Physcia Stellaris Research Articles

PENYUSUNAN ENSIKLOPEDIA PENDIDIKAN MELALUI INVENTARISASI LUMUT KERAK (LICHENES) DI DESA KUBU LIKU JAYA, KECAMATAN BATU KETULIS, KABUPATEN LAMPUNG BARAT

This study aimed to 1) determine the types of Lichens found in Kubu Liku Jaya Village, Batu Ketulis District, West Lampung Regency, 2) determine the feasibility of encyclopedias in the form of Biology learning resources on protist material of lichen sub material. . The approach and type of research used was descriptive qualitative with research methods and the research technique is purposive sampling. This research was conducted for 8 consecutive days. Based on the results of research at 4 observation stations, 18 species were found including Usnea filipendula, Parmelia sulcata, Physcia aipolia, Graphis scripta, Parmelia saxatilis, Physcia stellaris, Parmotrema perlatum, Graphis sp, Dirinaria picta, Cladonia portentosa, Centrelia centrarioides, Usnea coniotaps, Amandinea coniotaps , Scipta beauvoisii, Punctelia borreri, Xanthoparmelia conspersa, Parmeliopsis ambiguna, and Physcia tenella. The 6 families found were Usneaceae, Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae, Graphisceae, Cladoniaceae, and Lobariaceae. The orders found were 4 of them Lecanorales, Teloschitales, Ostropales, and Peltigerales. The results of the calculation of the species diversity index of lichens (Lichenes) in Kubu Liku Jaya Village, Batu Ketulis District, West Lampung Regency showed the number of 2.795 or moderate abundance, the highest was 0.229 for the Parmotrema perlatun species, while the lowest was 0.062 for the Scipta beauvoisii. The encyclopedia that had been developed from the research results had an average percentage score of 91.4% so it was feasible to be used as a source of learning biology in the form of an encyclopedia in high school class x Protista material.

Pronectria gromakovae, a new lichenicolous fungus on Lecanora populicola and notes on other records from Kharkiv region (Ukraine)

Recent records of lichenicolous fungi from the Kharkiv region are provided. Twenty species were reported as new to the region. Pronectria gromakovae is described as a new species on Lecanora populicola. Didymocyrtis cladoniicola, D. epiphyscia, Epicladonia sandstedei, Katherinomyces cetrariae and Lichenoconium lichenicola are new to the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. Physcia stellaris is reported as a new host species for Cladosporium licheniphilum. Notes on the currently known distribution of selected species in other Ukrainian regions are provided.

Three New Synonyms of Lichens Based on type Collection of Kőfaragó-Gyelnik

We proposed Parmelia maculoides Gyeln. as a synonym of Punctelia stictica (Delise ex Duby) Krog;Physcia hosseana Gyeln. as a synonym of Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. and Teloschistes exilis (Michx.) Vain. f. inaequalis Gyeln. as a synonym of Teloschistes nodulifer (Nyl.) Hill- mann based on the study of the Argentinian type material of Kofarago-Gyelnik. We also confirmed the presence of Oropogon loxensis (syn. Bryopogon hosseusianus Gyeln.) in Central Argentina by comparing the type specimen with samples collected recently. Finally we excluded the presence of Parmotrema stuppeum (Taylor) Hale from Argentina.

IMA Genome - F13

ABSTRACTDraft genomes of the fungal species Ambrosiella cleistominuta, Cercospora brassicicola, C. citrullina, Physcia stellaris, and Teratosphaeria pseudoeucalypti are presented. Physcia stellaris is an important lichen forming fungus and Ambrosiella cleistominuta is an ambrosia beetle symbiont. Cercospora brassicicola and C. citrullina are agriculturally relevant plant pathogens that cause leaf-spots in brassicaceous vegetables and cucurbits respectively. Teratosphaeria pseudoeucalypti causes severe leaf blight and defoliation of Eucalyptus trees. These genomes provide a valuable resource for understanding the molecular processes in these economically important fungi.

