Syntax Rules Research Articles

Ga-RBP: A Rule-based Parser for the Syntactic Analysis of the Ga Language of Ghana

This research presents a Parts of Speech (POS) corpus and a static rule-based technique, which we refer to as Ga Rule-based Parser (Ga-RBP), for the syntactic analysis and the parsing of sentences for the Ga language of Ghana. The technique is developed to parse sentences by utilising the POS tagged corpus; the corpus was developed by manually tagging the Ga words with their corresponding POS tags following a standard Ga-English dictionary and custom Tagset for the language. The syntax rules were computationally defined using production rules, which establish how a word should follow the other in the right sequence to form a correct grammatical statement based on their POS. The model generally analyses the sentence structure of the language to assert its syntactic state for correctness or otherwise.

Memetics and the Parallel Architecture.

The evolution of human communication and culture is among the most significant-and challenging-questions we face in attempting to understand the evolution of our species. This article takes up two frameworks for theorizing about human communication and culture, namely, Jackendoff's Parallel Architecture of the human language faculty, and the cultural evolutionary framework of Memetics. The aim is to show that the two frameworks uniquely complement one another in some theoretically important ways. In particular, the Parallel Architecture's account of the lexicon significantly expands the range of linguistic phenomena that are plausibly covered by Memetics (e.g., from words to constructions and pure rules of syntax). At the same time, taking a "meme's-eye-view" of the lexicon retools the Parallel Architecture's treatment of the origins and subsequent cultural evolution of language.

The Factualist Interpretation of the Skeptical Solution and Semantic Primitivism

According to the factualist interpretation, the skeptical solution to the skeptic’s problem hinges on rejecting inflationary accounts of semantic facts, advocating instead for the adoption of minimal factualism. However, according to Alexander Miller, this account is unsound. Miller argues that minimal factualism represents a form of semantic primitivism, a position expressly rejected by Kripke’s Wittgenstein. Furthermore, Miller states that minimal factualism presupposes the conformity of meaning ascriptions with rules of discipline and syntax. However, he contends that this maneuver is also undermined by Kripke’s skepticism. In this paper, I demonstrate that Miller’s arguments against minimal factualism are unsound. To achieve this goal, I argue that the minimalist account of semantic facts should not be equated with semantic primitivism. Moreover, I argue that statements regarding the conformity of meaning ascriptions are either beside the criticism of Kripke’s skeptic or should be interpreted from the perspective of the account on assertibility offered by the skeptical solution. On this basis, I conclude that the factualist interpretation provides a conducive environment for solving the problem posed by Kripke’s skeptic.

Considering the Factor of Ignorance in Linguo-Criminal Texts

The article considers the problem of ignorance and resulting misunderstanding in texts that are the objects of forensic linguistic expertise. The authors of linguo-criminal texts may use set phrases that have become memes, but it can be difficult to determine whether they are real citations. Misunderstanding of words and phraseological units is often explained by the fact that the speakers are detached from Soviet reality, including Soviet cultural realia. Soviet people understood them, either from their own experience or from works of literature and art (performances or films). The author may be aware of a quote, but not know its origin and real meaning. In such cases, careful contextual analysis of the utterance is necessary. In addition, the expert must take into account linguistic factors: firstly, a certain quotation is reproduced in a standardized or free form, and secondly, this phrase is rigidly or freely specified according to the rules of syntax. The semantics of some words can be understood only after reference to dictionaries, but there can be no certainty that the author of the text meant this. Many words are polysemantic, and their true meaning is not always shown in the context.

Implementasi Teori Generatif Transformatif Dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab

The implementation of transformative generative theory in learning Arabic is an interesting approach in developing Arabic understanding and skills. The transformative generative theory, developed by Noam Chomsky, provides a solid foundation for studying the syntactic structure and transformation of sentences in Arabic. This article reviews the implementation of transformative generative theory in the context of learning Arabic. We explain how this approach can help learners understand the rules of Arabic syntax in a systematic and structured manner. By studying the transformation patterns in Arabic, learners can recognize and apply the correct sentence structure. In addition, the implementation of transformative generative theory in learning Arabic can also help learners expand their vocabulary and improve communication skills. With a deeper understanding of Arabic grammar, learners can construct more complex and accurate sentences. However, it is important to consider individual needs and learning styles in implementing this approach. Every learner has different needs, therefore, teachers and instructors need to provide a learning environment that is supportive and relevant to maximize learner potential

