Photovoltaic Technology Research Articles

In Situ Growth of MoS2 Onto Co-Based MOF Derivatives Toward High-Efficiency Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells.

Quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) represent a promising third-generation photovoltaic technology, boasting a high theoretical efficiency of 44% and cost efficiency. However, their practical efficiency is constrained by reduced photovoltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF). One primary reason is the inefficient charge transfer and elevated recombination rates at the counter electrode (CE). In this work, a novel CE composed of a titanium mesh loaded with Co,N─C@MoS2 is introduced for the assembly of QDSCs. The incorporation of nanosized MoS2 enhances the density of catalytic sites, while the Co,N─C component ensures high conductivity and provides a substantial active surface area. Additionally, the titanium mesh's 3D structure serves as an effective electrical conduit, facilitating rapid electron transfer from the external circuit to the composite. These improvements in catalytic activity, charge transfer rate, and stability of the CE significantly enhance the photovoltaic performance of QDSCs. The optimized cells achieve a groundbreaking power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.39%, accompanied by a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 27.26mA cm-2, Voc of 0.818V, and FF of 0.735. These results not only offer a new strategy for designing electrodes with high catalytic activity but also underscore the promising application of the Co,N─C@MoS2 composite in enhancing QDSC technology.

A Graded Redox Interfacial Modifier for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells.

Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a potential competitor to the silicon photovoltaic technology. The most representative perovskite cells employ SnO2 and spiro-OMeTAD as the charge-transport materials. Despite their high efficiencies, perovskite cells with such a configuration show unsatisfactory lifespan, normally attributed to the instability of perovskites and spiro-OMeTAD. Limited attention was paid to the influence of SnO2, an inorganic material, on device stability. Here we show that improving SnO2 with a redox interfacial modifier, cobalt hexammine sulfamate, simultaneously enhances the power-conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of the perovskite solar cells. Redox reactions between the bivalent cobalt complexes and oxygen lead to the formation of a graded distribution of trivalent and bivalent cobalt complexes across the surface and bulk regions of the SnO2. The trivalent cobalt complex at the top surface of SnO2 raises the concentration of (SO3NH2)- which passivates uncoordinated Pb2+ and relieves tensile stress, facilitating the formation of perovskite with improved crystallinity. Our approach enables perovskite cells with PCEs of up to 24.91%. The devices retained 93.8% of their initial PCEs after 1000 hours of continuous operation under maximum power point tracking. These findings showcase the potential of cobalt complexes as redox interfacial modifiers for high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.

A Graded Redox Interfacial Modifier for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a potential competitor to the silicon photovoltaic technology. The most representative perovskite cells employ SnO2 and spiro‐OMeTAD as the charge‐transport materials. Despite their high efficiencies, perovskite cells with such a configuration show unsatisfactory lifespan, normally attributed to the instability of perovskites and spiro‐OMeTAD. Limited attention was paid to the influence of SnO2, an inorganic material, on device stability. Here we show that improving SnO2 with a redox interfacial modifier, cobalt hexammine sulfamate, simultaneously enhances the power‐conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of the perovskite solar cells. Redox reactions between the bivalent cobalt complexes and oxygen lead to the formation of a graded distribution of trivalent and bivalent cobalt complexes across the surface and bulk regions of the SnO2. The trivalent cobalt complex at the top surface of SnO2 raises the concentration of (SO3NH2)‐ which passivates uncoordinated Pb2+ and relieves tensile stress, facilitating the formation of perovskite with improved crystallinity. Our approach enables perovskite cells with PCEs of up to 24.91%. The devices retained 93.8% of their initial PCEs after 1000 hours of continuous operation under maximum power point tracking. These findings showcase the potential of cobalt complexes as redox interfacial modifiers for high‐performance perovskite photovoltaics.

