Phthalazine Ether Sulfone Ketone Research Articles

Preparation of a water-based carboxylated Poly(phthalazione ether nitrile) sizing agent for interfacial reinforcement of CF/PPESK composites

This study focuses on synthesizing a range of hydrolysis-modified poly(phthalazione ether nitrile) polymers with different quantities of carboxyl groups (HPPEN-COOH). These polymers are intended to enhance the bonding strength between carbon fibers (CFs) and poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK). The chemical structure of HPPEN-COOH was elucidated using FTIR spectroscopy, and the presence of HPPEN-COOH as a coating on the CFs surface was confirmed by XPS analysis. Compared with the UCF/PPESK composite, the interlaminar shear strength of the CF-5/PPESK composite increased by 39 %. In the DMA test, the service temperature and storage modulus of the CF-5/PPESK composite were increased to 268 °C and 112 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, the composite showed satisfactory performance in hydrothermal aging studies. This method is simple and easy to implement, has the potential for large-scale industrial production, and is an environmentally friendly method to improve the interface properties of the CF/PPESK composite.

Study on cross-scale temperature effect and damage failure evolution constitutive model of phthalazine ether sulfone ketone

Poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) is a new type of thermoplastic resin materials with high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance. However, the failure evolution regularities of PPESK at different temperatures still remain poorly understood, which greatly limits the application of this composite. Therefore, quasi-static tensile/bending tests and microscanning microscopic characterization were used to study the multi-scale failure constitutive equation of PPESK. Based on cross-scale experimental observation methods, the spatial damage morphology of materials at different temperatures is explored, and the temperature boundary effect of PPESK is proposed to reveal the failure and failure mechanisms of materials in a wide temperature range. The initiation and evolution of pores at the micro scale of PPESK and the cumulative damage caused by craze propagation and cracking are essential factors of material failure, which also exhibit strong temperature sensitivity. The specific manifestation is the high-temperature viscous flow effect of the resin at the micro scale, as well as the gradual evolution trend of quasi-brittleness and viscoelastic-plasticity between the 295 K–472 K temperature range in the macro performance, which increases its plastic deformation ability by 1–5 times. Specifically, the mechanism of cross-scale micro-pore initiation and crack propagation was introduced, and a cross-scale, fully three-dimensional failure damage evolution constitutive model of PPESK was constructed for the first time in a wide temperature range. The secondary development of the material constitutive model in the finite element software was carried out, and the construction of the constitutive equation of the PPESK cross-scale failure was completed. Finally, the mapping relationship between the material's crack failure form, mechanical behavior, and the constitutive model was further verified by experiments. It is established that the proposed PPESK multi-scale failure constitutive model enables one to effectively describe the complex mechanical response and failure law of thermoplastic resin materials under temperature gradients. Moreover, this theoretical tool is promising for the design of independently controllable high-temperature resistant thermoplastic resin materials, thereby providing important guidance means for engineering applications.

Homogeneous Composite Nonwoven Support for High Temperature‐Resistant Separation Membranes

AbstractHigh temperature‐resistant separation membranes are widely considered in various fields. However, incompetent support layer limits the performance of high temperature‐resistant membranes severely. In this work, a homogeneous composite nonwoven support (HCNS) is developed by wet‐laid and hot‐pressing technology using undrawn polyethylene terephthalate fibers as bonding fibers. The significance of hot‐pressing parameters on the performances of the HCNS is investigated, and quadratic regression models are established. The HCNS exhibits a smooth surface (roughness of 118 nm) and a porous structure (porosity of 21.06% and pore size of 6.548 µm) with a mechanical property (tensile index of 45.80 N m g−1). The ultrafiltration membranes supported by the HCNS are prepared from poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone), which demonstrates high permeance, high rejection rate, and long‐term stability at raised operation temperature, thereby suggesting the potential application of HCNS in high‐temperature filtration.