Determination of 210Po and 210Pb depositions in lichen and soil samples collected from Köprübaşı-Manisa, Turkey

In this study, we aimed to determine the accumulations of 210Po and 210Pb in soil and lichen samples in Koprubasi. The Koprubasi district is home to the largest uranium deposits in Turkey. To date, there has been no study recorded in the literature related to 210Po and 210Pb depositions in lichens in Koprubasi. Six different lichen species (Cladonia convoluta, Parmelina tiliacea, Physcia stellaris, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Xanthoparmelia conspersa, and Xanthoria parietina) as well as soil samples were collected from seven sampling locations around Koprubasi. Lichens were used as biomonitors for 210Po and 210Pb deposition. The 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations were measured in all the samples by alpha spectrometry. The activity concentrations in the lichen samples ranged from 64 to 577 Bq kg−1 with an average of 266 Bq kg−1 for 210Po and from 78 to 565 Bq kg−1 with an average of 333 Bq kg−1 for 210Pb. The activity ratios of 210Po/210Pb ranged from 0.80 to 1.99. In the lichen species, the mean 210Po activity values varied from 154 Bq kg−1 in Pleurosticta acetabulum to 390 Bq kg−1 in Xanthoparmelia conspersa. The range of the mean 210Pb activity was between 153 Bq kg−1 in Cladonia convoluta and 378 Bq kg−1 in Parmelina tiliacea. In the soil samples, 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations were ranged from 14 to 1268 Bq kg−1 and from 19 to 1113 Bq kg−1, respectively. While the values of 210Po and 210Pb measured in the lichen samples are comparable with those of the literature, the results of 210Po and 210Pb in the soil taken from the uranium mine are higher than the results of the literature studies.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION IN FLAVONOIDS PHYSCIA STELLARIS (L.) NYL WHO GREW UP IN PLACES OF DIFFERENT ANTHROPOGENIC LOAD

The studies was defined qualitative and quantitative composition of flavonoids in lichen species Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl., Collected in habitats with different levels of anthropogenic load. Changes in the composition of flavonoids is considered in the literature as an indicator of the direction of the synthesis of secondary metabolites by plants to protect against adverse environmental influences. It was found that the most diverse number of members (128 compounds), phenolic substances found in the least contaminated RB Ishimbai area and the fewest (58 compounds) was detected in Sterlitamak. Analysis of qualitative and quantitative composition of flavonoids showed that in the area of Ishimbaisky samples were found to accumulate naringin, dihydroquercetin, quercetin. The samples obtained in Alsheyevsky District noted in content highs routine, but samples Sterlitamak – fizetina and naringenin. The calculation of the potential antioxidant status showed that the samples of Ishimbaisky district formed the highest level of protection phenolic substances. It showed no direct correlation between the growth response to environmental pollution and the level of flavonoid content in the thallus of lichens.

Forest-structure data improve distribution models of threatened habitat specialists: Implications for conservation of epiphytic lichens in forest landscapes

Epiphytic lichens are an important component of forest biodiversity. Many of them are threatened and conservation planning therefore requires comprehensive information about their distribution over space and time. However, besides topo-climatic predictors, the spatial pattern of epiphytic lichens is also closely related to the tree characteristics on which they grow. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that habitat specialist lichens restricted to specific habitat types and common species with a wide range of ecological preferences may respond differently to the topo-climatic and forest-structure predictors. We applied the generalized linear model (GLM) and maximum entropy (Maxent) for 20 epiphytic lichen species in Switzerland at different spatial scales (1km and 100m). To evaluate the influence of forest structure on the epiphytic lichen distribution, models with three sets of predictors (topo-climatic, forest-structure and combined predictor sets) were fitted for each species. Canopy height of forest stands and forest type were tested as a proxy of forest structure. Our results showed that both the techniques applied predicted well the occurrences of habitat specialists but the models of common lichens were overall less accurate. Forest-structure predictors significantly improved the models of rare and threatened species with specific microhabitat requirements, i.e. mainly forest lichens (Arthonia byssacea, Bactrospora dryina, Calicium viride, Gyalecta truncigena and Vulpicida pinastri), but they did not contribute considerably to the models of common species that grow equally well on the bark of different trees within or outside of forests (e.g. Caloplaca cerina, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Physcia stellaris and Xanthoria parietina). We recommend using high-resolution forest-structure data for robust and reliable predictions of the distribution patterns of threatened epiphytic lichens, most of which are habitat specialists. The inclusion of these data will allow a hypothesis-driven sampling strategy, and will thus increase the effectiveness of the field sampling needed for searching large regions thoroughly to discover new sites where rare and threatened species occur.

