Terms Of Phrases Research Articles

SWEAR WORDS AS A TOOL OF EVIDENCE FOR INVESTIGATION OF VERBAL CRIMES SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC BASED FORENSIC LINGUISTICS STUDY (UNGKAPAN MAKIAN SEBAGAI ALAT BUKTI INVESTIGASI TINDAK KEJAHATAN VERBAL KAJIAN LINGUISTIK FORENSIK BERBASIS SEMANTIK DAN PRAGMATIK)

The linguistic forensic is one of the branches of applied linguistics related to the law i.e. language as proof in civil case or. One form of the linguistic phenomenon that is used as a tool of investigation evidence of verbal crimes is the use of the word cuss. The use of the word cuss is one of the linguistic evidence that can have a different meaning depending on the context that is behind it. The focus of this study is to identify linguistic texts containing the word that potentials affect the law. This study aims to uncover the implicit meaning of the word and describe the use of negative connotations that can lead to conflicts and legal cases. The forensic linguistic approach method is a method of implementing languages that can solve language-based problems in various legal contexts. The results of this study show that forensic linguistics on the analysis of the linguistic structure of the phrase in semantic terms, pragmatic and analysis of discourse relating to the legal texts can be utilized by the judge or the police to uncover the truth and know the violation of verbal crimes such as hate speech, humiliation, or defamation.

Artificial Intelligence and Traditional Machine Learning to Deep Neural Networks: A Study for Social Implications

There are intriguing opportunities on the road to broad usage of artificial intelligence, as well as challenges that must be solved in order to use machine learning and artificial intelligence technology in industries. On the basis of Google Scholar data, this work systematizes artificial intelligence sections and analyzes the dynamics of changes in the number of scientific papers in machine learning sections. The process of data collection and calculation of dynamic indicators of changes in publication activity, such as the growth rate and acceleration of growth of scientific publications, is presented in detail. Particularly evident in the analysis of publishing activity was the high level of interest in current transformer models, the production of datasets for specific industries, and a significant growth in interest in explainable machine learning approaches. As indicated by the negative correlation between the number of publications published and the number of articles published in a given year, relatively minor study topics are gaining an increasing amount of attention. Results demonstrate that, despite the method's limitations, it is possible to (1) identify rapidly expanding fields of research, irrespective of the number of papers published, and (2) anticipate publication activity in the short term with sufficient accuracy for practical purposes. Results for more than 400 search queries relating to designated study topics and the application of machine learning models to industries are presented in this article in a single document. The suggested method assesses the growth and fall of scientific areas that are related with specific key phrases in terms of their dynamics of growth and decline. It does not necessitate access to huge bibliometric archives and enables for the generation of quantitative estimates of dynamic indicators in a reasonably short time frame.

BIBLICAL IDIOMS WITH SOMATISMS IN THE PHRASE TRIADA

Our hypothesis is that the biblical unit structurally and semantically indecomposable and meets the charac- teristics of the idiom. And the assumption is based on the critical analysisof numeroues definitions and classifications of each constituent of the triad in the language system and the language in-use [cf. Boye 2019]. (i)The term phrase is defined as one or more words functioning as a unit in a sentence. The premodial concept—one or more is false: as the head word and adjunct are obligatory members of the phrase. (ii)The definition that a phrase is any group of words which are taken to be less than a sentence is not correct because non-sensical words can be also grammtically corect.(iii) The phrase is a group of two or more words functioning as a meaningful unit within a sentence or clause though a phrase is commonly characterized as a grammatical unit at a level between a word and a clause [see also Borsley 1996]. The phrase is a syntactic structure that contains one or more words but does not contain both a subject and a verb. The use of ”one word”in the definition makesthis definition also dubious. Wе understand that idioms and phraseological units do have some distinctions and a superfine operation can separate and secure them from their transformation into Yin and Yang as opposites. And the scholar must search for a precision instrument to separate this concept further on. In linguistics it is is the corpora analysis can provide us with nunerous samples and their frequency is a crucial point in separating idioms from phraseologisms which can be verified in the process of the discourseanalysis.Our assumption is the idioms are the feature of colloquial style, social dialects, language varietis, professional discourse. The evolution of the units through the stages: from the free syntactical phrase through the fixed syntactical phrases and then to idioms, first professiionally marked and then their further penetration into the standard literary language use must be crowned with the status of a phraseological unit characteristic of the a literary standard. Somatic idioms constitute a significant part of biblical idioms and can be compared with thosefunctionin in variousprofessional discourse registers.

