Syntax Rules Research Articles

WITTGENSTEIN ON LANGUAGE VARIATION, THE HEGEMONY, AND INTER-DEPENDENCY OF INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES

Purpose: In this essay, we argue that, language is multifaceted, interdependent, and autonomous in its indigenous applications to meanings and reality and for different culture and people. 
 Findings: The multifaceted roles of language in the development of humanity are readily perceived in the different languages in the world, and in which each culture or community interpret or describe meanings and reality.However, Wittgenstein had in TractatusLogico-Philosophicus, insisted that the function of language is single, definite and must observe the rules of syntax; else we make nonsense of the symbolic nature of language. He agrees with the Logical Positivists that for language not to mislead and misinterpret meanings and reality, it must be analytic and as such must picture or mirror the state of affairs. He insisted that, “whereof we cannot speak,thereof we must be silent”.In the later period, the emphasis shifts dramatically to the actions of people and the role their linguistic activities play in their lives. Thus whereas in the Tractatus, language is placed in a static, formal relationship with the world; in the later work (Philosophical Investigations), Wittgenstein emphasizes its use in the contexts of everyday social activities of ordering, exercising, advising, requesting, and measuring concern for each other. These different activities are thought of as so many “language game”that together make up the form of life.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Therefore, to resolve the conflicts and politics of language development and superiority, (international or local) humanity needs to acknowledge the flexibility and inter-dependency of languages on which development, trade-relations, science, and religion strives.

THE METHOD OF UTİLİZİNG THE VERSES OF THE QUR'AN İN NAHİV TEACHİNG: SAMPLE OF NUMBER AND MODİFIERS

The Qur'an was sent down with an Arabic speech, which is the prophet’s language sent to him and his first collocutors. Almighty Allah sent the divine message He revealed to the last Prophet in the Arabic language so that it could be understood and thought about, as for the fact that He revealed in the Qur'an. The Qur'an has used the Arabic language in the soundest and most perfect way, and has defied all people and jinn to the point that nothing can be made like it. The irab’s forms change in terms of the relationship between the words in the Arabic language and their position in the sentence. The science dealing with the forms of irab which words take place according to their position in the sentence is also the science of syntax (nahw). As there are in many other grammatical subjects, nahw scholars also benefited from the Qur'an’s verses while they were exemplifying nahw rules. Because in this respect, the Qur'an has been a very important reference source giving us the most reliable and accurate information. As there are in every language, numbers also have an important place in Arabic language. Also, the Qur'an which conveys its message to its collocutors as Arabic in the Qur'an (the Holy Book), the numbers constituting an important part of this language prevail in large numbers. Even though there are some disagreements among linguists on many grammatical subjects of Arabic language, it is a remarkable subject that there is no disagreement between the linguists and the Qur'an about numbers. It is not a right approach to see the Qur'an like a grammar book and to remove the syntax rules from it. Nevertheless, it is an incisive method to make use of the verses to exemplify some grammar subjects in nahw teaching. Because teaching some complicated rules by committing memory one or more verses can provide a faster and more permanent learning. In this study, a method that can be easily applied in teaching Arabic to foreigners and aims to effectively teach the subject of numbers and modifiers which seems to be quite complex at the beginning, is emphasized. In the aforementioned method, the subject numbers and modifiers is explained through the examples of verses brought from the Qur'an. Although it is not possible to find examples for all numbers in the Qur'an, it is possible to find at least one or several examples of each number type. All numbers can be taught in a systematic way by comparing these verse examples to be selected. In this way, the subject of number and modifiers, which seems to be quite complex and difficult at first, can be taught in an easier and more permanent way.

SENTENCE STRUCTURE ON THE ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDENTS’ THESIS ABSTRACT

The thesis abstract is the opening section of the thesis, and it serves to convey the research's substance in a concise manner. Even though it is less than 200 words long, it contains important information, and well-constructed sentences are required while writing thesis abstracts. The objective of this study was to categorize the sentence structure produced by English literature students' in the thesis abstracts into two categories: grammatical and ungrammatical sentences, and to present the ungrammatical sentence structure in a tree diagram by using Phrase Structure Rules (PSRs) by Carnie (2013). This study was descriptive qualitative research that is concerned with structures and patterns especially the sentence patterns. The findings showed that most sentences were constructed in ungrammatical structure with 61% of total sentences and 39% of grammatical structure. Ungrammatical sentences were mostly caused by issues with noun agreement, to-infinitive, prepositions, and articles. This study concluded that students need to improve their linguistic competence by learning linguistic concepts about the sentence structure, and its effect on the meaning.

