own digital drawings made specially as part of my research.
 Drawing is an act traditionally done with a drawing tool held in the hand to make a line on a surface. Basically, the physical action - the gesture itself - is the same, whether I draw analog or digital: I hold the pen in the same way, move my hand and arm in the same way. But what exists between the hands gesture, the tip of the pen and the resulting line, is different in analog and digital drawing, and the line itself is also different. The digital drawing tools add their own qualities to the lines and the drawings. 
 
 
 I will look at some of the differences I experience between digital and analog drawing: I see digital drawing both as a sort of drawing among many others, and at the same time as something completely different, it adds something other than traditional drawing tools. 

A theoretical model of industrial accidents investigations: a conceptualization of the mental processes that trigger and control investigative activities

Humans strive to understand and respond to abnormal changes that occur within their surrounding contexts. Current literature is yet to discuss the process of triggering an enquiring process within the human cognition after the occurrence of an unforeseen change event or an accident, to explain what behavioral response can follow, and to recognize what factors shape such a response. This article presents a new theoretical model – tagged as the ‘Slammed Adjacent Door (SAD)’ model that addresses the behaviour of an individual responder to a simple change event, which is expanded to discuss the wider social and organizational behaviour relevant to an accident. The model establishes the link between the preliminary cognition of potential investigators and their following practical response to an accident, by discussing the dynamic interactions of various endogenous and exogenous factors that trigger and control their post-event investigative actions. According to the SAD model, an industrial accident investigation is a six-phased sequence of mental manipulations, decisions, and physical actions that are initiated, motivated, and sustained by complex mutually-influencing personal, organizational, and wider set of input factors. The model has consequential set of theoretical and practical implications relating to organizational or other incidents and accidents investigations.

Method of Physical Action (MPA) in TAO Dance Theater

TAO Dance Theater is one of the contemporary dance companies with significant influence in the world. Its individualized and pure physicality prompts viewers to reevaluate and redefine aesthetics. This paper aims to investigate TAO Dance's "Method of Physical Action" which resembles Polish theatre master Grotowski's concept of "art as a vehicle." In other words, TAO Dance Theater achieves a suitable execution of self-constructed performance procedures, penetrating conscious and emotional manipulation under the influence of society and culture. It breaks away from the constraints of everyday life experiences and mainstream dance training, as well as prevailing objectification through visual preconceptions, ultimately achieving the best state of natural externalization through physical action.

러시아어 가공 동사 그룹의 의미 분석과 유형화

In Russian, the class of verbs that express physical impact on objects stands out as the one exhibiting actionality meanings most distinctly. While there are differences in classification among scholars, based on behavioral characteristics, these verbs can be broadly divided into two categories: creation and destruction. Furthermore, they can be further categorized into sub-groups, including contact, position change, removal (cleaning), processing, creation, damage, destruction, and separation.
 The verbs that indicate the material processing of the object dealt with in this paper primarily emphasize actions aimed at functionalizing the object in the future. Whenever a material processing action is applied to an object, its state is invariably altered in the direction desired by the Agent. However, when considering verb groups associated with creation or destruction, they are assumed to represent the final stages of an object's transformation. This sets apart the actions signified by material processing verbs, as they are specifically oriented towards productive or constructive outcomes, as desired by the speaker or Agent. The act of destroying an object causes a qualitative change in the object, ultimately resulting in the creation of a new one. Hence, the material processing verb group plays a pivotal role as a semantic bridge, connecting the two extremes of destruction and creation, exhibiting multifaceted characteristics that are seldom found in other lexical semantic groups. Consequently, it becomes crucial to closely examine this group among the various classes of physical action verbs.

Illocutionary Indicators: A Comparative-Typological Perspective

This study is part of the research on speech acts. The object of description is illocutionary units. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that illocutionary markers play a significant role in oral communication processes. The interest in the examined units is also determined by the fact that certain illocutionary constructions over time transform into metatextual indicators, discourse markers. The main meaning of illocutionary units is the expression of prohibition, prohibition and disapproval, prohibition and threat, disapproval, disagreement, disagreement and objection, refusal, agreement, demand for cessation of action, permission, threat, reproach, surprise, admiration. The aim of this article is to present the mechanisms of formation of non-descriptive use of linguistic units in illocutionary function. The models of formation of illocutionary idioms are identified. Classes of units capable of serving as illocutionary markers are distinguished. Special attention is paid to illocutionary expressions with propositional verbs. Illocutionary markers formed from verbs denoting physical actions, verbs denoting movement, and verbs denoting physical impact on an object are also presented. A comparative study of illocutionary markers in different languages — Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, English, Spanish, Italian, German, Portuguese — is conducted using a large number of examples from literary works. Linguistically specific formulas are presented.