Bicategorical type theory: semantics and syntax

AbstractWe develop semantics and syntax for bicategorical type theory. Bicategorical type theory features contexts, types, terms, and directed reductions between terms. This type theory is naturally interpreted in a class of structured bicategories. We start by developing the semantics, in the form of comprehension bicategories. Examples of comprehension bicategories are plentiful; we study both specific examples as well as classes of examples constructed from other data. From the notion of comprehension bicategory, we extract the syntax of bicategorical type theory, that is, judgment forms and structural inference rules. We prove soundness of the rules by giving an interpretation in any comprehension bicategory. The semantic aspects of our work are fully checked in the Coq proof assistant, based on the UniMath library.

Grammaticality and Acceptability in the Urhobo Language

This paper examines grammaticality and acceptability in the Ulrhobo language. Grammaticality has to do with well formedness of syntactic structures; grammaticality is usually considered as the structure of sentences and the order in which they are combined together to form sentences. A sentence can conform to the syntactic rule if it is constructed in a grammatical form. The study adopts the truth conditioning theory of meaning as a theoretical framework. The truth conditioning theory of meaning deals with the grammaticality and acceptability of sentence structures. The study reviews that the basic grammar of the Urhobo language conforms to the standard paradigm of a language structure such as Qualifier + Noun + verb + modifier + Adjective, etc and that when these sentences are not properly ordered according to the grammatical rules of the Urhobo language, they are systematically deformed (by inversion, suppression or addition of non-terminal elements in its production rules) to produce a series of grammars generating grammatical, semantically acceptable, semi-grammatical or ungrammatical sentences. It also reviewed that the sentence structures of the Urhobo language conform with the constraints of a sentence structure rule and are, therefore, rule, accepted, while others that don’t are, therefore, rule unaccepted. The study further reveals that a sentence must have a string of words that conform to the rule of syntax, such as subject and predicate, which form the basis of grammaticality or acceptability of the sentence. Finally, the study reveals that grammaticality and acceptability can occur in both written and spoken language. It is also a finding that acceptability is more basic rather than grammaticality since all hearers of the Urhobo language can understand or interpret what the speakers convey in a given structure of the language.

Lexicon over Syntax: L2 Structural Processing of Chinese Separable Verbs

This study used online and offline tasks to examine whether proficient Korean learners of Chinese can analyze the syntactic structure of separable verbs in a native-like manner during real-time processing. Separable verbs are considered a unique grammar in Chinese, involving an interface of lexicon and syntax. Despite their lexical status, separable verbs occur in the form of syntactic phrases, with constituents modified by phrase-level rules in syntax. The present study demonstrates that despite native-like offline judgments on the syntactic analysis of separable verbs, the same grammatical information was not utilized in the L2 real-time processing. The results of the experiments indicate that the structural information of separable verbs was employed less in the L2 online processing due to overreliance on the lexical representations of these compounds. In contrast, it was shown that L1 speakers could access both syntactic and lexical information associated with separable verbs during real-time processing. It is suggested that when processing a construction involving an interface of syntax and lexicon, L2 speakers rely heavily on lexicon storage and underutilize structural information.

Evolving Multi-Output Digital Circuits Using Multi-Genome Grammatical Evolution

Grammatical Evolution is a Genetic Programming variant which evolves problems in any arbitrary language that is BNF compliant. Since its inception, Grammatical Evolution has been used to solve real-world problems in different domains such as bio-informatics, architecture design, financial modelling, music, software testing, game artificial intelligence and parallel programming. Multi-output problems deal with predicting numerous output variables simultaneously, a notoriously difficult problem. We present a Multi-Genome Grammatical Evolution better suited for tackling multi-output problems, specifically digital circuits. The Multi-Genome consists of multiple genomes, each evolving a solution to a single unique output variable. Each genome is mapped to create its executable object. The mapping mechanism, genetic, selection, and replacement operators have been adapted to make them well-suited for the Multi-Genome representation and the implementation of a new wrapping operator. Additionally, custom grammar syntax rules and a cyclic dependency-checking algorithm have been presented to facilitate the evolution of inter-output dependencies which may exist in multi-output problems. Multi-Genome Grammatical Evolution is tested on combinational digital circuit benchmark problems. Results show Multi-Genome Grammatical Evolution performs significantly better than standard Grammatical Evolution on these benchmark problems.