Travails of Bangsamoro Learners on Multilingualism: A Phenomenology

This phenomenological study describes the struggles and coping mechanisms in Multilingual learning among the learners in Hadji Ali Baganian Memorial School Inc. It utilized the method described by Colaizzi (1978) to analyze data, including familiarization, identifying significant statements, formulating meanings, clustering themes, developing a detailed description, producing the fundamental structure, and verifying the fundamental structure. The participants were the ten purposively selected Grade 9 students at the said school who performed average to outstanding levels in their respective classes. This school has provided Bangsamoro learners educational perspectives both in the private Madaris and the DepEd curriculum. The findings revealed that the participants encountered difficulties with multilingualism. The difficulties include negative attitude and complexity of the rules in phonology, a poor background of students in word stratification in morphology, poor sentence construction due to the complexity of rules in syntax, and word recognition and correct usage in semantics. Five coping mechanisms were identified to address these difficulties. These were oral practicing, using a dictionary, tutorial, listening attentively, taking notes, and internet surfing. These identified coping mechanisms were summarized into one emergent theme – intrinsic motivation. The researchers concluded that language users and language learners need to know their language needs, background, progress in acquiring the target language, and capability to use it.

Mixed computation

AbstractProof-theoretic models of grammar are based on the view that an explicit characterization of a language comes in the form of the recursive enumeration of strings in that language. That recursive enumeration is carried out by a procedure which strongly generates a set of structural descriptions Σ and weakly generates a set of strings S; a grammar is thus a function that pairs an element of Σ with elements of S. Structural descriptions are obtained by means of Context-Free phrase structure rules or via recursive combinatorics and structure is assumed to beuniform: binary branching trees all the way down. In this work we will analyse natural language constructions for which such a rigid conception of phrase structure is descriptively inadequate and propose a solution for the problem of phrase structure grammars assigning too much or too little structure to natural language strings: we propose that the grammar can oscillate between levels of computational complexity in local domains, which correspond to elementary trees in a lexicalised Tree Adjoining Grammar.

A Modular Workflow for Model Building, Analysis, and Parameter Estimation in Systems Biology and Neuroscience

Neuroscience incorporates knowledge from a range of scales, from single molecules to brain wide neural networks. Modeling is a valuable tool in understanding processes at a single scale or the interactions between two adjacent scales and researchers use a variety of different software tools in the model building and analysis process. Here we focus on the scale of biochemical pathways, which is one of the main objects of study in systems biology. While systems biology is among the more standardized fields, conversion between different model formats and interoperability between various tools is still somewhat problematic. To offer our take on tackling these shortcomings and by keeping in mind the FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability, reusability) data principles, we have developed a workflow for building and analyzing biochemical pathway models, using pre-existing tools that could be utilized for the storage and refinement of models in all phases of development. We have chosen the SBtab format which allows the storage of biochemical models and associated data in a single file and provides a human readable set of syntax rules. Next, we implemented custom-made MATLAB® scripts to perform parameter estimation and global sensitivity analysis used in model refinement. Additionally, we have developed a web-based application for biochemical models that allows simulations with either a network free solver or stochastic solvers and incorporating geometry. Finally, we illustrate convertibility and use of a biochemical model in a biophysically detailed single neuron model by running multiscale simulations in NEURON. Using this workflow, we can simulate the same model in three different simulators, with a smooth conversion between the different model formats, enhancing the characterization of different aspects of the model.

DEVIATING FROM LINGUISTIC CORRECTNESS IN THE AUTHENTIC INPUT OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM

Students often lack the desired authentic input in the classrooms and that is why they so often expose themselves to it by watching films, TV series or listening to popular music. This inspired our research and we decided to analyze the errors that can be found in the authentic input, which is a frequent occurrence in songs. The aim of this paper is to analyze the most popular songs at the moment, precisely those with more than one billion views on YouTube, and to answer the question if the most popular music in the world is in some way a reliable authentic input tool. We were primarily focused in our analysis on basic rules of syntax in lyrics. In the end, we analyzed 164 songs where 91 songs were linguistically correct and 73 songs linguistically incorrect. It means that more than 55 percent is correct and 44 percent incorrect. After analytic, descriptive and statistical analysis of incorrect songs, we came to a total of 230 errors divided into three categories: sentence structure (97 errors), subject-verb agreement (80 errors) and multiple negations (53 errors). We conclude that the most popular music is definitely the valuable and interesting tool, but linguistically not the reliable authentic input tool without incorporating it into classroom teaching and learning which can together with grammars, course books, dictionaries and other more reliable means for studying English influence a positive learning environment, students’ motivation and correct linguistic ‘feel’.
 