Numerical study of hybrid nanofluid and thermal transport in sun-powered energy ship within the application of parabolic trough solar collectors

PurposeRecent advancements in technology have led to the exploration of solar-based thermal radiation and nanotechnology in the field of fluid dynamics. Solar energy is captured through sunlight absorption, acting as the primary source of heat. Various solar technologies, such as solar water heating and photovoltaic cells, rely on solar energy for heat generation. This study focuses on investigating heat transfer mechanisms by utilizing a hybrid nanofluid within a parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) to advance research in solar ship technology. The model incorporates multiple effects that are detailed in the formulation.Design/methodology/approachThe mathematical model is transformed using suitable similarity transformations into a system of higher-order nonlinear differential equations. The model was solved by implementing a numerical procedure based on the Wavelets and Chebyshev wavelet method for simulating the outcome.FindingsThe velocity profile is reduced by Deborah's number and velocity slip parameter. The Ag-EG nanoparticles mixture demonstrates less smooth fluid flow compared to the significantly smoother fluid flow of the Ag-Fe3O4/EG hybrid nanofluids (HNFs). Additionally, the Ag-Ethylene Glycol nanofluids (NFs) exhibit higher radiative performance compared to the Ag-Fe3O4/Ethylene Glycol hybrid nanofluids (HNFs).Practical implicationsAdditionally, the Oldroyd-B hybrid nanofluid demonstrates improved thermal conductivity compared to traditional fluids, making it suitable for use in cooling systems and energy applications in the maritime industry.Originality/valueThe originality of the study lies in the exploration of the thermal transport enhancement in sun-powered energy ships through the incorporation of silver-magnetite hybrid nanoparticles within the heat transfer fluid circulating in parabolic trough solar collectors. This particular aspect has not been thoroughly researched previously. The findings have been validated and provide a highly positive comparison with the research papers.

A Novel Tracking Strategy Based on Real-Time Monitoring to Increase the Lifetime of Dual-Axis Solar Tracking Systems

Solar tracking systems allow an increase in the use of solar energy for its conversion with photovoltaic technology due to the alignment with the sun. However, there is a compromise between tracking accuracy and the energy required to perform the movement action. Consequently, the wear of the tracker components increases, reducing its useful lifetime and affecting the profitability of these systems. The present research develops a novel tracking strategy based on real-time measurements to increase the lifetime without reducing the energy productivity of the tracking systems. The proposed approach is verified experimentally by implementing the real-time decision-making algorithm and a conventional tracking algorithm in identical tracking systems under the same weather conditions. The proposed strategy reduces energy consumption by 14.18% due to the tracking action, maintaining a practically identical energy generation between both systems. The findings highlight a 53.33% reduction in the movements required for tracking and a 60.77% reduction in operation time, which translates into a 6.8-fold increase in the lifetime of the solar tracking system under the experimental conditions applied. The results are promising, so this research initiates and motivates the development of more complex models to increase the useful life of the tracking systems and their profitability and environmental impact concurrently.

Assessing the diffusion of photovoltaic technology and electric vehicles using system dynamics modeling

Amidst the sweeping changes in the global electricity and automotive sectors, we observe a rapid surge in the proliferation of distributed generation (DG) and electric vehicles (EVs), primarily driven by the widespread deployment of photovoltaic systems. The widespread embrace of EVs necessitates a dual approach of financial incentives and infrastructure development to enhance the appeal of these vehicles. The findings presented in this paper hold significant importance for policymakers, underscoring the urgency of transitioning toward sustainable decentralized power systems and promoting EV adoption. While this transition offers promising opportunities, it also presents formidable challenges. Successful integration of DG and EVs demands careful attention to policy and regulatory frameworks. Some experts advocate for simultaneous adjustments in design, addressing mobility limitations and offering incentives for DG and EVs. Given the multitude of uncertainties, the authors suggest employing a system dynamics model to analyze the impact of photovoltaic technology and EV diffusion. The paper concludes that, within the Colombian context, the potential exists, under specific conditions, to increase the adoption of solar panels and EVs in households. This, in turn, contributes to a reduction in CO2 emissions and a transformative shift in the composition of the automotive fleet toward EVs.

Investigation of the electronic, optical and magnetic properties of a novel two-dimensional lead-free perovskite: High visible-light absorption and long-range magnetic ordering.