A high-strength PPESK/PVDF fibrous membrane prepared by coaxial electrospinning for lithium-ion battery separator

Electrospinning fibrous membranes have attracted a great deal of attention because of their advantages, including uniform pore size, large ratio surface area, and high porosity. For extended application in lithium-ion battery, it is essential to further improve their electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal properties. In this work, a new poly (phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK)/polyvinyli-denefluoride (PVDF) core/shell fibrous membrane was fabricated via the coaxial electrospinning technique, followed by hot press. The PPESK/PVDF membrane hot pressed at 160°C exhibits excellent comprehensive performance, including large porosity (80%), high electrolyte uptake (805%), and excellent thermal stability (at 200°C). Moreover, due to the improved bonding effect derived from the solidification of the PVDF shell layer after the hot press, the mechanical property of the membrane is effectively enhanced. The electrochemical tests also indicate that the PPESK/PVDF membrane shows larger ionic conductivity and lower interfacial resistance when compared with commercial microporous polypropylene separator. In addition, simulated cells assembled with the PPESK/PVDF membrane present superior discharge capacity, stable cycle performance, and excellent rate capability. Therefore, the hot-pressed coaxial PPESK/PVDF fibrous membrane has the potential to be a promising candidate as the separator for high-performance lithium-ion battery.

Inhibition of water adsorption into polar solid-phase microextraction materials with ultrathin polydimethylsiloxane coating for thermal desorption-gas chromatography analysis

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with thermal desorption-gas chromatography (TD-GC) has become a powerful analysis tool for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in water samples. However, water adsorption into polar microextraction phase is usually unavoidable during the extraction process, and the burst of large amounts of water vapour during thermal desorption will cause serious problems to GC separation and detectors. Pawliszyn’s group had demonstrated that the tens of micron-thick, defect-free polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating could act as a perfect barrier for water adsorption and offer much better compatibility in complex matrices. However, the PDMS overcoat largely decreased the uptake rate of polar analytes into the inner sorbent. In order to quantify the effect of PDMS coating thickness on water adsorption amount and the extraction kinetics, ultrathin PDMS layer was used to coat the polar extraction phase with polyimide (PI) as a model in this work. It was surprising to find that the PDMS coating with the thickness less than one micron can decrease the water adsorption by 96%, while the extraction efficiency for polar analytes (phenolic compounds and nitroaromatic explosives) was decreased by less than 20% at the extraction time of 30 min. Moreover, the kinetic data showed that the thinner the PDMS coating was, the less the uptake rate of polar analytes into PI extraction phase decreased. Finally, polar poly (phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) extraction phase was also coated with ultrathin PDMS coating to verify the universality of the strategy. Generally, the water adsorption problem in polar SPME was overcome to a great extent, and the extraction efficiency of polar analytes was mainly preserved with this ultrathin PDMS coating, which could broaden the application of SPME in the environmental field.

Preparation of a poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) membrane with propanedioic acid as an additive and the prediction of its structure

ABSTRACTIn this study, propanedioic acid was investigated as a potential additive in poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK)/N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone solutions. Compared with poly(ethylene glycol) with a molecular weight of 1000 and Tween 80 as additives, different phenomena were observed: (1) both fingerlike and spongelike structures of asymmetric ultrafiltration membranes were induced by rapid gelation, and (2) a spongelike structure membrane with a high pure water flux was obtained under a high gelation rate. Moreover, the PPESK membrane formation process was recorded with a recently developed optical microscopy (OM)–charge‐coupled device (CCD) camera experimental system. The predicted membrane structure with an OM–CCD system gave good correspondence with the final membrane structure and performance, as detected by scanning electron microscopy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41621.

Recycling of high temperature steam condensed water from petroleum refinery by thermostable PPESK ultrafiltration membrane

The purification and reclaiming of synthetic and industrial high temperature condensed water containing excess oil and iron is investigated in this study using thermostable poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) ultrafiltration membranes. The results show operation parameters such as transmembrane pressure, temperature and pH of feed solution, initial oil and iron concentration each play important roles in the permeate flux and oil/iron removal efficiencies. Membrane performance is almost recovered after washing with a combination of NaOH and ethanol. High temperature condensed water from Daqing petroleum refinery can be consecutively purified using a PPESK ultrafiltration membrane. The turbidity of the solutions is almost removed. Oil and iron concentrations in the permeate solutions are below 1mg/L and 50μg/L, respectively, which satisfy the Quality Criterion of Water and Steam for Steam Power Equipment in China. UF process shows a promising alternative to existing technology in the Daqing petroleum refinery in terms of cost and environmental protection as well as energy recovery. For future possible combination of UF and NF process application, both economic cost and saving are evaluated, and the breakeven time is about 11months.

