Extract Of Phyllanthus Niruri Research Articles

Physiological Impact of the Non-Nutritive Artificial Sweetener, Aspartame, and the Therapeutic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Phyllanthus niruri.

The present study investigated the impact of aspartame (ASP) on biochemical and histological profiles and the therapeutic potential of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri (PN) in female Swiss albino mice (20 ± 2 g b. w.). ASP (40 mg/kg b. w.) and PN (100 mg/kg b. w.) were fed to the mice for a period of 30 and 60 days. A significant (P ≤ .01) decrease was observed in body weight and relative organ weight in ASP-treated mice. ASP induced a significant (P ≤ .01) increase in lipid profile, bilirubin, creatinine, and enzyme activity. Furthermore, histomorphological changes in the liver and kidney, including atrophy, lesions, and derangement of cellular structure, were observed in ASP-treated animals. However, animals treated with ASP and supplemented with aqueous extract of PN showed significant (P ≤ .01) improvements in enzyme activity and histomorphological changes in the liver and kidney. Aqueous extract of PN mitigates ASP-induced physiological effects, including liver and kidney function markers and histomorphological changes. The study suggests a need for identification of mechanisms of interaction of ASP and its breakdown products once ingested and the bioactive compounds of PN responsible for its therapeutic potential.

Combination Curcuma longa and Phyllanthus niruri Extract Potentiate Antiproliferative in Triple Negative Breast Cancer MDAMB-231 Cells.

Triple negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) are a small part of cancer-inducing cells in breast cancer, which are characterized by high metastatic and self-renewal. Self-renewal has the ability to renew itself and loses control of proliferation. Curcuma longa extract (CL) and Phyllanthus niruri extract (PN) known to have anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells. However, the effects of combination CL and PN on TNBC proliferation still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of the combination CL and PN on TNBC MDAMB-231 and attempted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa and the herbs of Phyllanthus niruri were macerated with ethanol for 72 h.The antiproliferative and synergistic effects of combination CL and PN were investigated using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Combination index values were calculated using CompuSyn (ComboSyn, Inc, Paramus, NJ). The cell cycle and apoptosis assay were determined by propidium iodide (PI) and PI-AnnexinV assay under flow cytometer, respectively. The intracellular ROS levels were evaluated using 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assay. The mRNA expressions of proliferation-related genes in the cells were determined using bioinformatic assay. The CL and PN single treatment caused a potent and dose-dependent decrease in the percentage of viable cells with IC50 value of 13 μg/mL and 45 μg/mL for 24 h, respectively. The combination index values of the different combinations ranged from 0.08 - 0.90, indicating slightly strong to very strong synergistic effects. The combination of CL and PN also remarkably induced the S- and G2/M-phases cell cycle arrest that leading to apoptosis induction. Furthermore, the combination of CL and PN treatment induced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Mechanistically, the AKT1, EP300, STAT3 and EGFR signaling as potential targets of combination CL and PN in antiproliferation and antimetastatic of TNBC. The combination of CL and PN exerted promising antiproliferative effects in TNBC. Therefore, CL and PN may be considered a potential source for the development of potent anticancer drugs for breast cancer treatment.

Delivery of Apoplastic Extracellular Vesicles Encapsulating Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles to Treat Citrus Canker.

The citrus canker pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis has caused severe damage to citrus crops worldwide, resulting in significant economic losses for the citrus industry. To address this, a green synthesis method was used to develop silver nanoparticles with the leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri (GS-AgNP-LEPN). This method replaces the need for toxic reagents, as the LEPN acts as a reducing and capping agent. To further enhance their effectiveness, the GS-AgNP-LEPN were encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanovesicles with a diameter of approximately 30-1000 nm naturally released from different sources, including plant and mammalian cells, and found in the apoplastic fluid (APF) of leaves. When compared to a regular antibiotic (ampicillin), the delivery of APF-EV-GS-AgNP-LEPN and GS-AgNP-LEPN to X. axonopodis pv. was shown to have more significant antimicrobial activity. Our analysis showed the presence of phyllanthin and nirurinetin in the LEPN and found evidence that both could be responsible for antimicrobial activity against X. axonopodis pv. Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FAD-FNR) and the effector protein XopAI play a crucial role in the survival and virulence of X. axonopodis pv. Our molecular docking studies showed that nirurinetin could bind to FAD-FNR and XopAI with high binding energies (-10.32 kcal/mol and -6.13 kcal/mol, respectively) as compared to phyllanthin (-6.42 kcal/mol and -2.93 kcal/mol, respectively), which was also supported by the western blot experiment. We conclude that (a) the hybrid of APF-EV and GS-NP could be an effective treatment for citrus canker, and (b) it works via the nirurinetin-dependent inhibition of FAD-FNR and XopAI in X. axonopodis pv.