Recently, big issues that need to be solved in photovoltaic solar cells area are the toxicity and instability of lead halide perovskites which have shown exceptional photoelectric performances. Herein, we report the synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of a novel two-dimensional (2D) lead-free perovskite. The 2D Cu(II)-based perovskite (C4N3H16)[CuCl4]∙Cl was successfully stabilized by the slow evaporation method under room temperature. The X-ray diffraction shows a layered structure with an inorganic network formed by four corners sharing CuCl6 octahedra. The UV-Vis absorption analysis confirms the manifestation of the cooperative Jahn-Teller effect around the Cu(II) ions. In addition to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions, crystal field transitions (d-d) enhance the visible-light absorbance and make the material suitable for green solar cell applications with a band gap energy of 2.17 eV. The thermal analysis revealed the thermal stability of (C4N3H16)[CuCl4]∙Cl. Magnetic measurements revealed the presence of dominant ferromagnetic exchange interactions with J/kB = 22.85 K within the 2d planes, with a weak antiferromagnetic exchange interaction yielding a long-range magnetic ordering at 12 K.

Solvent‐Induced Copper Vacancy in CuSCN Layer: A Strategy to Boost Conductivity and Optimize Energy Levels for Efficient Organic Solar Cells

AbstractCopper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN) is a prominent wide‐bandgap p‐type semiconductor with desirable transparency and chemical robustness. Whereas intrinsic limitations, such as its relatively low Fermi level (EF) and modest electrical conductivity, have impeded its broader application in organic solar cells (OSCs). This study introduces a novel approach to modify the electronic properties of CuSCN by inducing copper vacancies through the use of specific solvent mixtures, thereby enhancing its suitability for OSCs. The effects of two solvent mixtures, methanol/ammonia (CH3OH/NH4OH) and dimethyl sulfoxide/N,N‐Dimethylformamide (DMSO/DMF) is have systematically investigated, on the CuSCN layer. The findings reveal that these solvent systems induce a higher concentration of copper vacancies within the CuSCN film, resulting in a significant reduction of the EF and a substantial increase in electrical conductivity. These modifications have led to the improved energy level alignment with the PM6:L8‐BO:BTP‐eC9 blended photoactive layers, culminating in a marked enhancement of the power‐conversion efficiencies of 19.10% for the DMSO/DMF processed CuSCN layer. Additionally, it has observed enhanced shelf/thermal stability and thickness tolerance of OSCs based on these CuSCN films. This work not only presents a novel strategy for modifying the performance characteristics of CuSCN but also underscores its potential to contribute to the advancement of photovoltaic technologies.

Numerical investigation and design optimization for enhanced efficiency of Cs2AgBiBr6 perovskite solar cell

Nowadays, environmental concerns are becoming increasingly important. As a result of the imperative to protect society, lead-free perovskites are becoming increasingly important. The lead-free compound cesium silver bismuth bromide (Cs2AgBiBr6) was numerically investigated as a potential candidate for double perovskite solar cells application. In the proposed architecture, we combine FTO/ETL-SnO2/Cs2AgBiBr6/HTL-CuI/Au, all optimized for performance. To optimize the solar cell’s performance, the device configuration was modelled using SCAPS-1D. An evaluation of the impact of various factors, including absorber thickness, defect density, electron affinity, electron and hole transport layer optimization, band diagram analysis, working temperature and quantum efficiency, was conducted. The proposed device configuration exhibited excellent photovoltaic performance, achieving a PCE of 8.15%, a Voc of 1.041 V, a Jsc of 11.79 mA cm−2, an FF of 66.41%, and a quantum efficiency of 99.19% within the visible range. This research highlights the potential of Cs2AgBiBr6 as a promising perovskite material for use in lead-free photovoltaic technology.

