Phr Carbon Black Research Articles

A comprehensive study on the thermal and electrical conductivity of EPDM composites with hybrid carbon fillers

In this study, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) composites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) and carbon black (CB) fillers and their hybrid combinations of various contents were prepared and examined. The size effect (lateral size and specific surface area) of GnPs and filler hybridization effects between GnPs and CB on the electrical and thermal conductivity of the EPDM composites were examined. The lateral size of GnPs is a more decisive factor in the thermal conductivity of composites than their specific specific surface area, and GnPs with a higher lateral size give better thermal conductivity. The addition of GnPs with a high lateral size and low specific specific surface area results in an almost one-fold increase in thermal conductivity. After a certain filler concentration, a synergistic effect of GnPs and CB on the thermal conductivity can be observed. Up to 20 phr GnPs, the specific surface area or lateral size of GnPs has a slight effect on the electrical conductivity of EPDM/GnPs composites. Higher electrical conductivity was achieved when hybrid fillers, 50 phr CB and 7 phr GnPs with higher lateral size were used for composite preparation. The morphology of the composite samples and the dispersion of all used fillers and hybrids were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Recycled silica as a renewable and sustainable alternative to carbon black in natural rubber foams

AbstractSustainable natural rubber foams were prepared by replacing petroleum‐based carbon black (CB) with recycled silica (SiO2) nanoparticles. The total nanofiller concentration was fixed at 40 phr, while the CB/silica ratio was changed from 40/0 to 0/40. The results showed that increasing the silica content increased the curing characteristics, such as delta torque (ΔM) by 54%, scorch time (ts) by 50% and optimum curing time (t90) by 65%. But foams based on a hybrid system (20/20) produced a more homogeneous structure improving the cell nucleation step and leading to the smallest cell size (18 μm) and highest cell density (8.8 × 103 cells mm−3) due to reduced filler−filler interactions and better particle dispersion. This improved cellular morphology generated superior mechanical and thermal insulation performance, including the highest compression modulus (2.7 MPa), compressive strength (1.9 MPa) and recoverability (96.6%) combined with the lowest thermal conductivity (0.114 W m−1 K−1) at a density of 0.652 g cm−3. Nevertheless, the foam with 40 phr silica showed higher compressive modulus (26%) and compression strength (15%) compared to the reference sample having 40 phr CB, mainly due to its higher crosslink density. As a final comparison, the recycled silica, being a suitable and sustainable alternative to petroleum‐based CB, showed superior mechanical and thermal insulation properties compared to a commercial grade of silica for natural rubber foams. © 2023 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.

Effect of TESPT on viscoelastic and mechanical properties with the morphology of SSBR/BR hybrid nanocomposites

AbstractIn this study, the various properties of hybrid nanocomposite based on solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR)/butadiene rubber (BR) have been investigated. For this purpose, SSBR/BR rubber blend with nano‐silica and carbon black (CB) in constant filler content (60 phr) with and without Bis (triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) silane coupling agent was fabricated. The various properties, including curing behavior, morphology, dynamic–mechanical, and dissipation characteristics, were studied. For this objective, rheometry, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile test, and Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) were used. The results of rheometry illustrated that the addition of nano‐silica increased the optimum cure time (t90) and declined the cure rate index (CRI). However, the addition of surface‐modified silica improved the t90 and CRI. Replacing nano‐silica with CB also reduced the scorch and optimum cure time. TEM and SEM micrographs showed the good dispersion state of nano‐silica in the SSBR/BR/nano‐silica/TESPT matrix. According to the mechanical test data, including tensile, hardness, and abrasion, the addition of hybrid filler containing 40 phr modified nano‐silica and 20 phr CB improved properties. The results of DMTA illustrated the appropriate compatibility between blend phases, also an increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg) and storage modulus (E′) for the samples containing higher amounts of CB. Considering the importance of the damping factor at temperatures of −20, 0, and 60°C, which is related to ice grip, wet grip, and rolling resistance, respectively, the TSi40CB20 sample showed the essential properties of the magic triangle better than other samples. Dissipative properties also revealed that by increasing the filler content and replacing nano‐silica with CB, the dissipation of the compound increases significantly. According to the results, the optimum amount of nano‐silica and CB in the SSBR/BR/TESPT was 40 and 20 phr, respectively.