Musykilātu Tarjamati Al-Nushus Al-‘Arabiyati wa Mu’ālajatuha

This study discusses the problems faced by Islamic Boarding School students of Al-Azhar Pegasing Takengon in Arabic script translation skills. The problem is how to transfer speech from the source language to the target language without changing the original meaning and therefore it can be understood by the readers of the target language properly and correctly. Consequently, there is a need for a communicative translation theory, namely a theory that departs from understanding the writing and language aspects of the target language reader. The research method employed in this article is a descriptive approach, while the method of collecting data and research information uses two methods, including library research methods and field research methods. The problems faced by students in learning translation are: (1) weak vocabulary understanding, (2) weakness in understanding morphology and syntax rules, (3) weakness in understanding the use of verb changes, (4) lack of repetition of Arabic text material independently , (5) Difficulty in constructing Indonesian sentences, (6) poor ability to distinguish between idhafah and conjunctions. Several solutions are offered which include students developing motivation to learn translation because translation is one of the important lessons in our religion (understanding Islamic and Sharia law), and they must enrich themselves with a wealth of language rules so that they can easily translate texts. Arabic text and they should learn the translation well.

Perceptions of Undergraduate ESL Learners towards Syntax Contents & Teaching Methodology

Syntax is one of the important branches of theoretical linguistics that deals with the study of structural constructions of various languages. However, learners often find studying and internalizing the contents of syntax a challenging and daunting task. To address this issue, mixed-method research was conducted to evaluate the perceptions of fifty non-randomly selected sixth-semester undergraduate ESL students with reference to the course contents and teaching methodology. The survey research design was employed, and the data were collected through a comprehensive questionnaire. Findings reveal that most learners studied grammar at schools and colleges through the deducted approach. This grammar background has enabled them to grasp course contents of syntax rather effortlessly. Moreover, the learning process was facilitated by comparing English syntactic constructions to those of the Urdu language in addition to the structures of other languages. However, there are some topics that learners find somewhat laborious and challenging to internalize. These contents include tree diagrams, structural ambiguity, forms and functions, phrase structure rules, and X-bar rules. Personalized instruction and extensive practice can make these course contents less challenging. The learners generally have felt their overall satisfaction with the teacher's interactive and learner-centered teaching methodology.

Functionality and Merits of a Faceted Thesaurus: The Case of the Nuovo soggettario

The Nuovo soggettario, the official Italian subject indexing system edited by the National Central Library of Florence, is made up of interactive components, the core of which is a general thesaurus and some rules of a conventional syntax for subject string construction. The Nuovo soggettario Thesaurus is in compliance with ISO 25964: 2011-2013, IFLA LRM, and FAIR principle (findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability). Its open data are available in the Zthes, MARC21, and in SKOS formats and allow for interoperability with l library, archive, and museum databases. The Thesaurus’s macrostructure is organized into four fundamental macro-categories, thirteen categories, and facets. The facets allow for the orderly development of hierarchies, thereby limiting polyhierarchies and promoting the grouping of homogenous concepts. This paper addresses the main features and peculiarities which have characterized the consistent development of this categorical structure and its effects on the syntactic sphere in a predominantly pre-coordinated usage context.

Pushing the limits of V2


 
 
 Studies of urban dialects in the Germanic languages show a development where the otherwise strict V2 syntax rules are supplemented with V3 syntax in specific syntactic and social contexts. Based on recordings of naturally occurring interaction in multilingual areas of Aarhus, Denmark, this paper adds to existing research with an interactional collection analysis of actions supporting V3. It describes six structural subtypes of V3 characterised by different adverbial and object material in first position and shows how the subtypes are connected to three interactional resources used in organising storytelling, claiming epistemic authority and reframing referents or discourse. V3 is often used when contrasting one type of information with another. It does not result in a different semantic meaning, rather it existing possible meanings that could also be emphasised by extra wording or multiple sentences. In the discussion, I argue that the extra syntactic options allow speakers to say more with fewer words by pushing the limits of the rather strict V2 syntax of Standard Danish.
 