Unraveling the Role of Electron‐Withdrawing Molecules for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Photovoltaic

Electron‐withdrawing molecules (EWMs) have exhibited remarkable efficacy in boosting the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the underneath mechanisms governing their positive attributes remain inadequately understood. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive study on EWMs by comparing 2,2'‐(2,5‐cyclohexadiene‐1,4‐diylidene) bismalononitrile (TCNQ) and (2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐2,5‐cyclohexadiene‐1,4‐diylidene) dimalononitrile (F4TCNQ) employed at the perovskite/hole transport layer (HTL) interfaces. Our findings reveal that EWMs simultaneously enhance chemical passivation, interface dipole effect, and chemically binding of the perovskite to the HTL. Notably, F4TCNQ, with its superior electron‐withdrawing properties, demonstrates a more pronounced impact. Consequently, PCSs modified with F4TCNQ achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.21%, while demonstrating excellent long‐term stability. Moreover, the PCE of a larger‐area perovskite module (14.0 cm2) based on F4TCNQ reached 21.41%. This work illuminates the multifaceted mechanisms of EWMs at the interfaces in PSCs, delivering pivotal insights that pave the way for the sophisticated design and strategic application of EWMs, thereby propelling the advancement of perovskite photovoltaic technology

Unraveling the Role of Electron-Withdrawing Molecules for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Photovoltaics.

Electron-withdrawing molecules (EWMs) have exhibited remarkable efficacy in boosting the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the underneath mechanisms governing their positive attributes remain inadequately understood. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive study on EWMs by comparing 2,2'-(2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diylidene) bismalononitrile (TCNQ) and (2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diylidene) dimalononitrile (F4TCNQ) employed at the perovskite/hole transport layer (HTL) interfaces. Our findings reveal that EWMs simultaneously enhance chemical passivation, interface dipole effect, and chemically binding of the perovskite to the HTL. Notably, F4TCNQ, with its superior electron-withdrawing properties, demonstrates a more pronounced impact. Consequently, PCSs modified with F4TCNQ achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.21 %, while demonstrating excellent long-term stability. Moreover, the PCE of a larger-area perovskite module (14.0 cm2) based on F4TCNQ reached 21.41 %. This work illuminates the multifaceted mechanisms of EWMs at the interfaces in PSCs, delivering pivotal insights that pave the way for the sophisticated design and strategic application of EWMs, thereby propelling the advancement of perovskite photovoltaic technology.

An Updated Review for Performance Enhancement of Solar Cells by Spectral Modification

Photovoltaic technology has become one of the major renewable ways to generate electric power. However, the mismatch between the incident solar spectrum and photo-electric response efficiency of solar cells severely constrains their performance. Hence, spectral modification technologies, e.g., up-conversion (UC), down-conversion (DC), and luminescent down-shifting (LDS) technologies have been applied widely in the photovoltaic field to reform the incident spectrum to match the best response band possible. In this paper, we review the latest developments of the three technologies above in terms of material selection, optical characteristics, and photovoltaic performance. It is found that the three most popular materials for conversion are NaYF4: Er3+, Yb3+, and Yb3+. The excitation bands for the three technologies are 800–1550 nm, 250–488 nm, and 250–488 nm, respectively, while the emission bands are 523–669 nm, 520–1031 nm, and 490–1010 nm, respectively. Furthermore, issues hindering the development of spectral modification technologies are pointed out, e.g., low absorption efficiency, poor quantum conversion efficiency, and hurdles in commercialization. Finally, suggestions and solutions to address the above-mentioned issues are provided.

Unveiling the potential of FASnI3 solar cells through advanced charge transport materials: A SCAPS-1D perspective

As demand grows for efficient and affordable photovoltaic technology, investigating alternative materials becomes crucial. Tin-based perovskite has a low bandgap, great optoelectronic properties, and higher carrier mobility. It has become an interesting absorber layer for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, improving their device performance presents challenges. Copper-based hole transport materials (HTM) and zinc-based electron transport materials (ETM) offer low cost, easy fabrication, and high electrical conductivity. This research analyzes the impacts of these transport materials on the FASnI3 absorber layer using numerical modeling in SCAPS-1D. Through simulation analysis, the study thoroughly examines the effect of these materials on PSC performance parameters such as QE curve, layer thickness, defect density, interface defect, and doping concentration. Moreover, this study identifies the most efficient PSC configurations, achieving good performance by ITO/ZnSe/FASnI3/Cu2O/Au with aVoc of 2.05 V, Jsc of 29.316 mA/cm2, FF of 53.37 %, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 32.13 %, providing valuable insights in optimizing FASnI3 solar cells and advancing next-generation solar energy conversion technologies.