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Noun Phrase In Minang Language

Phrase structure rules express the basic structural facts of the language in the form of “phrase markers”. This study discussed about the noun phrase in Minangkabau Language. The aim of this study is to find out the noun phrases of Minangkabau Language and how the noun phrases are used in the language. The used method is qualitative research design by interviewing the native speakers of Minangkabau by using the depth interview. the participants are the people who lived in Sukaramai Districts. They were born in Pariaman Districts and they are educated people who understand about the phrase structure.The researcher described the finding data more details. In this study, there are six noun phrase forms in Minangkabau Language and there is one unique form. The noun phrases are implicated in the daily activity of society. In fact, there was a unique noun phrase in Minang Language namely: Noun Phrase (NP) is N1 + sa + N2.

Nodes Afford Connection: A Pilot Study Examining the Design and Use of a Graphical Modeling Language

External representations such as diagrams facilitate reasoning. Many diagramming systems and notations are amenable to manipulation by actual or imagined intervention (e.g., transposing terms in an equation). Such manipulation is constrained by user-enforced constraints, including rules of syntax and semantics which help preserve the representation’s validity. We argue that the concepts of affordances and signifiers can be applied to understand such representations, and we suggest the term graphical affordance to refer to rule-constrained syntactic manipulation of an external representation. Following this argument, we examine a graphical modeling language in terms of these graphical affordances, and we present a pilot study examining how participants interact with the modeling language. Preliminary results suggest that using the modeling language, as opposed to prose representation, influences user behavior in a manner aligned with the graphical affordances and signifiers of the modeling language.

Circular Interval-valued Computers and Simulation of (Red-green) Turing Machines

Interval-valued computing is a kind of massively parallel computing. It operates on specific subsets of the interval [0,1) – unions of subintervals. They serve as basic data units and are called interval-values. It was established in [9], by a rather simple observation, that interval-valued computing, as a digital computing model, has computing power equivalent to Turing machines. However, this equivalence involves an unlimited number of interval-valued variables. In [14], the equivalence with Turing machines is established using a simulation that uses only a fixed number of interval-valued variables and this number depends only on the number of states of the Turing machine – in a logarithmic way. The simulation given there allows us to extend interval-valued computations into infinite length to capture the computing power of red-green Turing machines. In this extension of [14], based on the quasi-periodic techniques used in the simulations in that paper, a reformulation of the interval-valued computations is given, named circular interval-valued computers. This reformulation enforces the finiteness of the number of used interval-valued variables by building the finiteness into the syntax rules.

Unified SQL Query Middleware for Heterogeneous Databases

With the development of modern computer technology, the data which needs to be stored and processed by modern application systems becomes more and more varied. While traditional relational databases still dominate, NoSQL databases are developing rapidly and occupy a place in the entire industry. Therefore, more and more applications need to connect to multiple database systems at the same time. However, the different characteristics supported by different database systems and the differences in query syntax rules make multi-database application development very complicated. This paper talks about a unified query middleware system that supports federated analytical queries with standard SQL syntax for various data sources and can perform joins, aggregates and filter on data from different data sources in a single query.

Base-resolution models of transcription-factor binding reveal soft motif syntax.

The arrangement of transcription factor (TF) binding motifs (syntax) is an important part of the cis-regulatory code, yet remains elusive. We introduce a deep learning model, BPNet, that uses DNA sequence to predict base-resolution ChIP-nexus binding profiles of pluripotency TFs. We develop interpretation tools to learn predictive motif representations and identify soft syntax rules for cooperative TF binding interactions. Strikingly, Nanog preferentially binds with helical periodicity, and TFs often cooperate in a directional manner, which we validate using CRISPR-induced point mutations. Our model represents a powerful general approach to uncover the motifs and syntax of cis-regulatory sequences in genomics data.