 

The use of magnets for the nonvisual construction of syntax-based tangible object assemblies by individuals who are blind or visually impaired

ABSTRACT Many students have difficulty in mastering syntax when programming. To alleviate this problem, the Scratch programming language was developed to have a visual block-based drag and drop code editor, where the shapes of the blocks and animation are used to make the syntax intuitive. To similarly make syntax intuitive to individuals who are blind or visually impaired (BVI) using tangible code blocks, a method needs to take into account perceptual processing differences between the senses and implementation differences between the physical and virtual world. The studies in this paper examined the effectiveness of using localized reciprocal shape information in combination with magnetic attraction for providing intuitive feedback about syntax. Supplementing the use of localized reciprocal shape constraints with magnetic attraction increased the accuracy and perceived ease of use by blindfolded BVI users to detect whether blocks successfully connected and, therefore, represented a code segment with valid syntax. This did not appear to change significantly with changes in the size and weight of the blocks, although stronger magnetic connections appeared preferred. We also introduced a “stopper” design to allow for code blocks to have exceptions to the regular syntax rules, while not adding complexity to the majority of code blocks.

Developing and validating a parser-based suicidality detection model in text-based mental health services

BackgroundAdvances in text-mining can potentially aid online text-based mental health services in detecting suicidality. However, false positive remains a challenge. MethodsData of a free 24/7 online text-based counseling service in Hong Kong were used to develop a novel parser-based algorithm (PBSD) to detect suicidal ideation while minimizing false alarms. Sessions containing keywords related to suicidality were extracted (N = 1267). PBSD first applies a sentence parser to work out the grammatical structure of each sentence, including subject, object, dependent and modifier. Then a set of syntax rules were applied to judge if a flagged sentence is a true or false positive. Half of the sessions were randomly selected to train PBSD, the remaining were used as the test set. A standard keywords matching model was adopted as the baseline comparison. Accuracy and recall were reported to demonstrate models' performance. ResultsOf the 1267 sessions, 585 (46.2 %) were false alarms. The false alarms were categorized into four types: negation-induced false alarms (NIFA; 14 %), subject-induced false alarms (SIFA; 19 %), tense-induced false alarms (TIFA; 30 %), and other types of false alarms (OTFA; 37 %). PBSD significantly outperforms the baseline keywords matching model on accuracy (0.68 vs 0.53, 28.3 %). It successfully amended 36.8 % (105/297) lexicon matching-caused false alarms. The reduction on recall was marginal (1 vs 0.96, 4 %). ConclusionsThe proposed model significantly improves the use of lexicon-based method by reducing false alarms and improving the accuracy of suicidality detection. It can potentially reduce unnecessary panic and distraction caused by false alarms among frontline service-providers.

Evaluating the Bantu parametric grammar in grammatical framework using Swahili grammar

Monologue grammar development for under-resourced languages is very slow and laborious (involves creating rules to generate the computational grammar to enable analysis and synthesis of the language(s) in question). However, the need for computational grammar continues to soar in this technology-driven economy for information synthesis and analysis. This paper aims to set up an experiment in the grammatical framework (GF), to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the Bantu parameterized grammar to bootstrap a new grammar for Swahili. The goal is to investigate how this approach of bootstrapping grammar in a multilingual environment is effective and efficient in reducing the development effort. The bootstrapping approach uses the GF morphology-driven approach to develop portable and unique segments of Swahili grammar. The bootstrapped Swahili grammar resulted in a shareability of 100%, 71.11%, 68.75%, and 91.41% at category linearization, paradigms, parameters and syntax rules respectively. The portability was at 15.55%, 18.57%, and 8.59% at paradigms, parameters and syntax rules, respectively. Finally, this paper contributes in: first, provides an approach that leads to an effective and efficient method for developing and bootstrapping computational grammar for the under-resourced Bantu languages. Secondly, the research provided a Swahili grammar.

‘Een mogelijk teken moet ook kunnen betekenen’. Hacker over onzin en verkeerd gebruik in Wittgensteins Tractatus

‘A possible sign must also be able to signify’: Hacker on nonsense and misuse in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus This paper critically discusses Hacker’s reading of nonsense in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus in terms of his notion of misuse, which is taken to consist in the violation of rules of logical syntax. I argue that Hacker’s reading relies on an equivocation between sign and symbol: what is ‘misused’ is a mere sign, but the verdict of nonsensicality relies on seeing it as a symbol. Although Hacker seeks to distance himself from resolute readings – according to which nonsense always consists in nothing but a failure to assign meaning to one’s sentences – I argue that his own verdicts of nonsensicality have their ultimate grounds in exactly the same sort of assessment, i.e. whether meaning has been assigned to a sentence. The rules of logical syntax, contrary to his own intentions, do no real work in determining whether a sentence is nonsensical or not.