A unified framework for the measurement of mobility in older persons.

Mobility is often referred to as a 'sixth vital sign' because of its ability to predict critical health outcomes in later adulthood. In the World Health Organization (WHO) World Report on Aging and Health, mobility is described as movement in all its forms whether powered by the body or a vehicle. As such, mobility encompasses basic physical actions such as getting up from a chair and walking, as well as activities such as exercising, driving and using public transportation. A plethora of measurement tools have been developed to assess various aspects of mobility; however, there is wide variability in the mobility constructs being measured which limits standardisation and meaningful comparison across studies. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive framework for measuring mobility that considers three distinct facets of mobility: perceived mobility ability ('what can you do'), actual mobility ability ('what you actually do') and locomotor capacity for mobility ('what could you do'). These three facets of mobility are rooted in the three components of healthy aging endorsed by the WHO: functional ability, intrinsic capacity and environments. By proposing a unified framework for measuring mobility based on theory and empirical evidence, we can advance the science of monitoring and managing mobility to ensure functional ability in older age.

EFL teaching through Total Physical Response and Physical Activity on Higher Education students: A systematic review

Total physical response (TPR) aims to develop listening comprehension and verbal communication skills of beginner level of students through physical actions. This paper is a systematic review of the literature on EFL teaching by TPR methodology on higher education students in the area of English teaching, Physical Education, and Physical Activity and Sport. After an exhaustive search, 5 peer-reviewed publications were classified according to frequency and geographical distribution, sample and duration of the programs, research methodologies, data collection instruments used, and main outcomes investigated. The results indicate that the research methodologies used tended to be qualitative, while the variety of samples and duration of interventions was broad. The instruments employed were mainly reflexive diaries with open questions and descriptive survey, as well questionnaires and surveys, and the programs were developed specifically for Spain and Asian countries. In conclusion, the present systematic review highlights that TPR and physical activities can have a positive effect on higher education students EFL learning.

A multifunctional superhydrophobic coating with efficient anti-adhesion and synergistic antibacterial properties

Bacterial adhesion and colonization on the surface present a public health concern worldwide. To address this concern, surfaces are endowed with the ability to resist bacterial adhesion to surfaces and eliminate bacteria. In this study, a multifunctional superhydrophobic antibacterial surface is prepared by combining two composite fillers obtained by in-situ growth of silica nanoparticles on palygorskite via sol-gel and modified by a low surface energy substance and by in-situ reduction of silver nanoparticles via tannic acid and thus adhering to the palygorskite and modified by the low surface energy substance, reducing bacterial adhesion and survival in multiple ways. Firstly, the complex nano/micro structures and low surface energy of the superhydrophobic surface hinder protein adhesion and bacterial adhesion on the surface. Secondly, the sharp surfaces constructed by the nanofibers disrupt bacterial cell integrity, providing physical antibacterial action. Thirdly, the coating releases silver ions and reactive oxygen species, which are produced by silver nanoparticles, to chemically damage bacteria. Through the synergy of superhydrophobic surface and silver nanoparticles, the coating achieves good resistance to bacterial adhesion and is able to eliminate Escherichia coli (100.0 ± 0.1 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (99.8 ± 0.1 %). The coating also exhibits good mechanical properties, with silver ions still being released after 100 cycles of wear test. With its unique self-cleaning, anti-adhesive, anti-corrosion, robust mechanical properties, and antibacterial capabilities, the superhydrophobic coating holds a promising application prospect.

Experimental Study on the Simulated Defects Detection in Submerged Transmission Pipeline

Abstract The transport of oil, natural gas, water, and other petrochemical substances is extensively supported by pipelines over long distances. However, long-term use without maintenance causes the residue in the pipeline to gradually settle in the pipeline due to physical or chemical action, and the pipeline becomes an accident. This leads to overpressure and leakages in the pipeline, which in turn affects the safety of the industry and people's lives. This study aims to develop a nondestructive inspection to measure defects in a water pipeline using an ultrasonic technique. An SCH80 carbon steel pipe with a standard thickness of about 11 mm was used for the experiments, and various sets of defects inside and outside of the pipe were simulated, such as holes and grooves. A submerged ultrasonic transducer was used to evaluate the simulated pipeline defects and then acquire the defect data in an imaging system using LabVIEW and origin software. In this way, the thickness and location of the defects were clearly located. In addition, the ultrasonic detection error was calculated to be less than 6.5%. It helps to use this technique and equipment for the inspection of underground fluid pipelines.