Preparation and characterization of hydrophilic and water‐swellable elastomeric nanocomposites

AbstractHighly polar and hydrophilic polymers; ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA), epichlorohydrin rubber (GECO), and polyethylene oxide (PEO) reinforced with fillers (carbon black (CB) and/or Silica) were used to prepare water‐swellable rubber nanocomposites. The study showed that although the high content of the GECO delayed vulcanization of the corresponding compounds, the sample filled with desired ratio of GECO/PEO/EVA or GPE, cross‐linked with peroxide exhibited the highest swelling performance of ⁓150%. The samples exhibited good re‐usability performance in the re‐swollen test, after drying. At prolonged water swelling, the tensile strength dropped drastically for compounds with high content of the GPE, due to weak filler‐matrix interactions. On the other hand, the incorporated GPE also increased the rebound resilience (%) property which is a key requirement in green tire fabrication. For example; peroxide cured sample coded SR3 (GPE‐15 phr CB) obtained ⁓30% resilience in non‐swollen state and ⁓53.5% after 1440 min of water‐swelling, which represents a dramatic development of over ⁓78% in rebound resilience. Thus, a proper balance between the GPE content, curing agent and the reinforcements may guarantee high water‐swelling performance and mechanical properties integrity for multifunctional applications such as wound healing, structural works, water collection from oil spillages, and for the development of water‐based sensors.

Acrylic Rubber-Reinforced Halloysite Nanotubes/Carbon Black Hybrid Fillers for Oil Seal Applications: Thermal Stability and Dynamic Mechanical Properties

In this study, we show that adding halloysite nanotubes (HNT) to carbon black (CB)-packed acrylic rubber (ACM) composites improves their thermal properties. The thermo-oxidative stability, thermal stability, and dynamic mechanical properties of ACM composites (filled simply with 70 phr CB) and ACM hybrid composites comprising a fixed amount of CB (60 phr) and a variable amount of halloysite nanotubes (HNT) (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 phr) were investigated. As evidenced by the oxidation induction time analysis, hybrid structures support a higher degree of antioxidation in composites reinforced with twin fillers than composites reinforced just with CB. ACM composites with dual fillers had greater breakdown temperatures (temperatures at 10% weight loss (T10) and 50% weight loss (T50)) and char residue concentration at 600°C than ACM conventional composites, according to thermogravimetric tests. The activation energy of the thermal disintegration of ACM composites, as determined by the Kissinger and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa techniques, shows that the addition of HNT improves the thermal stability of ACM composites. The storage modulus of ACM composites was increased by 79 percent at 30°C when 10 phr of black filler was replaced with 6 phr of tubular HNT, according to additional viscoelastic experiments.

Preparation and properties of rubber nanocomposites based on natural rubber/ ethylene propylene diene monomer reinforced with nanosilica, carbon black and barium sulfate

In this work, rubber nanocomposites based on natural rubber/ethylene propylene diene monomer (NR/EPDM) blends and reinforced with nanosilica (NS) in combination with carbon black (CB) and barium sulfate (BS) were prepared by melt blending method in a Brabender internal mixer. The appropriate contents of NS and CB for reinforcing the rubber nanocomposites based on NR/EPDM are 10 and 30 phr (parts per hundred rubber), respectively. The NR/EPDM nanocomposites material reinforced with 10 phr NS and 30 phr CB has the best mechanical properties that with the enhancement of tensile strength over 117% and 40 % compared to that of the NR/EPDM nanocomposite material unreinforced and reinforced with only 10 phr NS, respectively. The appropriate content of BS for replacement of CB in the NR/EPDM blend is 6 phr. The rubber nanocomposite based on NR/EPDM (60/40) blend reinforced with 10 phr NS, 24 phr CB and 6 phr BS has a tight structure, high mechanical properties, and especially, high alkali resistance and heat resistance, abrasion resistance and low endogenous heat due to rotation and friction. This material may be used to manufacture technical rubber products that require heat resistance and stability in alkaline environments, such as conveyor belts used in the cement industry.