The effects of Using Nano-Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) Extract on the Feed Economic Value and Income Over Feed Costs of Broiler Chicken Farm

This study aimsto determinedthe effects of using nano-meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) extract on the feed economic value and income over feed costs of broiler chicken farms.This research method was an observational study with a sample of one-day-old Cobb strain broilerchickenat PT. Haraka KitriEndah. A total of 79.600 day-old-chickenwere divided into 4 groups of treatmentsand eight replications, each group of treatments consisted of 19.900day-old-chicken.Treatments are given for 14 days –from the chickens are 21 days old until the chickens reach 35 days old consisted of T0, as the control group, was not given nano-meniran extract and was only given mineral feed; T1 wasgiven nano-meniran extract 5%; T2 was given nano-meniran extract 10%; and T3 was given nano-meniran extract 20%. The administration of nano-meniran (Phyllanthus niruri)extract onthe feed’seconomic value and income over feed costs showed a significant difference (p<0.05). Research results showed the feed economic value of the broilerchickensare T0 = IDR 13.345,21; T1= IDR 12.315,57; T2 = IDR 13.057,11; and T3 = IDR 13.476,69. Income over feed costs calculations showed that T0 = IDR 8.942,13; T1= IDR 11.276,63; T2 = IDR 8.848,44; and T3 = IDR 8.299,44. T1 with nano-meniran extract 5% gives the best result. This research showed that nano-meniran extract has an immunomodulatory activity that positively impacts broilerchickensbecause it reduces the feed’seconomic value and increases the income over feed costs.

Ethanolic, Methanolic, and Aqueous Extracts of Phyllanthus Niruri to Look at Its Antibacterial Properties and Phytochemicals

Abstract: As a possible addition to traditional medicine, pharmaceutical companies are turning more and more to the large number of phytochemical compounds found in medicinal plants. These chemicals are also used to make drugs. Because of its healing properties, Phyllanthus niruri has been shown to help treat a number of diseases, such as hepatitis. The main goal of this study is to find out what phytochemical compounds might be present. The goal of this study was to look at the phytochemical makeup and antibacterial activity of Phyllanthus and Phyllanthus niruri extracts in water, ethanol, and methanol. There are many different compounds in PN. Some of them are saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Different concentrations of methanol, ethanol, and water extracts were tested to see if they could kill bacteria. When compared to the other extracts, the 30% weight-per-volume methanolic extract had the largest zone of inhibition. Each extract of P. niruri has secondary metabolites that could be used in medicine and act as antibacterial agents against a wide range of bacteria. These PN phytochemicals have properties that kill bacteria and get rid of free radicals, and they may be used in therapeutic interventions.

Lignans from Phyllanthus niruri L. and Their Antifusarium Properties

In this study, two lignan compounds were isolated from acetone extract of Phyllanthus niruri L. nirtetralin B (1) and phyllanthin (2) using several chromatographic methods followed by molecular structure elucidation mainly based on 1D and 2D of 1H and 13C NMR spectrum. The isolated compounds were tested for their antimicrobial properties against the plant pathogenic fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, using the agar plate well diffusion method. The microdilution method determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicide concentration (MFC). In addition, the microconidia germination inhibition test was carried out using the agar diffusion method. As a result, compound 1 had MIC and MFC values of 4 and 16 μg/mL, respectively. While compound 2 showed the same MIC and MFC values of 16 μg/mL. Further testing on the inhibition of germination of F. oxysporum microconidia showed that compound 2 inhibited microconidia germination 100% at a concentration of 2 × MIC. In comparison, compound 1 at the same concentration was only able to inhibit germination by 29%. This study revealed that compound 2 is a potential new fungicide derived from local medicinal plants. However, further research is needed to identify the interaction mechanism between the test compound and the fungal pathogen F. oxysporum to develop new antifungal agents.