Foliose and placodioid species of the lichen family Physciaceae in southernmost Chile

Abstract: Ten foliose and placodioid species of Physciaceae are reported from the National Park Torres del Paine and from other areas in southernmost Chile. Phaeophyscia constipata and Physconia perisidiosa are reported as new to the Southern Hemisphere, Phaeophyscia endococcina var. endococcina and Phaeorrhiza nimbosa as new to South America, and Dimelaena oreina and Physcia kalbii as new to Chile. The latter was recorded only from the island of Chiloé. Dimelaena appears to be rare in Magallanes and has been recorded only from one steppe locality. Phaeophyscia constipata and Phaeorrhiza nimbosa appear to be confined to the driest steppes, in areas with occurrences of rock outcrops associated with calcareous soil. Physconia muscigena has a similar habitat ecology, but a wider distribution, and is quite common. Physconia perisidiosa and Physcia adscendens were found to be very common in all bioclimatic zones surveyed in the lowland of Torres del Paine. The Physciaceae species treated here are all bipolar or subcosmopolitan, and belong to genera lacking an austral or South American element in the area studied, in contrast to the pattern in all other reasonably large macrolichen groups, except among cetrarioid genera. Their habitat ecology is also very similar to conditions known in the Northern Hemisphere. On the other hand, other widely distributed Northern Hemisphere species such as Physcia stellaris and P. aipolia have known distribution patterns in South America which are disjunct and northern and very different from those of the species treated here.

Selectivity of photobiont choice in a defined lichen community: inferences from cultural and molecular studies

Axenic cultures of lichen photobionts isolated from bark‐inhabiting lichen thalli of the Physcietum adscendentis Ochsner were identified by light microscopy and sequence comparisons of internal transcribed spacer rDNAs to investigate principles of lichenization within a defined lichen sociological unit. The photobiont identity of eight lichen species is reported for the first time (photobiont species in square brackets): Lecania cyrtella (Ach.) Th. Fr. [Trebouxia arboricola Puym.], Lecania naegelii (Hepp) Diederich & v. d. Boom [Dictyochloropsis symbiontica Tscherm.‐Woess], Candelaria concolor (Dicks) B. Stein [Trebouxia jamesii (Hildreth & Ahmadjian) Gärtner], Candelariella cf. reflexa (Nyl.) Lettau [T. jamesii], Lecanora spec. [T. arboricola], Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg [T. impressa Ahmadjian], Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H. Olivier [T. impressa] and Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy [T. arboricola] and could be confirmed for another two species, Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. [Trebouxia impressa] and Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. [Trebouxia arboricola]. The observation that pioneer lichens without vegetative propagules, growing on smooth bark, had Trebouxia arboricola as photobiont can be explained by the assumption of a free‐living population of Trebouxia arboricola. Species of photobionts from Xanthoria parietina were morphologically and genetically different from those of Physcia adscendens and Phaeophyscia orbicularis, respectively; a finding that does not support the previous assumption that Xanthoria parietina takes over its algal partner from a Physcia species, at least at the sites investigated.