MIRZA KAZEMBEK AND AZERBAIJAN

The article is dedicated to the great Azerbaijani orientalist, founder and patriarch of Russian Oriental studies Mirza Kazembek and his indissoluble ties with the Motherland. At the age of 19, he had to live away from his family and homeland. He lived in Astrakhan, then in Kazan and in St. Petersburg. Despite the fact that he lived and worked away from Azerbaijan, but all the time he was inextricably linked with his Homeland, worrying and worrying about it. Of particular value are the works of Mirz Kazimbek on the study of the life and work of Azerbaijani poets and writers. The scientist focuses on the life and work of such great Azerbaijani poets as Nizami Ganjavi, Muhammad Fizuli, Khagani Shirvani, as well as the founder of Azerbaijani drama Mirza Fathali Akhundov. Mirza Kazembek’s scientific works on the history, philosophy, jurisprudence, literature, linguistics of the peoples of the Muslim East are unsurpassed examples in the field of Russian Oriental studies. He was the first linguist who introduced the Azerbaijani language to the scientific community on a scientific basis for the first time. Thus, the "Grammar of the Turkish-Tatar language", which was published in Kazan in 1839, was a major event not only in domestic, but also in world Turkology. This was the world's first experience of presenting the grammar of Turkic languages using comparative analysis, where the rules of phonetics, morphology and syntax of the Ottoman Turkish language are compared with the rules of the "Tatar" (Kazan, Siberian, Orenburg Tatars), as well as Azerbaijani languages. Mirza Kazembek's "Grammar of the Turkish-Tatar language" was highly appreciated by representatives of Russian and world Oriental studies. This work has long remained the main manual for the study of the Turkish language not only in Russia, but also in the world. His works are recognized, translated and studied all over the world.

A defence of the austere view of nonsense

The austere view of nonsense says that the source of nonsense is not a violation of the rules of logical syntax, but nonsense is always due to a lack of meaning in one of the components of a sentence. In other words, the necessary and sufficient condition for nonsensicality is that no meaning has been assigned to a constituent in a sentence. The austere conception is the key ingredient of the resolute reading of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus that presents a therapeutical interpretation of the work, and rejects a possibility of conveying some ineffable truths by means of nonsensical sentences. In this paper, I defend the austere view against the most important objections. Firstly, I discuss textual sources for ascribing to Wittgenstein the austere view that have not been sufficiently thoroughly discussed yet. Next, I indicate that the apparent occurrence of words out of the context of a sentence on lists of verbs and in definitions is not in conflict with the version of the context principle recommended by austere theorists, since this argument does not sufficiently take into account the distinction between sign and symbol. Furthermore, I argue that the austere conception and the principle of compositionality are jointly tenable, for the former view does not exclude the existence of syntactic and semantic rules, but only shows that they are recognizable conditionally. Finally, I indicate that the austere view of nonsense should be seen as a viable option by a contemporary theorist of nonsense, for it helps us to avoid making controversial assumptions about the nature of meaning and content.

BPMN-Sim: A multilevel structural similarity technique for BPMN process models

A better treatment of subprocesses by process model similarity techniques can provide improved results to stakeholders, allowing them to define which levels in the subprocess hierarchy are most relevant for similarity measurement. This article proposes a structural similarity technique – named BPMN-Sim – designed specifically for Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), which considers multiple subprocess levels through a weighting factor in addition to supporting all simple and complex notation elements of BPMN 2.0.2. We focus on structural similarity as it is more sensitive to the element types and syntax rules that differentiate BPMN from other, simpler process modeling notations. We extended a generic structural similarity technique that relies on static vectorial signatures due to its expandability and adaptability to larger contexts and its potential for better efficiency. Due to the large number of elements in the BPMN notation, we developed a dynamic vectorial signature to avoid sparseness and inefficiency. Finally, BPMN-Sim results in values ranging from 0 to 1, which gives stakeholders good abstraction and comparability, and hence offers better meaningfulness, unlike other techniques whose results can range from 0 to a huge number. An empirical validation has shown a strong positive correlation between BPMN practitioner evaluations and results automatically computed by the proposed technique.