The Effectiveness of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) and Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) Herbs on Broiler Chicken Performance

This study aims to determine the performance of broiler chickens given Phyllanthus niruri and Centella asiatica extracts. The research was conducted for 32 days at the Animal Husbandry Practice Unit (UPT) of the Karanganyar Animal Husbandry Academy. The material used was 100 broiler Cobb strains aged 4 days, kept in 20 experimental units, each unit consisting of 5 chickens with an average initial weight of 111,08 ± 4.74 g. The first treatment (T0) control, chicken without giving P. niruri and C. asiatica extracts, the second treatment (T1) the chicken was given 10 ml P. niruri extract per liter of drinking water, the third treatment (T2) the chickens were given 5 ml P. niruri extract and 5 ml C. asiatica extract, per liter of drinking water, the fourth treatment (T3) of chickens was given C asiatica extract 10 ml per liter of drinking water. The variables observed included drinking water consumption, feed consumption, average daily gain, and feed convertion ratio (FCR). The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD). The data were analyzed for variety and if there was a significant effect of the treatment, it was continued with the Duncan Multiple Distance Test to determine differences in treatment. The results showed that drinking water consumption, and average daily gain were not significantly different between treatments, feed consumption (g/head/day) and feed convertion ratio was significantly different between treatments. The conclusion of this research is that giving P. niruri and C. asiatica extracts in drinking water affect the performance of broiler chicken.

A novel approach of phyllanthus niruri supported Ag-Cu-Co for anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, larvicidal and photodegradation applications

Novel Ag-Cu-Co trimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized by green method using phyllanthus niruri extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. It was analyzed using Ultraviolet-Visible, Fourier Transform Infrared, Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray Diffraction, Particle size and Thermal analyses etc. The UV–Vis studies confirmed the absorption value of Ag-Cu-Co at 241 nm respectively. The crystalline size of the P. niruri supported Ag-Cu-Co was found in the range of 17–19 nm with quasi spherical in shape. From the antibacterial study the synthesized Ag-Cu-Co showed maximum zone of inhibition for E. coli and it was found to be 25 mm. The photocatalytic degradation study confirmed the effective activity against methylene blue and the percentage degradation was confirmed to be 83.28 percentage. The LC50 value was found to be 14.768 percentage which confirmed the potent larvicidal activity of synthesized material. Hence, it has proved that the synthesized green nanoparticles as proficient catalyst for antioxidant, antibacterial, larvicidal and effective degradation of dye molecules.

Biosynthesis of zirconium nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) by Phyllanthus niruri extract: Characterization and its photocatalytic dye degradation activity.

The present study focused on microwave assisted synthesis of zirconium nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs) using leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri as ecofriendly approach and assessed its antimicrobial and bioremediation efficiency. Visual color transition from yellow to brown indicates the formation of ZrO2NPs which was further substantiated by UV-Visible absorption peak at 300nm. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis revealed that the average particle size of ZrO2NPs as 121.5nm with negative zeta potential of -22.6 mv. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed spherical shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 125.4nm. Results of photocatalytic studies revealed that ZrO2NPs exhibited 74%, 62% and 57%, dye degradation for methyl red, methyl orange, and methyl blue respectively. Antimicrobial studies depicted that ZrO2NPs exhibited bactericidal activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Aspergillus niger at dose of 200μg/mL. Overall results of the present study revealed biogenic synthesis of ZrO2 NPs with potent bioremediation and antimicrobial properties.

Antioxidant, chelating and HPLC quantification of phenols in extract of Phyllanthus niruri

Phyllanthus niruriis a known medicinal plant. The leaves of Phyllanthus niruri were evaluated for antioxidant activity utilizing different methods and the quantification of phenols and flavonoid using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The leaves of Phyllanthus niruri were harvested, shade dried, grounded and extracted with methanol. The extract was subjected to total antioxidant capacity, DPPH radical scavenging, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, ferrous chelation and HPLC quantification of phenolics and flavonoids. The result showed total antioxidant capacity of 13.04 ±0.08 mgAAE/g. The % scavenging of DPPH radical of gallic acid a standard antioxidant was slightly higher than Phyllanthus niruri at concentrations of 0.1 – 1 mg/ml. In the case of nitric oxide (NȮ), the scavenging ability of Phyllanthus niruri was higher than the standard antioxidant quercetin at 0.1 – 1 mg/ml. the chelating ability of Phyllanthus niruri and EDTA at the same concentrations of 0.1 – 1 mg/ml shown in table 3 shows that Phyllanthus niruri has about 70 % of the chelating ability of EDTA. Some important phenols and flavonoids detected in Phyllanthus niruri are P-coumaric acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferol, ferulic, luteolin, quercetin amongst others. This investigation shows that extract of Phyllanthus niruri acts as an antioxidant due to the abundance of phenolics and flavonoids.

