Photosynthesis In Plant Cells Research Articles

The Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Cicer bijugum, Genome Organization, and Comparison with Related Species

BackgroundChickpea is one of Turkey's most significant legumes, and because of its high nutritional value, it is frequently preferred in human nourishment.Chloroplasts, which have their own genetic material, are organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells and their genome contains non-trivial information about the molecular features and evolutionary process of plants.ObjectiveCurrent study aimed at revealing complete chloroplast genome sequence of one of the wild type Cicer species, Cicer bijugum, and comparing its genome with cultivated Cicer species, Cicer arietinum, by using bioinformatics analysis tools. Except for Cicer arietinum, there has been no study on the chloroplast genome sequence of Cicer species.Therefore, we targeted to reveal the complete chloroplast genome sequence of wild type Cicer species, Cicer bijugum, and compare the chloroplast genome of Cicer bijugum with the cultivated one Cicer arietinum.MethodsIn this study, we sequenced the whole chloroplast genome of Cicer bijugum, one of the wild types of chickpea species, with the help Next Generation Sequencing platform and compared it with the chloroplast genome of the cultivated chickpea species, Cicer arietinum, by using online bioinformatics analysis tools.ResultsWe determined the size of the chloroplast genome of C. bijugum as 124,804 bp and found that C. bijugum did not contain an inverted repeat region in its chloroplast genome. Comparative analysis of the C. bijugum chloroplast genome uncovered thirteen hotspot regions (psbA, matK, rpoB, rpoC1, rpoC2, psbI, psbK, accD, rps19, ycf2, ycf1, rps15, and ndhF) and seven of them (matK, accD, rps19, ycf1, ycf2, rps15 and ndhF) could potentially be used as strong molecular markers for species identification. It has been determined that C. bijugum was phylogenetically closer to cultivated chickpea as compared to the other species.ConclusionIt is aimed that the data obtained from this study, which is the first study in which whole chloroplast genomes of wild chickpea species were sequenced, will guide researchers in future molecular, evolutionary, and genetic engineering studies with chickpea species.

Rapid Single-Step Affinity Purification of HA-Tagged Plant Mitochondria.

Photosynthesis in plant cells would not be possible without the supportive role of mitochondria. However, isolating mitochondria from plant cells for physiological and biochemical analyses is a lengthy and tedious process. Established isolation protocols require multiple centrifugation steps and substantial amounts of starting material. To overcome these limitations, we tagged mitochondria in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with a triple hemagglutinin tag for rapid purification via a single affinity-purification step. This protocol yields a substantial quantity of highly pure mitochondria from 1 g of Arabidopsis seedlings. The purified mitochondria were suitable for enzyme activity analyses and yielded sufficient amounts of proteins for deep proteomic profiling. We applied this method for the proteomic analysis of the Arabidopsis bou-2 mutant deficient in the mitochondrial Glu transporter À BOUT DE SOUFFLE (BOU) and identified 27 differentially expressed mitochondrial proteins compared with tagged Col-0 controls. Our work sets the stage for the development of advanced mitochondria isolation protocols for distinct cell types.

Genetic mapping and isolation of two arc3 alleles in Arabidopsis

KEY MESSAGE : Two new alleles of arc3 in Arabidopsis thaliana, arc3-4 and arc3-5, were isolated in the Columbia-0 ecotype. The mutants were characterized in detail using microscopy and molecular techniques. Chloroplasts are essential organelles for photosynthesis in plant cells. Division of chloroplasts is coordinated by the internal division machinery (mainly the tubulin-like FtsZ ring) and the external division machinery (mainly the dynamin-like ARC5 ring). Accumulation and replication of chloroplasts3 (ARC3) is important for the correct positioning of chloroplast division machinery. During evolution, ARC3 has probably replaced minicellC (MinC), an important factor involved in positioning of the division site in bacteria. However, the working mechanism of ARC3 is still unclear. Using forward genetic approaches, we isolated two new alleles of arc3 in Arabidopsis thaliana, arc3-4 and arc3-5, in which mutant loci differed from those of previously reported arc3 mutants. Microscopy analyses showed more detailed, and some new, phenotypes of arc3 mutants. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) results indicated that the mRNA of the ARC3 gene was unstable in arc3-4 and arc3-5 mutant plants. Also, RNA secondary structures of the ARC3 gene were predicted to differ between these two arc3 mutants and wild type. Our studies increase our understanding of the function of ARC3 in chloroplast division.