Thermostable PPESK/TiO2 nanocomposite ultrafiltration membrane for high temperature condensed water treatment

Poly (phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK)/TiO2 organic–inorganic composite ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with enhanced performance for high temperature condensed water treatment were prepared using a phase-inversion method. The effects of TiO2 concentration on the membrane morphologies, physic-chemical properties, membrane permeability and antifouling performance were investigated and discussed. The SEM result reveals that the penetrated finger-like structure in sublayer is suppressed, and sponge-like structure begins to be developed. The mechanical strength and thermal stability of composite membrane are improved due to the existence of hydrogen bond between TiO2 and polymer. The permeate flux is also enlarged due to the improved hydrophilicity and porosity. Compared with neat PPESK membrane, the composite membranes present improved antifouling properties, showing lower filtration resistances, MFI values and better flux recover property during high temperature condensed water treatment. The optimal addition amount of TiO2 is 2wt.%. The high temperature condensed water with excess oil and iron can be treated efficiently using PPESK/TiO2 composite membrane. The turbidity of feed solution is almost removed. The oil and iron concentrations in permeate solution are 0.89mg/L and 26.4μg/L which meet the Quality Criterion of Water and Steam for Steam Power Equipment in China.

Hydrophilic modification of poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) ultrafiltration membranes by the surface immobilization of poly(ethylene glycol) acrylates

Poly(ethylene glycol) acrylates (PEGA) containing double-bond in the molecular chain end were synthesized via the esterification of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with acrylate acid in aid of the catalysis of p-toluenesulfonic acid. Then hydrophilic modification of poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) ultrafiltration membranes was achieved by the surface immobilization of PEGA assisted by UV irradiation. The unmodified and modified membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, protein adsorption, tensile tests, ultrafiltration experiments. The results of water contact angle measurements and static bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption tests showed that the immobilization of PEGA afforded PPESK membranes to be more hydrophilic and less susceptible to protein fouling. The tensile strength and the break elongation ratio of the PPESK membrane declined in a small extent after the surface modification due to the cleavage of molecular chains under UV irradiation. From the comparisons of the pure water flux and PEG rejection between the unmodified and modified PPESK membranes, it was suggested that water permeability and solute rejection ratio can be simultaneously promoted when controlling a fitting amount of immobilized PEG acrylates. The modified membranes have a good stability even when swelling in NaClO solution for a long time.

Photoluminescence and thermal properties of erbium and ytterbium codoped poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) nanocomposites

Erbium and ytterbium codoped LaF 3 nanoparticles coated with organic ligands and Poly (phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) nanocomposites were prepared in this paper. The morphologies of nanoparticles were characterized by TEM. The thermal and photoluminescence properties of the PPESK nanocomposites were investigated by DSC, TGA and photoluminescence spectra. It was found that the nanoparticles with particle size of 20 nm can be homogeneously dispersed in PPESK-in-chloroform solutions, which allowed the transparent film to be facilely prepared. The photoluminescence spectra of PPESK nanocomposites film and solution in chloroform both reveal the typical features of the transition of Er 3+ from 4I 13/2 to 4I 15/2 at 1530 nm. By adding nanoparticles to PPESK matrix, the T g of PPESK has little change and the initial degradation temperature decreases.

Poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) as novel stationary phase for stir bar sorptive extraction of organochlorine compounds and organophosphorus pesticides

A novel poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) film prepared by immersion precipitation technique was coated on stir bars for sorptive extraction. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the coating has a denser porous surface (about 1 μm in thickness) with a sponge-like sublayer, and the thickness of the coating was 250 μm. The PPESK coated stir bar has high thermostability (290 °C) and long lifetime (50 times). The extraction properties of this stir bar were evaluated for the extraction of both polar and semi-polar analytes, including organochlorine compounds and organophosphorus pesticides. The PPESK stir bar was proved to show higher affinity towards polar compounds than that of PDMS coated stir bar and higher sample load compared with corresponding PPESK fiber. It was applied to the determination of organochlorine compounds in seawater samples and organophosphorus pesticides in juices by gas chromatographic analysis. The effect of sample matrix was evaluated at optimized condition of extraction temperature, extraction time and salt concentration. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.05–2.53 ng L −1 for organochlorine compounds in seawater samples using electron capture detector (ECD), with precisions of less than 11% RSD. Limits of detection for organophosphorus pesticides were in the range of 0.17–2.25 ng L −1 and 2.47–10.3 ng L −1 in grape and peach juice, respectively, using thermionic specified detector (TSD), with precisions of less than 12% RSD and 20% RSD, respectively.