Innovation in Green Materials for the Non-Contact Stabilization of Sensitive Works of Art: Preliminary Assessment and the First Application of Ultra-Low Viscosity Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) by Ultrasonic Misting to Consolidate Unstable Porous and Powdery Media

Paintings and other works of art created with fragile and mechanically unstable powdery media present challenges to conservators. Frequently, powdery media is water-sensitive, extremely fragile, tends to delaminate, and may be altered by even the slightest physical action or interaction with liquids. Materials that can provide an efficient stabilization without unacceptably altering the optical characteristics of the delicate substrate are extremely limited. Among these, Funori, Isinglass, and Methocel A4C have become established for this use. In bench practice, consolidants are frequently applied in a non-contact way, using ultrasonic and pneumatic aerosol generators to minimize the impact of the consolidant on sensitive substrates. However, nebulizing the available materials is problematic in bench practice, because of their high viscosity and, only extremely low concentrations can be nebulized using low kinetic impact ultrasonic or pressure-based misting systems adopted from the healthcare industry. As a potential innovative solution, this study introduces novel ultra-low viscosity (ULV) cellulose ethers (ULV-HPMC) for stabilisation of unstable porous and powdery surfaces, which have been successfully applied in bench practice for the pilot treatment of Edvard Munch painting on canvas and two 19th c. Thai gouache paintings on panel. Novel ULV-HPMC materials have multiple desirable qualities for consolidation treatments in conservation, and in accelerated aging tests marginally outperformed Methocel A4C, considered to be one of the most stable consolidants in the practice of conservation. Because of the ultra-low viscosity, higher concentrations of ULV-HPMC materials can be applied as water-based aerosols in a non-contact way and in fewer applications, which is a significant advantage in the treatment of delicate water-sensitive surfaces. Notably, novel ULV biopolymers are low-cost, derive from sustainable and renewable sources, and do not raise health and environmental concerns. Such novel materials and methods seamlessly resonate with the ICOM-CC’s Melbourne 2014 declaration, EU Green Deal, and the UN’s Sustainable Development goals and show potential adding new sustainable materials with the exceptionally low viscosity to the conservator’s tool box.

Bullying Dikalangan Pelajar dalam Perspektif Hukum Pidana Islam dan Hukum Positif di Indonesia (Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Medan Belawan)

Nowadays we often see various kinds of behavior among students, especially those who are in their teenage phase. And as one of their ways of expressing themselves, sometimes they will act a little aggressive and harsh, either through physical actions, or in the form of expressions that are usually called bullying. The problem taken in this research is related to how the views of Islamic Criminal Law and Positive Law in Indonesia regulate the crime of bullying which occurs among students, especially in Medan Belawan District. And the purpose of this research is to find out the factors that cause bullying crimes and what impacts will be caused by bullying crimes that occur in Medan Belawan District. The method used in this thesis research is a descriptive method in the form of qualitative research. Meanwhile, the approach used is empirical sociological. And the data sources in this research are students in Medan Belawan District and also the data obtained in this research are direct interviews with students in Medan Belawan District.

Leadership on Crusade: Military Excellence, Physical Action and Gender in the Twelfth-Century Chronicles of the First Crusade and the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