Solving the Dichotomy between Self‐Healing and Mechanical Properties in Rubber Composites by Combining Reinforcing and Sustainable Fillers

AbstractThe dichotomy between mechanical performance and repairability is a well‐known fact in the self‐healing field. One alternative to overcome this trade‐off is the inclusion of reinforcing fillers. In this research, hybrid reinforced self‐healing styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) composites are developed by combining mechano‐chemically modified ground tire rubber (mGTR) with carbon black (CB). The SBR matrix is systematically analyzed by means of dynamic mechanical analysis and broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The SBR composite reinforced with 20 phr mGTR and 20 phr CB maintains the healing efficiency of the unfilled SBR (80%) and improves its tensile strength by 300%, balancing perfectly well both properties. The healing efficiency is determined at different damage levels. The damage at the microscopic scale is easier to recover and does not depend on the presence of fillers, while the recovery at the macroscopic level clearly relies on the addition of filler, with more demanding healing conditions.

Nanodiamond—Carbon Black Hybrid Filler System for Demanding Applications of Natural Rubber—Butadiene Rubber Composite

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of the partial replacement of carbon black (CB) by nanodiamonds (NDs) on the vulcanization, mechanical and dynamic properties of a natural rubber—butadiene rubber compound, a typical elastomer compound found in several applications (the tire and mining industry, for example). A studied hybrid filler system resulted in a 28% increase in tensile strength and 29% increase in 300% modulus at low ND loadings even though the total weight fraction of the filler system was kept constant at 25 parts per hundred rubber. The hybrid filler system improved dispersion of both fillers as was proven by scanning electron microscopy and the Payne effect study. In addition, the replacement of 2.5 and 5 phr CB by NDs resulted in 62% improvement in wear resistance. The DMA study showed that a certain ND-CB filler combination has a positive effect on tire properties such as wet grip and rolling resistance.

EFFECT OF CELLULOSE FIBER SURFACE TREATMENT TO REPLACE CARBON BLACK IN NATURAL RUBBER HYBRID COMPOSITES

ABSTRACT In recent years, cellulose fibers have attracted considerable attention as biofillers for natural rubber (NR) composites. However, neat cellulose cannot be used as a substitute for conventional fillers due to its poor compatibility with NR. Therefore, a new surface treatment via maleic anhydride grafted to polyisoprene (MAPI) in solution was developed to improve the filler–matrix interaction. Different contents of carbon black (CB) and cellulose fibers (before and after modification) were used as a hybrid filler system to investigate the possibility of CB substitution in NR composites. First, contact angle, Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to confirm the successful cellulose surface treatment. Second, morphological analysis, Payne effect, and swelling behavior of the rubber compounds in toluene confirmed the effect of cellulose treatment on improving the interfacial filler–matrix adhesion. Finally, the results showed that the composite filled with 20 phr modified cellulose and 20 phr CB (50% replacement of CB) exhibited even better results than the composite filled with 40 phr of CB, since the tensile strength was only 7% lower, but the elongation at break, tensile modulus at 100%, and storage modulus at 25 °C were respectively 35%, 24%, and 22% higher.

Natural rubber nanocomposites: effect of carbon black/multi-walled carbon nanotubes hybrid fillers on the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity

ABSTRACT This work presents the effect of carbon black (CB)/multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) hybrid filler system on the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of natural rubber (NR) based nanocomposites. A 30 phr (parts per hundred of rubber) of CB nanocomposite was used as a reference for which various amounts (0.5, 1, 2 and 5 phr) of MWCNT were incorporated as a CB replacement. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the state of dispersion of the CB/MWCNT fillers inside the NR matrix, while dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was performed to characterize their storage and loss moduli, Payne effect and loss factor (tan δ). The scorch time (t10) and optimum curing time (t90) gradually increased with increasing MWCNT content due to the shape difference between CB and MWCNT, as well as the adsorption of curatives onto the MWCNT. Finally, due to the intrinsic properties of MWCNT and its synergy with CB, substantial improvements in thermal conductivity and mechanical properties were achieved by the substitution of 5 phr CB with MWCNT. For example, a thermal conductivity of 0.602 W/m.K was achieved, which corresponds to a 80% increase compared to the reference sample. Furthermore, a 72% and 54% increase of the modulus at 100% and 300% strain (M100 and M300) was respectively achieved, while the elongation at break decreased by only 20%.