A new poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone)-coated fiber for solid-phase microextraction to determine nitroaromatic explosives in aqueous samples

A novel polar solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coated with poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) was prepared by immersion precipitation technique. The microstructure of the coating exhibits a sponge-like sublayer supporting a dense cracking shaped top layer (about 1 μm in thickness). This coating shows long lifetime (up to 100 times) and is stable at desorption temperature up to 290 °C due to the rigid aromatic rings in chemical structure. We evaluated the extraction-desorption properties of the PPESK fiber for nitroaromatic explosives in aqueous samples. The parameters affecting the extraction were optimized, including extraction temperature and time, salt addition, desorption temperature and time. Limits of detection (LOD), precisions and linear dynamic range for the analysis of explosives by SPME–GC/TSD or ECD were evaluated. Limits of detection of the new fiber was three orders of magnitude lower than those with carbowax/divinylbenzene (CW/DVB), and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of single fiber and fiber-to-fiber were less than 9.3 and 10.4%, respectively. The results demonstrated that the PPESK coating exhibited high extraction efficiency for nitroaromatic compounds due to the π– π interaction, dipole–dipole interactions and interactions by polar functional groups. The method was applied to the analysis of nitroaromatic explosives in real aqueous samples including seawater and groundwater samples, with relative recoveries better than 90.7%.

Morphologies and properties of poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) matrix ultrafiltration membranes with entrapped TiO2 nanoparticles

AbstractPoly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) is a newly developed membrane material with superior thermal stability and comprehensive properties. Titanium dioxide (TiO2)‐entrapped PPESK ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were formed by dispersing uniformly nanosized TiO2 particles in the casting solutions. Initially, the inorganic nanoparticles were organically modified with silane couple reagent to overcome the aggregation and to improve the dispersibility in organic solvent. The membranes were prepared through the traditional phase inversion method. The effects of inorganic TiO2 nanoparticles on the membrane surface morphology and cross section structure were investigated using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Water contact angle (CA) measurement was conducted to investigate the hydrophilicity and surface wettability of the membranes. The influence of TiO2 on the permeability, antifouling, and tensile mechanical properties of the PPESK membranes were evaluated by UF experiments and tensile tests. The experimental results showed that the obtained TiO2‐entrapped PPESK UF membranes exhibit remarkable improvement in the antifouling and mechanical properties because of the introduction of TiO2 nanoparticles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3623–3629, 2007

Tribological behavior of micrometer- and nanometer-Al2O3-particle-filled poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) copolymer composites used as frictional materials

Micrometer- and nanometer-Al2O3-particle-filled poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) composites with filler volume fractions ranging from 1 to 12.5 vol % were prepared by hot compression molding. We evaluated the tribological behaviors of the PPESK composites with the block-on-ring test rig by sliding PPESK-based composite blocks against a mild carbon steel ring under dry-friction conditions. The effects of different temperatures on the wear rate of the PPESK composites were also investigated with a ball-on-disc test rig. The wear debris and the worn surfaces of the PPESK composites were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, and the structures of the PPESK composites were analyzed with IR spectra. The lowest wear rate, 7.31 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1, was obtained for the composite filled with 1 vol %-nanometer Al2O3 particles. The composite with nanometer particles exhibited a higher friction coefficient (0.58–0.64) than unfilled PPESK (0.55). The wear rate of 1 vol %-nanometer-Al2O3-particle-filled PPESK was stable and was lower than that of unfilled PPESK from the ambient temperature to 270°C. We anticipate that 1 vol %-nanometer-Al2O3-particle-filled PPESK can be used as a good frictional material. We also found that micrometer-Al2O3-particle-filled PPESK had a lower friction coefficient at a filler volume fraction below 5%. The filling of micrometer Al2O3 particles greatly increased the wear resistance of PPESK under filler volume fractions from 1 to 12.5%. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 993–1001, 2005