On life cycle of a phrase (a case study of German language)

The goal of this research consists in identification and complex description of the stages of existence of a phrase. The subject of this research is changes in the use that afflict phrases in diachrony. The author determines the types of such changes, which characterize the stages of existence of a phrase since its emergence, as well as possible ways of development of a phrase (in terms of unchangeability of its composition and level of idiomaticity).Based on the material of verbal-nominal phrases in German language, both free and phraseologisms, and attraction of corpus-based data, the changes in use are perceived as elements of a single process. The scientific novelty lies in the attempt to describe the models of diachronic changes as cyclic processes; reveal common trends in development of phrases and in applicability of the definition of “life cycle” to the indicted processes. The concept of “life cycle”, used in various sciences for designating the natural, repeating processes, found its reflection in linguistics. However, cyclic processes in phraseology yet remain unstudied, despite the existing description of such phenomena as usualization, phraseologization, and dephraseologization. In conclusion, the author presents a dynamic model of life cycle of a phrase; the changes in use are viewed as its part; as well as offers the terms “deusualization” and “reusualization”. The obtained life cycle model can find application in further research in the area of diachronic phraseology and phrase formation.

An Analysis Of Jargons Used By The Housekeeping Department At The Lovina Bali Hotel

This study aimed to 1) identify the jargons used, 2) analyze the word formations process, 3) explain the meaning of each jargons used by the Housekeeping Department at The Lovina Bali Hotel. Jargons is analyzed respectively based on the theories of Allan and Burriged (2006), Yule's theory (2006) and Hornby's theory (1995). This study was descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of this study were the 3 Housekeeping staff. The instruments that are used in this study were checklist, tape recorder, interview guide. This study found 104 jargons and showed that there are 8 types of word formation appears in this study, in the terms of phrases (46 or 4.23%), abbreviations (37 or 35.57%), nouns (4 or 3.84%), verbs (2 or 1.92%), borrowing (2 or 1.92%), backformations (2 or 1.92%), adjectives (1 or 0.96%), derivation (1 or 0.96%), and clippings (1 or 0.96).

Document Clustering based on Phrase and Single Term Similarity using Neo4j

Document similarity generally rely on single term similarity such as cosine similarity. To achieve better document similarity, along with single term phrase- more informative feature can be used. To find out shared phrases across the corpus the Document Index graph (DIG) representation model is used. Document representation - DIG model incrementally construct the graph and simultaneously finds the shared phrase between current document and previously inserted documents from the graph. The similarity between documents is mainly depends on the number of shared phrases and single term similarity – known as hybrid similarity. The hybrid similarities are used with well- known density based clustering technique DBSCAN to assess their effect on quality of the clusters. Experimental results shows that hybrid similarity gives more accurate degree of document similarity and performs better cohesive clustering.

Group word terms in the terminology of the theory of mechanics in Albanian and English

As it is known, the terminology of any knowledge field as an independent system, as well as the terminology of mechanics consisting of nominating one-word and group word units (among which, particularly the latter phrase terms) make up nearly 70-80% of the overall terminological vocabulary. Looking at it from this point of view, all mono-syllabic (one word) terms (word terms) would also be accepted as a basic vocabulary in the terminology of mechanics. This can be justified more so by the fact that almost every word term serves as the foundation for the construction of numerous group word terms that mark concepts which have spread out into numerous branches. These having been introduced through a variety of many different interrelations, like gender / type, whole / part etc.

Document Clustering based on Phrase and Single Term Similarity using Neo4j

Document similarity generally rely on single term similarity such as cosine similarity. To achieve better document similarity, along with single term phrase- more informative feature can be used. To find out shared phrases across the corpus the Document Index graph (DIG) representation model is used. Document representation - DIG model incrementally construct the graph and simultaneously finds the shared phrase between current document and previously inserted documents from the graph. The similarity between documents is mainly depends on the number of shared phrases and single term similarity – known as hybrid similarity. The hybrid similarities are used with wellknown density based clustering technique DBSCAN to assess their effect on quality of the clusters. Experimental results shows that hybrid similarity gives more accurate degree of document similarity and performs better cohesive clustering.