A GRL-compliant iStar extension for collaborative cyber-physical systems

Collaborative cyber-physical systems are capable of forming networks at runtime to achieve goals that are unachievable for individual systems. They do so by connecting to each other and exchanging information that helps them coordinate their behaviors to achieve shared goals. Their highly complex dependencies, however, are difficult to document using traditional goal modeling approaches. To help developers of collaborative cyber-physical systems leverage the advantages of goal modeling approaches, we developed a GRL-compliant extension to the popular iStar goal modeling language that takes the particularities of collaborative cyber-physical systems and their developers’ needs into account. In particular, our extension provides support for explicitly distinguishing between the goals of the individual collaborative cyber-physical systems and the network and for documenting various dependencies not only among the individual collaborative cyber-physical systems but also between the individual systems and the network. We provide abstract syntax, concrete syntax, and well-formedness rules for the extension. To illustrate the benefits of our extension for goal modeling of collaborative cyber-physical systems, we report on two case studies conducted in different industry domains.

Noun Phrase in Mandailing Language

This paper discusses on the rules of Noun Phrase (NP) in Mandailing language. The objectives are firstly to structurally examine the phrase structure rules (PSR) of NP in Mandailing language and to investigate the constituents of each rules in NP. The method is descriptive qualitative with a case study. The data taken from the native speakers of Mandailing language through interviewing. The data are the utterances of Mandailing language in daily conversation. The analysis is based on the use of X-Bar theory, to see how NPs in Mandailing language are hierarchically governed and presented in tree diagram. Thus, the findings showed that there are five major rules of NP in Mandailing language, (a) single noun as headword, (b) pre-modifier preceedes head noun, (c) post-modifiers follows head noun, (d) head noun between pre-modifier and post-modifier, and (e) complex NP with coordinative conjunction. Also, there is found particle na to relate NP with the complement such as AP. To summarize, Mandailing language has similar patterns of word order with Indonesia language. Overall, this research gives contribution to provide a deep understanding in studying morphosyntactic in linguistics especially phrase structures beyond the effort on exploring and revitalizing a regional language in Indonesia.

Processing Garden-Path Sentences in Sight Translation: An Experimental Study

Garden-path refers to a type of temporary syntactic ambiguity in which the phrase structure rules allow two possible attachments of a constituent (Fromkin, Rodman & Hymas, 2011, p. 385). This study aims to investigate whether sight translators who are trained on this type of translation perform better in overcoming garden-path effect than other translators who are not trained on sight translation. During the translation process of such sentences, the sight transla-tor is expected to parse the syntactic order of the source text correctly to grasp the meaning, and reformulate the message in the target language applying the necessary transpositions in the word order. An experiment was designed to test the performance differences in sight trans-lation of garden-path sentences. Experimental and control groups were given five garden-path sentences within various contexts and were asked to record their voices. The results showed that trained sight translators tend to receive garden-path sentences as a whole and concentrate on the message of the sentence, making use of certain skills and techniques in reading. In this sense, trained sight translators are more successful in parsing complex sentences with garden-path effect than ordinary readers.

Swiss French Settlers of Shabo: Several Generations of Language Use

The present article considers the use of Heritage French of Swiss Shabo settlers across four generations, from the 1920s to the 2010s. The research is based on data collected by Soviet scholars in the 1920s, in the 1950s, and those collected in 2018–2019 from informants who are among the last descendants of Swiss Shabo settlers. The present article has two goals. First, it addresses some phonological, morphological and syntactic properties of the Heritage French variety used by Swiss settlers and demonstrates the changes it underwent due to its contact with Russian. Second, it examines the role of the Shabo Heritage French affective dimension as the factor explaining its maintenance despite geographical distance and political rupture. Finally, the article attempts to show how the sociocultural dimension of a heritage language (He, 2010, p. 66) impacted its maintenance over four generations. The results indicate that changes that this Heritage French underwent are, in phonology, vowel reduction and consonant assimilation, in morphology, morphological construction calques from Russian and, in syntax, a tendency to build sentences following the Russian rules of syntax. The results show that Shabo Swiss settlers’ connections to their heritage language seem to have been strong, since they consider their heritage language as part of their cultural heritage. Several additional perspectives are addressed that focus on the sociolinguistic situation as impacted by political circumstances. Implications for the discipline of heritage language scholarship are also discussed.