Efficiency of Heterojunction Solar Cells Based on Optical Band Gap

Electric energy production by fuel burning produces dangerous pollutants. The photovoltaic solar cell is a suitable alternative. For thin film solar cells, efficiency improvement should be carried out through continued development of their characteristics. The homojunction solar cell has reached its optimum. In the present work, a relationship between optical band gap and solar cell efficiency of heterojunctions has been established. Suitable band gaps of a pair of heterojunctions are required to get maximum efficiency for an appropriate frequency of solar radiation. The efficiency of a couple of extrinsic semiconductors can be calculated theoretically. An optimum band gap of a pair of heterojunctions with the highest efficiency may be found by this process. The efficiency of a few heterojunctions has been calculated using reported data. The results show that efficiency is increased with optical band gaps, and type-I is more efficient than type-II heterojunctions. The work may help to improve the solar cell efficiency.

Low voltage distribution intelligent control system based on distributed photovoltaic grid connection

Abstract This article mainly studied the use of distributed photovoltaic power generation technology to achieve intelligent control of low-voltage distribution networks. With the rapid development of new energy, distributed photovoltaic power generation technology has become an important means to alleviate the current energy crisis and environmental problems. This article first elaborated on the theory and research status of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems. Based on this, artificial intelligence technology was applied to distributed photovoltaic power generation systems for real-time monitoring to enhance their stable and reliable performance. When the simulated grid voltage was set to 220V, the system output voltage was also 220V, showing a deviation of 0.0%, proving that the system has excellent regulation accuracy at this voltage level. This article is an innovative research that integrates distributed photovoltaic power generation with intelligent control, opening up a practical and feasible technical path for the large-scale utilization of clean energy. Therefore, this study has significant academic value and practical significance.

Power quality optimization technology for photovoltaic nanoscale electronic grid-connected systems based on FNN algorithm

With the continuous maturity and widespread application of photovoltaic power generation technology, the power quality of photovoltaic grid-connected systems has become a significant factor affecting the power grid’s stability and the lifespan of equipment. This research aims to improve the power quality in photovoltaic nanoscale electronic grid-connected systems. Through in-depth analysis of harmonic problems in grid-connected systems, a harmonic prediction and governance means using a fuzzy neural network algorithm was put forward. To improve the accuracy and adaptability of predictions, the long short-term memory network was combined with a fuzzy neural network to form an improved deep learning model. Comparative experiments confirmed that the research prediction model exhibited advantages in training convergence, prediction accuracy, and various error evaluation indicators, with an accuracy of up to 96.24% and an R2 value as high as 0.9998. It effectively reduced harmonic content by 2.4% and significantly improved the harmonic compensation effect. Based on the above-mentioned model, dynamic compensation governance for harmonics was implemented. By predicting the harmonic content in grid-connected electricity in real-time and taking corresponding measures for compensation, the adverse effects of harmonics on the entire grid-connected system were effectively reduced. The deep learning-based power quality optimization technology developed in this research can accurately predict harmonic problems in photovoltaic nanoscale electronic grid-connected systems. Moreover, it can provide efficient compensation governance solutions and help improve the entire power grid’s energy efficiency and operational stability.

State-of-the-Art of Floating PV Development in the Indonesian Waters

Abstract In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on reducing Indonesia’s reliance on fossil fuels for electricity generation by promoting the development of renewable energy-based power plants. Among the renewable energy sources, solar energy holds great potential in Indonesia, given its abundant availability throughout the year. This presents favourable prospects for the establishment of solar photovoltaic (PV) power plants, both in ground-mounted and floating sub-structure configurations. However, the deployment of ground-mounted PV plants raises concerns regarding land usage, particularly for large-scale installations. Moreover, the environmental temperature in tropical regions like Indonesia can adversely affect the efficiency of PV panels in land installations. Water bodies offer an alternative location for PV installations to mitigate these challenges, as water can help alleviate the temperature impact on PV panels. Considering Indonesia’s archipelago geography, seas emerge as an attractive option for large-scale PV power plant development. However, numerous challenges arise when implementing floating PV (FPV) technology in open seas. This paper explores the ongoing advancements in marine FPV technology and addresses the challenges associated with installing FPV systems in Indonesian seas. These efforts aim to support the fundamental development of the country’s electricity infrastructure, encompassing aspects such as reliability, affordability, and social acceptability.