Contributions of Voice Expectations to Talker Selection in Younger and Older Adults With Normal Hearing.

Focused attention on expected voice features, such as fundamental frequency (F0) and spectral envelope, may facilitate segregation and selection of a target talker in competing talker backgrounds. Age-related declines in attention may limit these abilities in older adults, resulting in poorer speech understanding in complex environments. To test this hypothesis, younger and older adults with normal hearing listened to sentences with a single competing talker. For most trials, listener attention was directed to the target by a cue phrase that matched the target talker’s F0 and spectral envelope. For a small percentage of randomly occurring probe trials, the target’s voice unexpectedly differed from the cue phrase in terms of F0 and spectral envelope. Overall, keyword recognition for the target talker was poorer for older adults than younger adults. Keyword recognition was poorer on probe trials than standard trials for both groups, and incorrect responses on probe trials contained keywords from the single-talker masker. No interaction was observed between age-group and the decline in keyword recognition on probe trials. Thus, reduced performance by older adults overall could not be attributed to declines in attention to an expected voice. Rather, other cognitive abilities, such as speed of processing and linguistic closure, were predictive of keyword recognition for younger and older adults. Moreover, the effects of age interacted with the sex of the target talker, such that older adults had greater difficulty understanding target keywords from female talkers than male talkers.

Exploring Register Variation in Korean Popular Music (K-Pop)

In sociolinguistics, language varieties are one of interesting topics discussed, and among those varieties, there is a variety called register. This study itself investigates one of register features namely English terms in Korean Popular Music (K-Pop). The topic is chosen due to the high number of English terms in K-Pop (at least 105 terms) and the difficulties in understanding their meanings. The objectives of this study are (1) describing the form of the terms, (2) describing the formation of the terms, and (3) explaining the specificity of the meanings by comparing the meanings of the terms with the meanings on the dictionary. This study was conducted through several phases called data gathering, data analysis and result presentation of data analysis. Overall, the results reveal several prominent findings. First, most of the terms are in a form of word, meanwhile the terms in phrase are limited. Second, there are several types of term manufacturing, and the most dominant one is compounding. Third, most of the terms’ meanings have been changed from meanings on the dictionary, and they are classified as semantic narrowing.

CODE MIXING USED BY STUDENTS OF FRENCH STUDY PROGRAM STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

The communication process involving a code mixing is an alternative to avoid misunderstandings in a bilingual community, a community having the phenomenon of speaking and understanding two or more languages, referring either to individuals or the entire society. This study aims to analyze the forms of code mixing using qualitative method. The data were obtained from recording of conversational discourse. The data collection strategy used the referral method, supported by basic techniques, namely tapping and advanced techniques, the skillful in-flight listening technique (SBLC). The results show that there are code mixing with the insertion of morphological elements in forms of nouns, numerals, verbs (infinitive and conjugation), adverbs (question and time), and adjectives; the insertion of phrase in terms of noun phrases (objects and numerals), verb phrases, and adverb phrases); the insertion of clause in the forms of noun clauses, numeral clauses, verb clauses, and adverb clauses; and the insertion of idiomatic forms. Code mixing of students of French language is also found in English language.

A new approach for query expansion using Wikipedia and WordNet

Query expansion (QE) is a well-known technique used to enhance the effectiveness of information retrieval. QE reformulates the initial query by adding similar terms that help in retrieving more relevant results. Several approaches have been proposed in literature producing quite favorable results, but they are not evenly favorable for all types of queries (individual and phrase queries). One of the main reasons for this is the use of the same kind of data sources and weighting scheme while expanding both the individual and the phrase query terms. As a result, the holistic relationship among the query terms is not well captured or scored. To address this issue, we have presented a new approach for QE using Wikipedia and WordNet as data sources. Specifically, Wikipedia gives rich expansion terms for phrase terms, while WordNet does the same for individual terms. We have also proposed novel weighting schemes for expansion terms: in-link score (for terms extracted from Wikipedia) and a tf-idf based scheme (for terms extracted from WordNet). In the proposed Wikipedia-WordNet-based QE technique (WWQE), we weigh the expansion terms twice: first, they are scored by the weighting scheme individually, and then, the weighting scheme scores the selected expansion terms concerning the entire query using correlation score. The proposed approach gains improvements of 24% on the MAP score and 48% on the GMAP score over unexpanded queries on the FIRE dataset. Experimental results achieve a significant improvement over individual expansion and other related state-of-the-art approaches. We also analyzed the effect on retrieval effectiveness of the proposed technique by varying the number of expansion terms.