The Effect of Combination of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri), Moringa (Moringa oliefera) and Surgery (Curcuma domestica) Extracts on Total Leukocytes and Differential Leukocyte of Broiler Chicken

This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of Phyllanthus niruri, moringa and turmeric extract on total leucocytes and defferential leucocyte of broiler chickens. The study was conducted in March - May 2021. The research used 60 broiler chickens with an initial weight of 41.48 ± 0.99 g. The feed given was commercial feed containing 22% protein. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications, each of which consisted of 5 DOCs. The treatments consisted of T0 (100% water), T1 (50% Phyllanthus niruri+ 25% moringa + 25% turmeric), T2 (25% Phyllanthus + 50% Moringa + 25% turmeric), T3 (25% Phyllanthus + 25% Moringa + 50% turmeric. The observed variables were total leucocytes and differential leucocytes (lymphocytes and heterophils). The results showed that the combination of Phyllanthus, moringa and turmeric extract increased the number of leucocytes, the percentage of lymphocytes and decreased the percentage of heterophils. but still within normal limits. The results showed that the combination of Phyllanthus extract, moringa and turmeric increased the number of leucocytes, the percentage of lymphocytes and decreased the percentage of heterophils. but still within normal limits.

Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Antibacterial Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Phyllanthus niruri L. from Kasaï Oriental in DR Congo

Objectives: The aim of this work is to carry out a phytochemical study and to evaluate in vitro antibacterial potential of the aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri, a plant traditionally used in Kasai Oriental (DR Congo) against various bacteriosis and non-bacterial diseases.
 Study Design: P. niruri, was selected from a list resulting from an ethnobotanical survey carried out in Kasai Oriental because of the number of citations and recipes involving it, the level of preference of the species as well as the diversity of diseases treated and the plebiscite of its effectiveness by local traditional healers. To contribute to the enhancement of this plant traditionally used against various bacteriosis and to confirm its potential antibacterial power, it was subjected to phytochemical screening and its aqueous extract was tested in vitro on bacterial strains.
 Place and Duration of the Study: The period of this research went from December 2017 to February 2018. The analyzes were carried out at the physico-chemical and microbiological analysis laboratories of the Congolese Control Office of Mbujimayi (DR Congo) and at the Biology and Chemistry laboratories of the ISP Mbujimayi.
 Methodology: The chemical groups of the bioactive substances were sought using the classic methods of characterization in solution by precipitation, coloring and foam reactions. The diameters of the zones of inhibition, MICs and CMBs of the aqueous extract of this plant were determined in vitro against 20 bacterial strains subjected to the test.
 Results: P. niruri contains various bioactive chemical groups. Its aqueous extract showed antibacterial activity in vitro against several of 20 tested bacterial strains. According to the MICs and CMBs, the inhibitory action spectrum covers 12 bacterial strains out of the 20 tested.
 Conclusion: The results found confirm that P. niruri has antibacterial principles and a therapeutic potential by the presence of several bioactive substances and the inhibitory power of its aqueous extract on some bacterial strains tested.

Determination of Bioactive compounds in the leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri, Emblica officinalis and Psoralea corylifolia

A major part of the total populace relies upon the conventional plant based medicines. The study was carried out to determine the bioactive compounds in the botanicals viz., Phyllanthus niruri, Emblica officinalis and Psoralea corylifolia through phytochemical screening tests and to estimate the total phenol and flavonoid contents in three botanicals. The results of the phytochemical screening tests indicate the presence of phenols, tannin, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, steroids and alkaloids. Phytochemicals from medicinal plants/some botanicals are likely to possess many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antimicrobial effects against various pathogens. The Total Phenol content in Phyllanthus niruri is 115 mg/g and with flavonoid value 70.15 mg/g. The Flavonoid content in Emblica officinalis was found to be 22.52 mg/g. The value varies from plants to plants and the results clearly indicate that plants are rich in various phytochemicals components and it will be more advantage to use these botanicals as natural medicine compared with chemical drugs.

Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Properties of Polyherbal Effervescent tablets formulated with Different Effervescent Agents

The production of effervescent tablets by using effervescent agents in pharmaceutical products has increased due to the convenient way of swallowing the tablets. The aim of this study was to formulate polyherbal extract of Phyllanthus niruri, Strobilanthes crispus and Orthosiphon aristatus in effervescent tablets using different agents as well as to evaluate the phytochemical contents and antioxidant properties of those formulated tablets. Eight different types of formulated tablets were prepared with different effervescent agents. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the formulated tablets. The effervescent tablet formulated with 20% acidic agent especially with citric acid (T1) displayed significant properties (p < 0.05) on phytochemical contents (TPC: 36.76 ± 0.50 mg GAE/g DW; TFC: 55.54 ± 3.60 mg RE/g DW) and antioxidant activities (DPPH: IC50: 61.60 ± 0.31 mg/mL; FRAP: 57.05 ± 0.98 mg Fe2+/g DW). In conclusion, the high content of acidic agents resulted in high phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities among the formulated polyherbal effervescent tablets. The application of effervescent agents in formulating polyherbal extract into fast-disintegrating tablets could offer opportunities in producing nutraceutical and oral drugs.

Low-energy assisted sodium alginate stabilized Phyllanthus niruri extract nanoemulsion: Characterization, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial application

In this study, we formulated an oil-in-water nanoemulsion of Citrullus lanatus seed oil in the presence of Phyllanthus niruri methanolic extract using a delivery system based on sodium alginate. The control nanoemulsion was prepared without plant extract and the nanoemulsion loaded with extract was further characterized based on their size, polydispersity index, morphology, and stability. The nanoemulsion showed an average droplet size of about 192 nm, with a polydisperse droplet size with a spherical shape and the zeta potential of -15.0 mV and -18.4 mV. In contrast to the control nanoemulsion, the drug release rate of the nanoemulsion formulation was found to be significant (p <0.05). Antibacterial activity was assessed against a variety of pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains and the formulated nanoemulsion exhibited significantly higher potency against them in comparison to P. niruri extract alone. The results revealed thermodynamically stable nanoemulsion which could be used for various therapeutic applications.

Anticandidal Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Phyllanthus niruri L. (Stone-Breaker)

HIGHLIGHTS Hydroalcoholic extract of Phyllanthus niruri (HE-Pn) demonstrates anti-Candida activity. HE-Pn reduces the germ-tube formation and adhesion of Candida albicans. HE-Pn causes cell wall detachment, cytoplasmic granulation, vacuolation and chromatin condensation. HE-Pn shows no toxicity on human keratinocyte cell line.

In vitro analysis: inhibitory effect of Phyllanthus niruri extract against Aeromonas salmonicida

The purpose of this research is to explore effectiveness from every part of Phyllanthus niruri such as leaves (L), fruits (F), stem (S) and combination (C) of those parts that able to inhibit Aeromonas salmonicida growth by using different methods of extraction both infundation and maceration . Experiments has been done at Budidaya Perairan Laboratory, Sriwijaya University. In vitro analysis used tetracycline 30 µg/ml as positive control, bacterial culture at 10 14 CFU/ml and concentration of each part of stone breaker was 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The result revealed that stone breaker extract produced by infundation and maceration methods exhibited inhibitory activity against A.salmonicida. Moreover, only maceration method had bactericidal effect, in fact fruits (F) and combination (C) was the best part of P. niruri which had higher inhibition zone than control (antibiotics). It was 16,9 mm and 17,3 mm respectively. However, the extracts are recommended to cure aeromonad infection due to bacterial resistance of tetracycline already increase. Thus, some extraction methods are needed to be developed for further research with minimum inhibition zone is 20 mm. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas setiap bagian Phyllanthus niruri seperti daun (L), buah (F), batang (S) dan kombinasi (C) yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan Aeromonas salmonicida menggunakan metode yang berbeda, ekstraksi infundasi maupun maserasi. Percobaan telah dilakukan di Laboratorium Budidaya Perairan Universitas Sriwijaya. Analisis in vitro menggunakan tetra siklin 30 g/ml sebagai kontrol positif, kultur bakteri pada 1014 CFU/ml dan konsentrasi masing-masing ekstrak adalah 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% dan 100%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak yang dihasilkan dengan metode infundasi dan maserasi menunjukkan aktivitas penghambatan terhadap A.salmonicida . Selain itu, hanya metode maserasi yang memiliki efek bakterisidal, ternyata buah (F) dan kombinasi (C) merupakan bagian terbaik dari P. niruri yang memiliki zona hambat lebih tinggi daripada kontrol (antibiotik). Masing-masing 16,9 mm dan 17,3 mm. Namun, ekstrak tersebut direkomendasikan untuk menyembuhkan infeksi aeromonad karena resistensi bakteri terhadap tetra siklin sudah meningkat. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikembangkan beberapa metode ekstraksi untuk penelitian selanjutnya dengan zona hambat minimal 20 mm.