Multifunctional graphene nanofiller in flame retarded polybutadiene/chloroprene/carbon black composites

Abstract To curtail flammability risks and improve material properties, flame retardants (FRs) and fillers are mixed into rubbers. High loadings of aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) and carbon black (CB) are the most used FRs and reinforcing additive, respectively, in rubbers. To reduce loading without losing mechanical properties, partial substitution of ATH as well as CB by low amounts of multilayer graphene (MLG) nanoparticles is investigated. The high aspect ratio MLG is made of ten graphene sheets. In polybutadiene/chloroprene (BR/CR) nanocomposites 3 phr MLG replaced 15 phr CB and/or 3 phr ATH. Material and mechanical properties as well as fire behavior of the nanocomposites are compared to BR/CR with 20 phr CB both with and without 50 phr ATH. MLG appears as a promising nanofiller to improve the functional properties: replacement of CB improved rheological, curing, and mechanical properties; substitution of ATH improved nanocomposite properties without affecting flame retardancy.

Thermal aging and chemical resistance evaluation of carbon black filled natural rubber blending: effect of the composition of acrylo nitrile and styrene butadiene rubber

Natural rubber (NR) has excellent tensile and abrasion properties, but its thermal and chemical resistance needs to be improved. The present study investigates the effect of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composition in NR compounding filled carbon black (CB). The effect of chemical and heat resistance was examined by varying the addition of SBR/NBR (phr/phr) as follows 40/0; 35/5; 30/0; 25/15; and 20/20 into 60 phr (part hundred rubber) NR filled by 50 phr CB respectively. Compared with NR composites, SBR/NBR addition improved the hardness and density slightly. While tensile strength, modulus, abrasion resistance, and compression set decreased significantly. The volume, hardness, and physical properties were measured before and after 28 days of immersion in acidic, alkalis, and salty solutions. It was found that the higher loading SBR/NBR enhances chemical resistance. The hydrochloric and sulphuric acid immersion influenced the physical changes more vigorously. The thermal aging evaluation was observed by measuring the hardness and tensile strength at hot air circulation of 70°C for 24; 48 and 72 hours. The higher SBR/NBR loading could minimize the changes in hardness and tensile strength. To sum up, SBR/NBR addition improves the chemical and heat resistance on ternary blends.

Effect of the Topology of Carbon-Based Nanofillers on the Filler Networks and Gas Barrier Properties of Rubber Composites.

The topology of nanofillers is one of the key factors affecting the gas barrier properties of rubber composites. In this research, three types of carbon-based nanofillers, including spherical carbon black (CB), fibrous carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and layered graphene (GE) were chosen to investigate the effect of the topological structures of nanofillers on the gas barrier properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composites. Results showed that the structure and strength of the filler networks in SBR composites were closely associated with the topology of nanofillers. When filled with 35 phr CB, 8 phr CNTs, and 4 phr GE, the SBR composites had the same strength of the filler network, while the improvement in gas barrier properties were 39.2%, 12.7%, and 41.2%, respectively, compared with pure SBR composites. Among the three nanofillers, GE exhibited the most excellent enhancement with the smallest filler content, demonstrating the superiority of two-dimensional GE in improving the barrier properties of rubber composites.