Literature Circles: Creating an Environment of Fluency and Fun

Literature circles create an opportunity for students to make reading a fun-filled activity and at the same time develop their fluency skills. This action research examined the efficacy of creating literature circles in the classroom as an intervention program to address students’ problems in reading fluency specifically in terms of phrasing and accuracy. Furthermore, it also investigated the attitudes of students’ toward reading before and after they became members of a literature circle. The study was conducted among 30 grade 7 students from the same section who belong to the frustration level during the oral reading assessment done at the beginning of the school year. Results of the study revealed that there was an improvement in the students phrasing in reading after the 10-week intervention period but not significantly enough to improve their fluency. On the other hand, a significant difference was observed on the students’ reading rate after the intervention period. Furthermore, the students’ attitudes toward reading have also positively changed after they became members of the literature circles. The study concluded that the creation of literature circles in the classroom could improve students’ reading fluency.

Subjectivity in Spanish causal connectives

AbstractRecent literature has focused on specifying the nature of causal relations. Although the identification of whether connectives prototypically convey objective or subjective relations has been carried out for languages such as French, Dutch and English, the same has not occurred in the case of Spanish. The present study examines frequently used connectives and lexical cue phrases in terms of domain, propositional attitude, and presence of a Subject of Consciousness (SoC) in order to determine the degrees of subjectivity conveyed by the connectives. The findings show thatdebido a (que)is a highly specific connective used in objective causal relations about facts which do not involve SoC. On the contrary, the connectivesporqueandya quepresent similar flexibility that result in both being used to convey subjective and objective causal relations. This study supports the assumption of subjectivity being a cognitive mechanism that shows across different languages.

Educational Leadership and Managing PM2.5 Dust Crisis in Bangkok, Thailand

The objective of researching educational leadership and managing PM2.5 dust crisis in Bangkok, Thailand, is to study the cause of PM2.5 in the context of being Bangkok area and to study the educational leadership in managing the education to reduce the PM2.5 dust crisis in Bangkok. This is a qualitative research. The sample group consisted of scholars of environment, those responsible for preventing air pollution, educational administrators and administrators of educational institutions in Bangkok and its vicinity. Collecting data by in-depth interview. From the study it is found that: 1) The cause of PM2.5 dust crisis in Bangkok consists of 4 factors: Dust source, weather conditions at that time, area conditions of Bangkok and the condition of Bangkok being a metropolis. 2) Educational management to reduce PM2.5 dust crisis in Bangkok, in the short term phrase, is to set up learning management plan based on the levels of air polluted crisis. From the level of managing the learning in schools to the learning management at home in the case of temporarily closing of the school. 3) Educational management to reduce PM2.5 dust crisis in Bangkok, in the long term phrase, is, setting up curriculum, courses of educational management of various crises and ways to change the crisis into opportunities. Organizing activities that shows the relationship between people and the environment, to become the world protective citizen in the future. 4) The use of educational leadership in educational management to reduce PM2.5 dust in Bangkok, is to use the situational leadership, transformation leadership and educational management leadership in crisis situations.