Electrical signaling and photosynthesis

Mechanical irritation of trigger hairs and subsequent generation of action potentials have significant impact on photosynthesis and respiration in carnivorous Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). Action potential-mediated inhibition of photosynthesis and stimulation of respiration is confined only to the trap and was not recorded in adjacent photosynthetic lamina. We showed that the main primary target of electrical signals on assimilation is in the dark enzymatic reaction of photosynthesis. Without doubt, the electrical signaling is costly, and the possible co-existence of such type of signals and photosynthesis in plant cell is discussed.

Plant plastid engineering.

Genetic material in plants is distributed into nucleus, plastids and mitochondria. Plastid has a central role of carrying out photosynthesis in plant cells. Plastid transformation is becoming more popular and an alternative to nuclear gene transformation because of various advantages like high protein levels, the feasibility of expressing multiple proteins from polycistronic mRNAs, and gene containment through the lack of pollen transmission. Recently, much progress in plastid engineering has been made. In addition to model plant tobacco, many transplastomic crop plants have been generated which possess higher resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and molecular pharming. In this mini review, we will discuss the features of the plastid DNA and advantages of plastid transformation. We will also present some examples of transplastomic plants developed so far through plastid engineering, and the various applications of plastid transformation.

Thermodynamic efficiency of the photosynthesis in plant cell

Thermodynamic efficiency of the photosynthesis in plant cell

XI1. Kinetische Untersuchungen über die Primärvorgänge der Photosynthese

AbstractBy use of a suitable flash method1) four types of absorption changes were found during photosynthesis in plant cells. Type 0 and Type 1 describe two reactions on chlorophyll. Type 2 is connected with the decomposition of water. Type 3 describes the course of a redox reaction at the end of the primary process (Hill‐reaction).

The Structure of the Chloroplast

Considerable research effort has recently been directed to elucidating the structure of the chloroplast-the site of photosynthesis in plant cells. In 1952 Weier & Stocking (1) reviewed the structure of the chloroplast together with its biochemical and genetic aspects as it had been studied during the previous ten years. They concluded that not only was there a lack of neces­ sary experimental data, but also considerable confusion in the already exist­ ting data. Since 1952 improved techniques in microscopy, particularly in electron microscopy, chromatography, and other analytical methods have provided additional experimental information. This is evident from the numerous research papers and reviews on chloroplast structure and photo­ synthesis that have since appeared. Attention is therefore directed to the recent reviews by Frey-Wyssling (2), Granick (3), Mlihlethaler (4), and Thomas (5,6) j to Rabinowitch for a historical as well as tabular summary of the data (7, 8, 9); and to a symposium of the Brookhaven National Labora­ tories, The Photochemical Apparatus: Its Structure and Function (10). In addition to these reviews, reference should be made to Leyon (11), von Wettstein (12) and Heitz (13) for discussions of more specific structural aspects of chloroplast development. Also to be noted are the reports of two recent symposia in the U.S.S.R., one on The Origin of Life o n Earth (14), and the other the Second All Union Conference on Photosynthesis (15). One hesitates, in this active field of research, to attempt to assess all of the accumulated experimental data or to review the recent excellent reviews. In gathering the information for this review three questions were paramount. (a) Can the structure of the chloroplast now be discussed at a molecular level? (b) What are the new data on the composition of the chloroplast and on the synthesis of its proteins and pigments? (c) How do these data relate to the growth and structural development of the chloroplast? It was with these considerations in mind that the recent available literature was searched. The structure containing the photosynthetic pigments exists in a variety of shapes and sizes from the photosynthetic bacteria to the higher plants. These have been referred to as chromatophores, plastids, free grana, mega­ plasts and chloroplasts. This nomenclature was intended to give some idea of the plant photoreceptor structure as well as its phylogenetic position. Because of certain inconsistencies additional nomenclature has been intro­ duced and suggested. In this discussion of the research literature it was found desirable to call all of these structures chloroplasts unless otherwise indicated or defined.