Seasonal variation of lipids and fatty acids from tree-growing lichens of the genus Physcia

Lipids, including phospholipids and fatty acids from two lichen species, Physcia dubia and P. stellaris, collected between March and May, were examined. The seasonal changes occurring in lipid composition due to temperature were identified. Each species had a characteristic temperature-based lipid pattern. Physcia stellaris was round to increase its total lipid content from 24,8 in March to 37.5 mg g -1 dry wt in May, whereas the lipid content decreased from 63.4 to 51.8 mg g -1 dry wt in P. dubia from March to May. Both species possessed high neutral lipid contents in March, 70.1 and 56%, respectively, and showed an increase in their glycolipid contents during the same period

Cell wall structure and composition of cultured mycobionts from the lichens Cladonia macrophylla, Cladonia caespiticia, and Physcia stellaris (Lecanorales, Ascomycetes)

The mycobionts of three ascomycetous (lecanoralean) lichens (Cladonia macrophylla, C. caespiticia and Physcia stellaris) were isolated and cultured in vitro. Cell walls of the three mycobionts were purified and analyzed by chemical techniques and X-ray diffractometry. Light microscopy of mycobiont colonies revealed hyphae with a smooth surface at the growing edges; the centre of the colonies contained filamentous and swollen cells, both of which were darkly pigmented and with a verrucose wall surface. The cell walls of all three mycobionts are made of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Glucose was the most abundant polysaccharide monomer; mannose, galactose, and glucosamine were also detected. By X-ray diffraction, α-chitin was demonstrated in the cell walls of all three mycobionts; the mycobiont of C. caespiticia contained the most crystalline chitin. Electron microscopy of cell wall replicas revealed microfibrils, presumably chitin, embedded in an amorphous matrix on the inner wall surface. Fewer fibrils were seen in the walls of hyphae, but a prominent microfibrillar meshwork was evident in the walls of swollen cells. We concluded that the cell walls of the three lichen mycobionts were similar in structure and composition to the walls of non-lichenized euascomycetes — they all belong in the same chitin-β-1,3-glucan category.

The Rediscovery of Phaeophyscia leana

Phaeophyscia leana, a lichen once thought to be extinct, has been found in Illinois 400 km from the type locality. Phaeophyscia leana (Tuck.) Essl. (Physcia leana (Tuck.) Tuck.) is one of the rarest of all lichens, and it has been considered to be extinct (Thomson 1963). It is known from collections made by Thomas Lea near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1839 (Thomson 1963). In spite of extensive studies by numerous students, it has never been found since in Ohio or elsewhere (Taylor 1967; Thomson, pers. comm.). Kashiwadani (1975) reported P. leana from Japan, but Esslinger (1978) showed that this report was based on Phaeophyscia trichophora (Hue) Essl. I recently found P. leana along the Ohio River about 400 km from Cincinnati. Specimen examined. Illinois, Hardin County, Tower Rock, Skorepa 11975 (us, wIs, BALT, herb. T. Esslinger). The thalli were very conspicuous, being bright green when wet. The upper cortex, when dry, is gray, and it is maculate. The largest specimen is 8 cm in diameter; lobes 1-2 mm wide; apothecia numerous, 1-3 mm in diameter, the discs concave, dark brown or black, reddish brown when young, margins mostly entire, some becoming wavy or crenulate, excipular rhizines almost completely absent; isidia and soredia absent; lower side white at the margin, tan toward the center; rhizines white, simple, sparse, a few sometimes visible from above. No lichen substances were present. Most individuals were growing with and over mosses. Thalli were numerous on trees within 50 m of the river but were absent 70 m or more from the river. They occurred from the bases to about 2.5 m up the trunks of trees and were found only at the bases of trees that were increasingly distant from the river, indicating that growth was almost exclusively on bark inundated by spring floods. Curiously, no other lichens (except Rinodina sp. on one tree) occurred with P. leana on most trees (Punctelia rudecta and Physcia millegrana appeared on a few trees farthest from the river). The habitat is in a park-like area dominated by Populus, but this lichen showed no substrate preference, being found on Acer, Carya, Nyssa, Liquidambar and Ulmus as well as on Populus. In an open area on a small hill about 160 m from the river, lichens (Buellia, Rinodina, Lecanora, Pyxine, Punctelia rudecta, Parmelina aurulenta, Pseudoparmelia crozalsiana, Parmotrema hypotropum, Physcia stellaris and P. millegrana) were abundant, but P. leana was absent. The population has survived in what is now a picnic area of approximately one acre. I have searched similar habitats along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers in southern Illinois and have failed to find more localities for P. leana. Although the very small area in which this lichen flourishes would seem to indicate imminent destruction of the habitat, the area is protected as a park. There are no plans to cut the trees or to develop the land; it is too-often flooded. I am grateful to Drs. Mason E. Hale, Jr., and John W. Thomson for their assistance and enthusiastic interest in