Терміни військової справи в романі Вальтера Скотта “Айвенго”: структурна організація

Terminological stylistics is one of the most relevant areas of linguistics in the 21st century. The subject of the study, according to A. Kryzhanovska, is “using multidisciplinary terminology in its definitive sense, the author’s creating the necessary and special words on models of the real terms, introducing redefined terminology in the arsenal of artistic means.” In modern Ukrainian linguistics, as you know, there are no comprehensive studies on using the terms in styles unusual for them, including the belles-lettres. Today, in Ukrainian terminology, there are only a small number of works that deal exclusively with some aspects of the functioning of special words in journalistic and belles-lettres styles that are specific to this type of vocabulary. The article continues the cycle of publications in the field of studying the specific functioning of military terminology in the writings of the writers from different countries of the world. The investigation is aimed at studying the peculiarities of the structural-component organisation of the military terms in the language of the work by W. Scott “Ivanhoe”, in particular, the word terms and phrase terms have been analysed. The authors of the study present the main problematic ideas existing at the present stage in the circle of narrow specialists, which are terminology. The relevance of the paper, first of all, is due to the lack of comprehensive studies on the peculiarities of using the military terms in the works by Walter Scott and the need for linguistic analysis of the texts, in particular the novel “Ivanhoe”, which is a pearl of world literature. The paper gives the main thoughts on defining the concepts “word term”, “phrase term”. The authors’ classification of the military terms which Walter Scott successfully introduced in his fiction work is represented on the basis of the generally accepted in modern Ukrainian linguistics. The military terms of the above mentioned work are analysed, and the specifics of their use is defined, their structural-component organisation in the prose work of the prominent writer Walter Scott is determined. The investigators in their article define the main characteristics of the military terms that function in the analysed fiction work, present these units determine their grammatical categories and structure. The word term and phrase terms, which include military terms, which are introduced into the language of the text by the author, are investigated. The function of this vocabulary taking into account the subject area, the ideological content, the purpose of the work, the creative idea of the author is determined. The quantitative characteristics of the military terminological units of Walter Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe” have confirmed the opinion of most linguists regarding the benefits of the multi-component terms over the word terms. This phenomenon is due to the fact that such units, which have a large number of components, allow describing in more detail, describing the concept of a particular industry, in particular military affairs. Introducing such multicomponent terms is absolutely justified in fiction texts, because the author must take into account the fact that the reader of his work may not only be a person who has special military training, but also be a representative of another profession, or the reader does not have any specialty, education, etc. This can complicate the reader’s understanding of the work, so the true artist takes on such multicomponent terms in his text to create the most vivid and understandable image.

Термін і лексикографічний стандарт

The article is devoted to the question of selecting a special (terminological) vocabulary for a comprehensive explanatory dictionary and its lexicographic normalization (standardization). Of particular relevance, this problem occurs today, when there is an active replenishment of the terminology in various fields of science, technology, production, etc. The language policy regarding the dynamic nature of the norms of the literary language consists in its codification – the establishment of rules of use in dictionaries and grammar. The main principle of graphic design of words in the dictionary of an interpretative type is the strict observance of the rules of the spelling. Independent standardization (bringing terminology to a single system) from the necessity of the first priority solving a number of problems caused by violations of the lexical general literary norm. The most typical spelling mistakes that occur in dictionaries are outlined, and the ways of overcoming them are proposed. The combination of objective updating of the lexical structure with the consciously carried on by linguists subjective updating has become a specific feature of work on organization, codification and development of the Ukrainian vocabulary. In a chain of terms on the notation of the notion “bringing something into a uniform” there is a certain hierarchical subordination: systematization – normalization – unification – codification – standardization “observance of the only stable grammatical and stylistic norms on the national language”. The question of the place of special vocabulary in general dictionaries is one of the most difficult in modern lexicography, especially today, when there is an active replenishment of the vocabulary by terms of various branches of science, technology, production. Theoretical lexicography substantiates the necessity of introducing terms into the register of explanatory dictionaries, which is the core of the terminology and at the same time a part of the literary language. Practical work on the dictionary reveals various tendencies in fixing the new words of the special vocabulary: from the aspiration of its full coverage to the reasoned selection. There are several main criteria for selecting terminological units for a general-purpose dictionary: 1) the social significance of the terms of science and technology; 2) structural features contributing to the term adaption by the system of literary language; 3) the scope of the special vocabulary. The stable tendency of productivity growth of syntactic derivation in the Ukrainian language is noted – replenishment of the terminological fund by terms of phrases, and also the criteria of the selection of such multi-component phrases, their codification and standardization are outlined. The main tendencies, which are traced in the new dictionaries, are noted. One of the most important is devoted to the foreign words entry into Ukrainian and problems connected with their spelling. Violations of spelling norms caused by wrong adaptation of borrowings in modern dictionaries are pointed out, and the negative influence of spelling mismanagement of borrowings on the functioning of the Ukrainian lexemes is emphasized. As a result, a well-considered way of building and normalizing the Ukrainian literary lexicon is the principle of a reasonable balance between tradition and the need for renewal.