Machine learning empowers efficient design of ternary organic solar cells with PM6 donor

Organic solar cells (OSCs) hold great potential as a photovoltaic technology for practical applications. However, the traditional experimental trial-and-error method for designing and engineering OSCs can be complex, expensive, and time-consuming. Machine learning (ML) techniques enable the proficient extraction of information from datasets, allowing the development of realistic models that are capable of predicting the efficacy of materials with commendable accuracy. The PM6 donor has great potential for high-performance OSCs. However, it is crucial for the rational design of a ternary blend to accurately forecast the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ternary OSCs (TOSCs) based on a PM6 donor. Accordingly, we collected the device parameters of PM6-based TOSCs and evaluated the feature importance of their molecule descriptors to develop predictive models. In this study, we used five different ML algorithms for analysis and prediction. For the analysis, the classification and regression tree provided different rules, heuristics, and patterns from the heterogeneous dataset. The random forest algorithm outperforms other prediction ML algorithms in predicting the output performance of PM6-based TOSCs. Finally, we validated the ML outcomes by fabricating PM6-based TOSCs. Our study presents a rapid strategy for assessing a high PCE while elucidating the substantial influence of diverse descriptors.

The role of photovoltaic technology in achieving net zero energy target in residential buildings

The construction sector plays a pivotal role in reducing carbon emissions, facilitating the transition to renewable energy and promoting sustainable development. In the European Union, where decarbonization strategies are currently proving most incisive, legislative measures such as the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) have catalyzed a marked increase in the prevalence of energy-efficient buildings. In terms of decarbonization, such efforts can be achieved by massively applying Renewable Energy Sources (RES) both in new buildings as well as in existing ones, which represent the majority of the EU building stock. For such reasons, Building-Integrated/Applied Photovoltaic (BIPV/BAPV) systems offer a promising avenue for providing clean energy to the building sector. Nonetheless, despite their potential, the practical implementation of these systems on buildings faces feasibility constraints, mainly due to the limitation of the available installation surface.In such a framework, this study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of BIPV/BAPV installations potential to fulfill the electricity needs of residential buildings (i.e. achieve the net zero energy target), with a particular focus on multi-family structures within the European contest. A reference high-performance building, already assessed by the authors and therefore very well documented, was used as a test bed through detailed dynamic energy simulations. According to obtained results, the net zero energy target can be achieved for energy-efficient buildings with up to 3 and 5 storeys, in Nordic and Mediterranean climatic conditions, respectively. Assuming instead reference maximum consumption thresholds (resulting in higher energy consumption), achievable results are more restrictive, since zero-energy buildings are limited to a maximum of less than 2 storeys in Nordic climates and 3 in Mediterranean climates.In this particular historical period, the outlined results take on considerable relevance, as the highlighted feasibility limitations could jeopardise the implementation of zero emission targets, but they can also be used to properly orient energy policies under development.

Smart Solar Photovoltaic Panel Dust Monitoring System Using Internet of Thing (IoT)

Photovoltaic technology has become one of the most popular ways of generating power from renewable energy sources. Solar panels are solely responsible for generating the maximum amount of electricity. One of the reasons to be rectified is the lack of equipment or systematic monitoring of solar panels. Due to their surface being covered with dust and not being cleaned for a long time, solar panels can get damaged and become unable to generate electricity. This project investigates the factors of dust that impact photovoltaic module performance and designs an intelligent monitoring system. The project aims to develop a monitoring system that allows users to use their smartphones to monitor the cleanliness of solar panels. This monitoring kit includes a dust sensor component as data input and a NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller that receives, processes, and sends data to the Blynk application. The project enables the owners to monitor their solar panels in real-time. The results show that solar panel performance has decreased by 61% when the reading value of dust sensor 1 is 47%, dust sensor 2 is 30%, dust sensor 3 is 53%, and dust sensor 4 is 50%. The benefits of this project are that solar panel maintenance will be more systematic, ensuring solar panels can generate the maximum electricity, and they are not easily damaged, thus increasing the lifespan of solar panels.