Effects of Sulfur Dioxide Fumigation on Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Chlorophyll Content of Selected Lichens

Four lichens-Parmelia bolliana Mull. Arg., Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl., Xanthoria fallax (Hepp) Am., and Physconia grisea (Lam.) Poelt--listed in order of decreasing mesophytism, were fumigated for 4 hr at 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 2.5 ppm sulfur dioxide to determine the effects on photosynthesis, respiration, and chlorophyll content. The lichens had been collected from Populus deltoides Marsh or Tilia americana L. in northeastern South Dakota near a lignite-fired power generator. Photosynthesis decreased after fumigation at 1.0 and 2.5 ppm, but significant decreases occurred only after fumigation at 2.5 ppm. Expressed on the basis of per unit weight chlorophyll content, photosynthesis of Physconia grisea was most sensitive followed by that of Xanthoria fallax, Physcia stellaris and Parmelia bolliana. Expressed on the basis of per unit dry weight of lichen sample, photosynthesis of Physconia grisea was most sensitive followed by Xanthoria fal- lax, Physcia stellaris, and Parmelia bolliana. In both cases, the more xerophytic species were more sensitive. Chlorophyll content in these species was not mea- surably altered by fumigation. Comparison of chlorophyll a and b absorption spec- tra peaks for fumigated and control samples indicated that no phaeophytinisation occurred. Insignificant and inconsistent differences in chlorophyll a/b ratios were observed. Respiration of Physcia stellaris and Parmelia bolliana decreased signif- icantly following fumigation with 2.5 ppm S02; both species were more sensitive than Xanthoria fallax. Physconia grisea was not tested for respiratory responses. The effects of S02 fumigation on measured metabolic rates differed with the species. Photosynthetic rates of the xerophytic Xanthoria fallax and Physconia grisea were more sensitive than the more mesophytic Parmelia bolliana and Phy- scia stellaris. In contrast, respiratory sensitivities to S02fumigation were greater for P. bolliana and P. stellaris. It is well known that lichens are sensitive to air pollution, particularly to sulfur dioxide. Field studies from a variety of locations have reported evidence of the phytotoxicity of sulfur dioxide. Hawksworth's (1971) review of the literature is comprehensive; studies done since 1971 have left his basic conclusions unchanged. Experimental studies to examine the basis of lichen sensitivity have produced inter- esting results, which in some cases are not altogether consistent with field observations. Summaries of experimental studies have been presented by Gilbert (1973) and Nieboer et al. (1976). Experimentally, lichens have been exposed to both low and high concentrations of sulfur dioxide. In studying the effects of exposure on photosynthesis, Pearson & Skye (1965) used concentrations ranging from 102 ppm to 105 ppm. Puckett et al. (1973) used

Parasitic Relationship between Two Culturally Isolated and Unrelated Lichen Components

The presence of numerous haustoria, with accompanying death of the algal cells, was noted in a mixed cuture of the fungal symbiont (mycobiont) of Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach., em. Degel. and Trebouxia impressa Ahm., the algal partner (phycobiont) of Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. The parasitic action was noted even on media which would optimally sustain the independent growth of the individual symbionts.