Cellulose nanofibre enabled natural rubber composites: Microstructure, curing behaviour and dynamic mechanical properties

Traditional rubber industries rely heavily on petroleum-based materials, such as carbon black (CB). The present study aims at mitigating the environmental challenges, through partial replacement of CB, while simultaneously consuming an easily accessible agricultural waste. Accordingly, cellulose nanofibre (CNF) was extracted from wheat-straw using chemo-mechanical process, which in-turn was used for fabrication of CNF enabled rubber nanocomposites. Microstructural observation of CNF confirmed nanometric defibrillation of cellulose. A variety of tests were performed on the nanocomposites towards exploring their structure-property correlations, curing-behaviour, thermal degradability and mechanical (static and dynamic) properties. Overall, considerable enhancement in properties such as tensile strength and strain energy density could be realized, owing to synergistic use of CNF and CB in rubber, allowing for replacement of up to 15 phr CB. These were further augmented by significant improvements in dynamic rolling-resistance, traction and stress-softening behaviour. The results were especially significant, considering that the improvements could be achieved without any modification of CNF surface, thereby establishing its potential for development of environment friendly rubber nanocomposites.

Effect of Carbon Black Nanofiller on Adhesion Properties of SBS Rubber Surfaces Treated by Low-Pressure Plasma.

Studies on the surface modification of commercial styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) rubber with different carbon black (CB) nanofiller content (10–80 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr)) performed by low-pressure oxygen plasma are presented in this paper. The adhesion properties of the rubber were determined by the peel test for adhesive-bonded joints prepared with a water-based polyurethane (PU) adhesive. The chemical structure and morphology of the SBS rubber surface before and after plasma treatment were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The peel tests showed that the plasma treatment significantly improved the strength of adhesive-bonded joints in the entire range of CB tested, revealing a clear maximum for approximately 50 phr of CB. It was also found that as a result of plasma treatment, functional groups that are responsible for the reactions with the PU adhesive, such as C−OH and C=O, were formed, and their concentration, similar to the peel strength, showed maximum values for approximately 50 phr CB. The occurrence of these maxima was explained using the bound rubber model.

Role of Carbon Black for Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Short Aramid Fiber Reinforced Ethylene-Acrylic Rubber

Composites based on ethylene-acrylic rubber and 1 mm short aramid fibers (AF) were developed by varying the fiber content from 3 to 40 phr. At 10 phr short fiber loading, the tensile modulus (10 % modulus) of the neat matrix was around 11 times increased. However, its breaking elongation was decreased from 408 to 58 %. This drastic reduction in the breaking elongation even at a 10 phr fiber loading leads to a brittle failure with inferior toughness. The tensile-fractured surface of the fiber-filled composite showed an intact matrix with no plastic deformation during fiber pulled-out. To solve this problem, carbon black (CB) was used as a toughening agent. Surprisingly, the addition of 20 phr CB onto a 10 phr AF-filled composite enhanced its 10 % modulus in the longitudinal direction by 70 % and also enhanced its breaking elongation from 58 to 351 %. From the morphological analysis, it has been presumed that the addition of CB enhanced the friction between the fiber and the matrix at a very low strain and also facilitate the matrix for a plastic deformation at a higher strain. This enhanced friction between the fiber and the matrix is considered as the improved low strain modulus and the subsequent plastic deformation at a higher strain is responsible for the improved toughness.

Self-assembled lignin-silica hybrid material derived from rice husks as the sustainable reinforcing fillers for natural rubber

Biomass derived fillers have been developed as sustainable substitution of carbon black (CB) used in rubber industry to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. Lignin is the abundant component of biomass, but has poor reinforcing performance due to its huge particle size. In this work, we prepared a lignin/silica (LS) hybrid material from rice husks via a facile self-assembly method. The formation of LS cut lignin macromolecules into fragments and resulted in a small average particle size of 320 nm. When LS was filled into the natural rubber to substitute 10 phr CB, both filler-filler interaction and filler-rubber interaction were enhanced compared with the single use of CB. In consequence, the obtained 10LS/40CB/NR vulcanizates showed overall improvement in tensile strength, tear strength and abrasion resistance compared with the 50CB/NR vulcanizates. For the sustainable development of rubber industry, the natural LS hybrid material with low production cost is a promising reinforcing filler for the partial replacement of CB.