It is hardly surprising that in the chronicles of the First Crusade (1096–1099) and in the Chronicon of William of Tyre, accounts propagating Christian warfare, impressiveness, authority and command stem from military actions blessed by God. In the depictions, the position of being a leader is constructed and maintained by a public display of martial ability, by deeds rather than by words. The sources certainly describe aristocratic warriors influencing their peers or larger mixed audiences by speech, but in these cases too, to be successful, the grasp on command normally requires that physical effort follows the communications. The narratives equate physical action with the motives, values and beliefs of the first crusaders. The initiative aimed at achieving leadership is often described approvingly, but the sources also criticize the leaders for manipulative behaviour and unwillingness to cooperate with each other. The judgement of the sources depends on authorial agenda and dynastic rivalries: the leaders of the First Crusade, here especially Bohemond of Taranto (c. 1054–1111), Tancred of Hauteville (c. 1078–1112) and the successors of Godfrey of Bouillon (c. 1060–1100), understood the relation between written history and the claim on power and actively contributed to the production of the heroic image of the first crusaders, that is, the highlighting of their own alleged excellence as leaders. For these three leaders, a cultural legacy, whether initiated during their lifetime or posthumously, was crucial to creating a lasting image of effective leadership. The case of Peter the Hermit, a preacher from Amiens with a supposedly low social background, is different. The fact that chroniclers and composers of chansons included a figure without military expertise and verifiable support from kin and allies among the leaders of the First Crusade, albeit in a controversial manner, bears evidence in itself of his recognition by medieval audiences. Leadership is a gendered talent in the twelfth-century chronicles. The close relation between command and military action on the one hand, and the categorical exclusion of women from the field of battle on the other, discouraged depictions of female leadership in the crusading context. As a result, women were excluded from the leadership of the First Crusade, and references to female authority did not appear in the sources until several decades later in an altered context, with Queen Melisende of Jerusalem (c. 1105–1161) being the clearest example. In her case, too, gender formed a barrier to action and leadership. William of Tyre’s description of her reign is ambivalent, while her sister Alice’s (c. 1110—after 1151) claim to the regency of Antioch is portrayed negatively. This article compares the models and qualities of the leaders of the First Crusade in medieval sources. The first section considers modern definitions of imposing (charismatic) authority and ties the discussion to the overarching theme of exploring medieval crusader leadership. The second part examines the examples of the leaders of Antioch and Jerusalem and their cultural legacy in the chronicles.

Damage and Stability Analysis of Sandstone-Type Uranium Ore Body under Physical and Chemical Action of Leaching Solution

Damage and Stability Analysis of Sandstone-Type Uranium Ore Body under Physical and Chemical Action of Leaching Solution

Mechanism of influence of water mist in a closed vessel on the explosion overpressure and flame propagation characteristics of magnesium dust

The primary purpose of this paper is to deeply investigate the impact of water mist on the explosive characteristics of magnesium dust and to broaden the inerting and suppression strategies for magnesium dust explosions. The explosion characteristics and flame propagation behaviors of magnesium dust/water mist mixtures were examined in a 16.2-L visualized closed vessel. The explosion products were further analyzed using SEM and XRD. The results indicate that with the addition of water mist, the explosivity of low-concentration magnesium dust (≤600 g/m3) increases. The explosive strength of three higher concentrations of magnesium dust (800 g/m3, 1200 g/m3, 1600 g/m3) notably decreases, with the Pmax dropping by 69.86%, 54.08%, and 46.22% respectively compared to pure magnesium dust. The leading edge of the preheat zone exhibits red radiation, the fluctuation range of the instantaneous flame propagation speed decreases, and cubic particles appear in the explosion products. These changes are mainly attributed to the hydrogen produced in the explosion of the magnesium dust/water mist mixture. Under the combined effects of hydrogen and steam, the preheat zone significantly expands. Moreover, as the concentration of hydrogen increases, its presence weakens the suppressing effect of the water mist, manifested by the evident slowing of the average flame speed, the maximum flame speed, and the rate of decrease in explosive strength. The suppression of magnesium dust explosions by water mist mainly relies on physical actions such as heat absorption, blocking thermal radiation, and diluting oxidizer concentration.

Problems of healing chronic wounds

Aim. The work aimed to analyze and highlight the problems of chronic wound healing and modern methods of stimulation of reparative processes according to literature sources.
 An analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, in which views on the problems of wound healing are presented, taking into account the factors affecting the formation and healing of chronic wounds, and modern methods that stimulate reparation processes. Identifying the problems of wound healing will allow a comprehensive approach to the assessment of the wound process, taking into account the factors affecting the healing of injuries.
 Modern scientists are actively discussing the problems of wound healing, researching factors influencing the reparative process, including the high prevalence of chronic wounds, diagnosis and treatment of wound infections, age of patients, and state of immunity. In the case of systemic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular pathology, etc., there is a violation of microcirculation, and as a result, there are violations of the phasing of reparative processes at the cellular level. As a result, the alteration process does not end and the process becomes chronic.
 In case of a mechanical injury, when adaptation reserves are reduced, primarily of the neurohumoral system, a key role is played by the disruption of regulatory mechanisms at the cellular level. Wound treatment requires surgical treatment, stimulation of angiogenesis, and other reparative processes at the systemic and local levels.
 In recent years, various methods of stimulating reparative processes have been used in clinical practice to treat wounds: local administration of recombinant growth factors, use of platelet-rich plasma, biotechnological wound dressings, and artificial skin substitutes. One of the most promising areas of wound treatment is the development of methods for targeted activation of stem cells. However, there are still insufficient data for the practical application of this method. Clinically effective and safe methods are still being developed. Physical methods are promising for improving the healing of chronic wounds. However, the selection of optimal parameters for physical action continues to be an urgent task. Despite the positive results obtained using the methods described above, there is a need for additional experimental studies and randomized controlled trials.
 Conclusions. Chronic wounds develop as a result of severe systemic diseases, and major mechanical injuries against the background of a decrease in physiological reserves due to emotional and psychological stress, obesity, etc. Choosing the right method of influencing the reparative process, taking into account the leading mechanism of damage repair, becomes very important to ensure the best chance for optimal wound healing.