The tribological behavior of micrometer and nanometer TiO2 particle‐filled poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) composites

AbstractMicrometer and nanometer TiO2 particle‐filled poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) composites with various filler volume fractions from 0.5 to 7.5 vol % were prepared by heating compression molding. The friction and wear behaviors of the PPESK composites were evaluated using the block‐on‐ring test rig by sliding PPESK‐based composite blocks against a mild carbon steel ring under dry friction conditions. The wear debris and the worn surfaces of the PPESK composites filled with micrometer and nanometer TiO2 particles were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the structures of PPESK composites and wear debris were analyzed with IR spectra. Experimental results show that antiwear properties of the PPESK composites can be improved greatly by filling nanometer TiO2 particles, and the friction coefficient decreases when the filler volume fraction is below 2.5%, but when the filler volume fraction is above 2.5% the friction coefficient increases gradually with increasing filler volume fraction. In the case of micrometer TiO2 filler, wear rates increase with increasing filler volume fractions under identical test conditions, and the friction coefficients are less sensitive to the filler volume fraction. It was also found that the wear mechanism of micrometer TiO2 particle‐filled PPESK is mainly severe adhesion and abrasive wear, while that of nanometer TiO2 particle‐filled PPESK is mainly slight abrasive wear. In the former case, there are no transfer film formed on the surface of the counterpart steel, and wear debris are in the form of long and large ribbon. While in the latter case, the wear debris was granule and their size was about 10 μm. In case of 1 vol % nanometer TiO2 particle‐filled PPESK composites, the transfer film was fairly thinner and smoother, and the transfer film provided better coverage on the surface of steel ring, while that of 7.5 vol % was thicker and discrete. These account for the different friction and wear behavior of micrometer and nanometer TiO2 particle‐filled PPESK composite. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 906–914, 2004

Tribological properties of SiO2 nanoparticle filled-phthalazine ether sulfone/phthalazine ether ketone (50/50 mol %) copolymer composites

SiO2 nanoparticle filled–poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) composites with various filler volume fractions were made by heating compression molding. The tribological behavior of the PPESK composites was investigated using a block-on-ring test rig by sliding PPESK-based composite blocks against a mild carbon steel ring. The morphologies of the worn composite surfaces, wear debris, and the transferred films formed on the counterpart steel surface were examined with a scanning electron microscope, whereas the chemical state of the Fe element in the transfer film was analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, IR spectra were taken to characterize the structure of wear debris and PPESK composites. It was found that SiO2 nanoparticle filled–PPESK composites exhibit good wear resistance and friction-reduction behavior. The friction and wear behavior of the composites was improved at a volume fraction between 4.2 and 14.5 vol % of the filler SiO2. The results based on combined SEM, XPS, and IR techniques indicate that SiO2 nanoparticle filled–PPESK composite is characterized by slight scuffing in dry sliding against steel and polishing action between composite surface and that of the countpart ring, whereas unfilled PPESK is characterized by severe plastic deformation and adhesion wear. In the former case a thin, but not complete, transfer film was formed on the surface of the counterpart steel, whereas in the latter case, a thick and lumpy transfer film was formed on the counterpart steel surface. This accounts for the different friction and wear behavior of unfilled PPESK and SiO2 nanoparticle filled–PPESK composites. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2136–2144, 2002

Preparation of UF and NF poly (phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) membranes for high temperature application

The ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes have been prepared successfully from poly (phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK), a proprietary chemical of excellent thermal, chemical and mechanical stability. The effects of PPESK concentration, the type and concentration of additives in the casting solution on membrane permeation flux and rejection were evaluated by using orthogonal array of the design of experiments in separation of polyethyleneglycol (PEG). It is shown that PPESK concentration and the additive in the casting solution is the dominant factor on the rejection and permeation flux, respectively. The membrane performance is consistent and agrees with the theoretical analysis. The membranes were applied in the dye separation with the effects of evaporation time, heat treatment and the type of dye studied. The separation of a variety of dyes of 600–900 Da can be accomplished by the PPESK membranes properly prepared. Over 98% dye rejections were obtained for seven typical dyes. The permeation flux increases greatly by raising operation temperature and pressure without significant change of rejection.