Comparison of Electrical Conductivity in Compounds of Carbon Black With Natural and Butadiene Rubbers

Carbon black (CB) filled butadiene (BR) (Cis-1,4-polybutadiene) and natural (NR) (Cis-1,4-polyisoprene) rubber compounds containing 60–100 phr (per hundred) CB were investigated for their electrical conductivity under different loads over time. Due to their high deformability, the percolation thresholds for CB–BR and CB-NR compounds were shown to be functions of compression loads applied on them. Conductivity of such compounds increased with time and compressive load levels applied. Rheological experiments involving evaluations of the storage moduli, G´, as well as the loss moduli, G´´ and the dynamic viscosities, η* for the compounds were performed to assess rate dependence of the compounds’ conductivity under compressive loads. The storage and loss moduli values for both the CB-BR and the CB-NR compounds decreased with increasing strain levels. Thus, the rate of decrease in resistivity is expected to increase at higher strain (higher pressure) levels. Furthermore, the storage moduli increased monotonically with increasing frequency (rate), and thus, we expect the rate of decay in resistivity to be lower at higher rates of pressure application. Comparison of variations in conductivity between the CB–BR and CB-NR compounds as functions of time and pressure, however, revealed that, overall, the conductivity levels are also strongly dependent on the nature of the molecular structure of these rubber materials and their initial interactions with CB during compounding and the resulting dispersion levels of CB. Once such dispersion structure is established, the overall difference in conductivity levels for the CB–BR and CB-NR compounds remain approximately unchanged for given time and pressure conditions for the cases where high CB fill levels (~90 phr) are used and asymptotic conductivity values are reached. The experimental results revealed that because of the presence of higher number (approximately two-fold) of hydrogen side atoms on the linear BR chains, CB–BR compound forms more physical crosslinks (mostly due to hydrogen bonding) in comparison to the CB-NR compound resulting in more effective CB dispersion and higher conductivity. Such higher efficiency in CB dispersion and percolation in BR is further implied by higher conductivities despite higher G´ and η* values for the CB–BR compound in comparison to the CB-NR compound.

Cure characteristics, mechanical properties and back face signature of ballistic rubber trauma pack

Curing characteristics, mechanical properties and back face signature (BFS) of natural rubber (NR) and chemically modified natural rubber (CNR) filled carbon black (CB) nanocomposites are reported. Five bullet shots for each samples at velocity of 367 ± 10 m s-1 and the indentation depths on oil based modelling clay backing known as Roma Plastilina No. 1 were measured. Results indicate that the minimum torque and maximum torque increase with increasing carbon black, whereas scorch time and cure time show decreasing trend. The value of tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus at 300% elongation (M300) improved with incorporation of 50 phr CB especially in the CNR filled composites. Further increment of CB reduces the enhancement of the mechanical properties. The CNR 50 recorded the lowest BFS of 4.55 mm indentation in depth. In conclusion, the CNR filled 50 phr carbon black is proven to be the most suitable for the trauma pack performance.

Influence of interfacial compatibilizer, silane modification, and filler hybrid on the performance of NR/NBR blends

ABSTRACTThe effects of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) as a compatibilizer, silane in situ modification, and filler hybrid on the properties of natural rubber/acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber blends were systematically studied. Phase change with the incorporation of ENR was quantitatively characterized via atomic force microscope quantitative nanomechanics technique. The results show that ENR could greatly reduce the dispersed domain size and increase the interfacial thickness; however, this compatibilizing effect reached the limit when ENR content was 5 parts per hundred rubber (phr). If the content is further increased, the redundant ENR start to gather at the interface and thus form a third phase. The macroscopic dynamic performance measurement was well in accordance with the microscale observation; the blend with 5 phr of ENR presented the lowest heat generation. The results also revealed that silane modification could significantly improve the overall properties, which benefited from better filler dispersal as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. Finally, the effect of filler hybrid [silica and carbon black (CB)] was studied. It turned out that the blend containing 20 phr silica and 32 phr CB synchronously possessed high wet grip property, low rolling resistance, and high wear resistance, which makes it very promising for the high‐performance tire application. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47421.