Abstract
Genetic material in plants is distributed into nucleus, plastids and mitochondria. Plastid has a central role of carrying out photosynthesis in plant cells. Plastid transformation is becoming more popular and an alternative to nuclear gene transformation because of various advantages like high protein levels, the feasibility of expressing multiple proteins from polycistronic mRNAs, and gene containment through the lack of pollen transmission. Recently, much progress in plastid engineering has been made. In addition to model plant tobacco, many transplastomic crop plants have been generated which possess higher resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and molecular pharming. In this mini review, we will discuss the features of the plastid DNA and advantages of plastid transformation. We will also present some examples of transplastomic plants developed so far through plastid engineering, and the various applications of plastid transformation.
Highlights
Genetic material in plants is distributed into nucleus and the chloroplast and mitochondria in the cytoplasm
Many transgenes have been successfully introduced into the plastid genome of model plant tobacco and many other important crop plants for various agronomic traits
This technology was limited to model plant species, but it has been extended to some other important crops
Summary
Genetic material in plants is distributed into nucleus and the chloroplast and mitochondria in the cytoplasm Each of these three compartments carries its own genome and expresses heritable traits [1, 2]. Plastids are usually strictly maternally inherited [9] in most (80%) angiosperm plant species [10, 11]. It is not influenced by polyploidy, gene duplication and recombination that are widespread features of the nuclear genomes of plants [12, 13]. Scientists argued that since plastids are compared with prokaryotes, they can take up DNA as in bacterial transformation using naked DNA
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