Grammatical Structures in the Written and Oral Mode of ESL Students

This study focuses on the survey of frequency and occurrence of phrase structure rules used in the written and oral mode of first year tertiary ESL students. It describes the sentence-embedded structures namely, nominal, adjectival and adverbial. As far as phrase structure rules are concerned, the constituents of the noun phrase, verb phrase, adjectival phrase and adverbial phrase are given structural labels. The researcher made use of the quantitative description of the oral and written structures of 76 first year students enrolled in a language class. The results of the study show that majority of the students write their essay using nominals followed by adverbials and the least used are adjectivals. In the oral mode, the most commonly used phrase structure rules are adverbials, followed by nominals and the least used are adjectivals. Though students have a good command of English in writing and speaking, they should be exposed to different communicative situations and develop a balanced style in expressing meaning using varied grammatical structures.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ONTOLOGICAL MODEL OF SYNTACTIC RULES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES OF TURKISH LANGUAGE

This article describes the syntactic rules of sentences in Turkish language and presented its tree components as well by means of formal grammars Chomsky. At the same time, an ontological model of syntactic rules of simple sentences of the Turkish language is constructed, taking into account its semantics. The proposed ontological models use terms from the unified metalanguage UniTurk to denote syntactic categories and concepts. The results of this work can be used to solve NLP tasks, for example, in the systems of knowledge, information retrieval, question and answering systems, in machine translation, automatic summarization of Turkish texts, as well as in the reference and training systems, moreover, in building the ontological model of syntax rules of Turkic languages and is planned to use.

GeoLink Data Set: A Complex Alignment Benchmark from Real-world Ontology

Ontology alignment has been studied for over a decade, and over that time many alignment systems and methods have been developed by researchers in order to find simple 1-to-1 equivalence matches between two ontologies. However, very few alignment systems focus on finding complex correspondences. One reason for this limitation may be that there are no widely accepted alignment benchmarks that contain such complex relationships. In this paper, we propose a real-world data set from the GeoLink project as a potential complex ontology alignment benchmark. The data set consists of two ontologies, the GeoLink Base Ontology (GBO) and the GeoLink Modular Ontology (GMO), as well as a manually created reference alignment that was developed in consultation with domain experts from different institutions. The alignment includes 1:1, 1:n, and m:n equivalence and subsumption correspondences, and is available in both Expressive and Declarative Ontology Alignment Language (EDOAL) and rule syntax. The benchmark has been expanded from its original version to contain real-world instance data from seven geoscience data providers that has been published according to both ontologies. This allows it to be used by extensional alignment systems or those that require training data. This benchmark has been incorporated into the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI) complex track to help researchers test their automated alignment systems and algorithms. This paper also analyzes the challenges inherent in effectively generating, detecting, and evaluating complex ontology alignments and provides a road map for future work on this topic.

Hygienic macro technology

The fully parenthesized Cambridge Polish syntax of Lisp, originally regarded as a temporary expedient to be replaced by more conventional syntax, possesses a peculiar virtue: A read procedure can parse it without knowing the syntax of any expressions, statements, definitions, or declarations it may represent. The result of that parsing is a list structure that establishes a standard representation for uninterpreted abstract syntax trees. This representation provides a convenient basis for macro processing, which allows the programmer to specify that some simple piece of abstract syntax should be replaced by some other, more complex piece of abstract syntax. As is well-known, this yields an abstraction mechanism that does things that procedural abstraction cannot, such as introducing new binding structures. The existence of that standard representation for uninterpreted abstract syntax trees soon led Lisp to a greater reliance upon macros than was common in other high-level languages. The importance of those features is suggested by the ten pages devoted to macros in an earlier ACM HOPL paper, “The Evolution of Lisp.” However, na'ive macro expansion was a leaky abstraction, because the movement of a piece of syntax from one place to another might lead to the accidental rebinding of a program’s identifiers. Although this problem was recognized in the 1960s, it was 20 years before a reliable solution was discovered, and another 10 before a solution was discovered that was reliable, flexible, and efficient. In this paper, we summarize that early history with greater focus on hygienic macros, and continue the story by describing the further development, adoption, and influence of hygienic and partially hygienic macro technology in Scheme. The interplay between the desire for standardization and the development of new algorithms is a major theme of that story. We then survey the ways in which hygienic macro technology has been adapted into recent non-parenthetical languages. Finally, we provide a short history of attempts to provide a formal account of macro processing.