Método de normalização de sintagmas nominais na indexação automática

Propõe e avalia um método de normalização de sintagmas nominais em termos canônicos, que visa contribuir para a melhora qualitativa da indexação automática, evitando a dispersão terminológica e preservando as palavras-chave dos autores, presentes no interior dos sintagmas nominais. A pesquisa é exploratória e empírica, pautada em pesquisa bibliográfica e realização de um experimento em um corpus de artigos científicos da área de Ciência da Informação. O método proposto é constituído por regras e critérios de normalização que obedecem às restrições de preservação da estrutura válida do sintagma nominal e das palavras-chave. O método proposto é avaliado através da presença de termos do Tesauro Brasileiro em Ciência da Informação (TBCI) nos sintagmas nominais resultantes da aplicação das regras e critérios. O método consiste em duas etapas: a primeira é composta por 85 regras para minimizar os sintagmas nominais extensos; a segunda etapa é composta por sete critérios responsáveis por eliminar dos sintagmas nominais elementos gramaticais desnecessários em sua estrutura. Os resultados da avaliação indicam que o método de normalização permite o alcance de resultados positivos, mesmo com dois critérios da segunda etapa não apresentando resultados para o corpus utilizado. Conclui-se que a aplicação do método de normalização em sistema de indexação automática é viável e traz bons resultados.

Textual Data Mining For Knowledge Discovery and Data Classification: A Comparative Study

Business Intelligence solutions are key to enable industrial organisations (either manufacturing or construction) to remain competitive in the market. These solutions are achieved through analysis of data which is collected, retrieved and re-used for prediction and classification purposes. However many sources of industrial data are not being fully utilised to improve the business processes of the associated industry. It is generally left to the decision makers or managers within a company to take effective decisions based on the information available throughout product design and manufacture or from the operation of business or production processes. Substantial efforts and energy are required in terms of time and money to identify and exploit the appropriate information that is available from the data. Data Mining techniques have long been applied mainly to numerical forms of data available from various data sources but their applications to analyse semi-structured or unstructured databases are still limited to a few specific domains. The applications of these techniques in combination with Text Mining methods based on statistical, natural language processing and visualisation techniques could give beneficial results. Text Mining methods mainly deal with document clustering, text summarisation and classification and mainly rely on methods and techniques available in the area of Information Retrieval (IR). These help to uncover the hidden information in text documents at an initial level. This paper investigates applications of Text Mining in terms of Textual Data Mining (TDM) methods which share techniques from IR and data mining. These techniques may be implemented to analyse textual databases in general but they are demonstrated here using examples of Post Project Reviews (PPR) from the construction industry as a case study. The research is focused on finding key single or multiple term phrases for classifying the documents into two classes i.e. good information and bad information documents to help decision makers or project managers to identify key issues discussed in PPRs which can be used as a guide for future project management process.

Constructing Knowledge-Based Feedback in the Context of an Interactive Spoken CALL Application

Modern Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) systems use speech recognition to give students the opportunity to build up their spoken language skills through interactive practice with a mechanical partner. Besides the obvious benefits that these systems can offer, e.g. flexible and inexpensive learning, user interaction in this context can often be problematic. In this article, the authors introduce a parallel layer of feedback in a CALL application, which can monitor interaction, report errors and provide advice and suggestions to students. This mechanism combines knowledge accumulated from four different inputs in order to decide on appropriate feedback, which can be customized and adapted in terms of phrasing, style and language. The authors report the results from experiments conducted at six lower secondary classrooms in German-speaking Switzerland with and without this mechanism. After analyzing approximately 13,000 spoken interactions it can be reasonably argued that their parallel feedback mechanism in L2 actually does help students during interaction and contributes as a motivation factor.