Synergistic Effect of Curcuma longa Extract in Combination with Phyllanthus niruri Extract in Regulating Annexin A2, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, Matrix Metalloproteinases, and Pyruvate Kinase M1/2 Signaling Pathway on Breast Cancer Stem Cell

AIM: This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of the combination between Curcuma longa extract (CL) and Phyllanthus niruri extract (PN) in inhibiting optimally the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) growth and metastatic by exploring the target and molecular mechanism using integrative bioinformatics approaches and in vitro. METHODS: CL and PN extracts were prepared by maceration method using ethanol 70%. The antiproliferative effect of CL and PN single and combination treatment was examined by 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. The bioinformatic approach was performed to identify molecular targets, key proteins, and molecular mechanism of curcumin and phyllanthin as CL and PN secondary metabolite, respectively, targeted at stemness and migration pathway of BCSCs. RESULTS: The in vitro study showed that CL and PN possess cytotoxic activity in time- and dose-dependent manner. The combination of CL and PN has a synergistic effect by modulating the sensitivity of cells. Using a bioinformatics approach, the annexin A2 (ANXA2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and pyruvate kinase M1/2 (PKM) as potential targets of curcumin and phyllanthin correlated with metastatic inhibition of BC. In addition, molecular docking showed that curcumin and phyllanthin performed similar or better interaction to stemness differentiation regulator pathway particularly histone deacetylase 1, EGFR, Heat Shock Protein 90 Alpha Family Class B Member 1, Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Subunit Alpha, and MMP9. CONCLUSION: Combination of CL and PN has potential for the treatment of metastatic BCSCs by targeting ANXA2, EGFR, MMPs, and PKM to resolve stemness and inhibit of BCSCs.

Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening and Chemical Fingerprint Analysis of Herbal Plant &lt;i&gt;Phyllanthus niruri&lt;/i&gt; using HPTLC

&#x0D; This study focused to develop the fingerprint profile of Phyllanthus niruri through high performance thin layer chromatography. Various solvent extracts such as ethanol and water were prepared and phytochemical screening was made using standard procedures. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of two extracts of the plant showed the presence of secondary metabolites viz., alkaloids, triterpenoids, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids and steroids. The total flavonoid contents of leaves were significantly higher than those revealed in stem and root. The total phenolic contents of Phyllanthus niruri leaves (aqueous extract), leaves (ethanol extract) and root (ethanol extract) were 5.71 mg GAE/100 mg extract, 7.66 mg GAE/100 mg and 5.63 mg GAE/100 mg extract respectively. Methanol extract of Phyllanthus niruri was subjected to HPTLC analysis due to it is most effective, highly polar universal solvent for extraction of phytoconstituents. Among the samples, leaves extract resolved maximum number of spots followed by stem extract and root extract. It can be concluded that HPTLC fingerprinting of Phyllanthus niruri may be useful in differentiating the species from the adulterant and authentication of this herbal plant in the medical field and systematic plant studies.

Protective effect of Phyllanthus niruri leaf extracts on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells subjected to oxidative stress

Phyllanthus niruri has been widely used to treat a number of ailments in traditional medicine. The pharmacological and preventive potential of Phyllanthus niruri, such as in urolithiasis, hyperglycemia, hypertension, pain and mild cases of malaria, are well known. The present investigation was designed to study the protective effects of aqueous, methanol and chloroform extract of Phyllanthus niruri against oxidative stress and cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Cytotoxicity of leaf extracts and H2O2 was identified by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), sulforhodamine B assay (SRB) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays. All the three extracts showed protection against H2O2 induced toxicity and reduced the loss of cell viability proving the cytoprotective effect of the extracts against H2O2 induced toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The aqueous extract rendered maximum protection when compared to that of methanolic and chloroform extract.