A Critical Appraisal of Disability Laws in Islamic Republic of Pakistan

In Pakistan, the proportion of Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) has significantly risen. This weaker section of society was habitually neglected, exposed to discrimination, put to legal violations, and banned from practically all advanced vocations while disregarding their other abilities for participation in the routine affairs of life. There was no dynamic legislative framework in place and no forward-thinking research to defend the rights of these PWDs in Pakistan. The problems that PWDs are now experiencing appear to be caused by excessive social, physical, and attitudinal action or inaction on the part of society. Therefore, it is essential that Pakistan's present laws be evaluated from the perspective of international human rights treaties and that administrative measures be put into place at the national level to eliminate the exploitation faced by PWDs. After ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), Pakistan has built a legislative framework for PWDs, but its efficacy remains unexplored. The article will thoroughly discuss the framework and its efficacy. In discussing PWDs' rights under the UNCRPD, the article emphasizes the active fundamental liberties that PWDs enjoy. The study will also discuss PWDs' challenges in Pakistan and the subtle bias that impedes their advancement. Ultimately, it will offer suggestions for improving legislation and implementation mechanisms to advance the welfare of PWDs in Pakistan.

EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF SINGLE PARENTING ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

This study aimed at knowing the relationship between single parenting, particularly the level of involvement of single parents, and the academic performance of their children who are in high school level. The study employed a quantitative method, specifically a correlational design, and through purposive sampling, 42 Junior High School (JHS) respondents were surveyed in one of the diocese schools in Baguio-Benguet. The researchers used a survey questionnaire to gather data; all the information was statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Based on the findings, it was found that single parents had a high level of involvement in terms of giving words of wisdom or moral support but not in physical actions, particularly in attending school activities. However, the respondents showed good academic performances based on their satisfactory grades. Nevertheless, it was revealed that there was a weak negative correlation between single parenting and the academic performances of the respondents. Therefore, it is imperative to note that too much meddling by single parents with their children can lower their academic performances.

A Study of Effect of Cognitive Offloading on Instant Performance and Metamemory in Short-Term Task

Background: Cognitive offloading reduces requirement of mental processing by use of physical actions like setting reminders. Increasing use of smart-gadgets for externalization of memory is make us more vulnerable to develop tendency of offloading. Our young generation has resorted to use of offloading right from their childhood due to leisure handling of gadgets, without metamemory evaluation. Recurrent use of offloading might reduce their efficiency to utilize their thought process whenever required.
 Objective: To compare and assess performance of adults and adolescents in instant task and short-term task including cost-benefit evaluation with and without offloading.
 Material & Methods Present study was conducted on 186 participants divided into two age groups: adults(18-40 years), adolescents(13-17 years) after taking appropriate written informed consent. Study commenced after approval from ethics committee. Two groups were divided into offloading permitted and not permitted based on randomized computer-generated-sequence. This cross-sectional study analyzed performance in colour block test, forward digit recall and backward digit recall1 in two sets, one immediately after sequence was portrayed and other, half-an-hour later. Cost-benefit evaluation was also assessed. Working memory assessment to compare between two age groups was done. Statistical analysis was done using paired and unpaired T-test.
 Result: Significant increase in instant performance and decline in short-term performance was seen in offloaded group. The performance in offloaded group significantly decreased on adding cost-benefit evaluation. Reduction in working memory performance was seen in younger age group.
 Interpretation & Conclusion: Cognitive offloading increases the instant performance but adversely affects development of long-term and working memory.