Photostimulable Phosphor Research Articles

Artificial intelligence for detection of periapical lesions on intraoral radiographs: Comparison between convolutional neural networks and human observers

The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with the performance of human observers for the detection of simulated periapical lesions on periapical radiographs. Ten sockets were prepared in bovine ribs. Periapical defects of 3 sizes were sequentially created. Periapical radiographs were acquired of each socket with no lesion and with each lesion size with a photostimulable storage phosphor system. Radiographs were evaluated with no filter and with 6 image filter settings. A CNN architecture was set up using Keras-TensorFlow. Separate CNNs were evaluated for randomly sampled training/validation data and for data split up by socket (5-fold cross-validation) and filter (7-fold cross-validation). CNN performance on validation data was compared with that of 3 oral radiologists for sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC). Using random sampling, the CNN showed perfect accuracy for the validation data. When data were split up by socket, the mean sensitivity, specificity, and ROC-AUC values were 0.79, 0.88, and 0.86, respectively; when split up by filter, they were 0.87, 0.98, and 0.93, respectively. For radiologists, the values were 0.58, 0.83, and 0.75, respectively. CNNs show promise in periapical lesion detection. The pretrained CNN model yielded in this study can be used for further training on larger samples and/or clinical radiographs.

Benefits of using a photostimulable phosphor plate protective device.

To develop and test a protective device (PD) to increase the resistance of photostimulable storage phosphor (PSP) plate to compressive load, and assess the resulting image quality. Two prototypes, polyvinylchloride sheets of 0.3 mm and 0.7 mm each, were developed for PSP plate size 2. The resistance to compressive load was tested using eight new PSPs divided into four test groups: (1) PSP, (2) PSP and paperboard protector, (3) PSP and 0.3 mm PD, and (4) PSP and 0.7 mm PD. The resulting images were analyzed by three oral radiologists, based on the consensus for image artifacts. Additionally, the objective image quality test was performed with four new PSPs, using an 8-step wedge aluminum scale. The mean gray values and standard deviation were measured in a total of 240 images, and the data were analyzed using analysis of variance with Bonferroni post-hoc test. Artifacts were seen in the PSP control group starting at 40 n, and at 150 n, 175 n and 300 n in 0.3 mm PD, paperboard protector and 0.7 mm PD, respectively. Although there was no statistical difference among groups, there were differences between exposure times (0.06-0.25 s, 0.06-0.40 s, and 0.10-0.40 s). Scanning resolution of 20 lp/mm showed higher mean gray value than 25 and 40 lp/mm (p < 0.05). The developed PDs improved the PSP resistance to compressive forces, with low interference on the pixel gray values, regardless of exposure time and spatial resolution. Nevertheless, the 0.7 mm PD could withstand the maximum compressive load.

Effect of video-recorded manikin simulation on radiographic technique performance of dental and dental hygiene students: A cross sectional study

Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the beliefs, confidence, and perceptions of dental and dental hygiene students before and after watching a video demonstrating the photo-stimulable phosphor (PSP) plate technique. Material and Methods: Overall, 40 second-year dental students and 20 first-year dental hygiene students currently enrolled in a radiology didactic course were invited via an institutional email to complete an anonymous, 18-question survey using *survey software* software, view PSP plates training video via *online platform*, and complete a post-video survey assessing the same questions as the pre-video survey. The 10-min video outlined the process for exposing a full-mouth series using PSP plates, including assembly, placement, troubleshooting, and technique. The surveys assessed the students’ beliefs, confidence, and perceptions of PSP plates using either a 5-point Likert scale or 10-point rating scale questions. Results: Of the 60 potential participants, 68% (n = 41) completed both surveys. Of the 18 questions, 4 Likert-type questions and one rating question showed statistically significant differences between pre-video and post-video survey responses. Four of the five questions revealed statistically significant differences with P-values of < 0.001. The four statistically significant results were regarding student confidence. The fifth question that showed a statistically significant difference between pre-video and post-video survey responses dealt with student preparation. Conclusion: The study revealed several items of note, including a statistically significant increase in student confidence with the radiographic technique when exposed to a procedure video. The results also showed statistically significant increases in students’ perceptions of the steps required to expose radiographs with the PSP plates after watching the technique video.

Expanding the synthetic toolbox to access pristine and rare-earth-doped BaFBr nanocrystals.

A new synthetic route to access pristine and rare-earth-doped BaFBr nanocrystals is described. Central to this route is an organic-inorganic hybrid precursor of formula Ba5(CF2BrCOO)10(H2O)7 that serves as a dual-halogen source. Thermolysis of this precursor in a mixture of high-boiling point organic solvents yields spherical BaFBr nanocrystals (≈20 nm in diameter). Yb:Er:BaFBr nanocuboids (≈26 nm in length) are obtained following the same route. Rare-earth-doped nanocrystals display NIR-to-visible photon upconversion under 980 nm excitation. The temperature-dependence of the green emission from Er3+ may be exploited for optical temperature sensing between 150 and 450 K, achieving a sensitivity of 1.1 × 10-2 K-1 and a mean calculated temperature of 300.9 ± 1.5 K at 300 K. The synthetic route presented herein not only enables access to unexplored upconverting materials but also, and more importantly, creates the opportunity to develop solution-processable photostimulable phosphors based on BaFBr.

Effects of exposure parameters on detecting clear and unclear mandibular canals using two digital intra-oral sensors - An experimental study.

To evaluate the effects of exposure parameters (tube current and voltage) to detect clear and unclear mandibular canals (MCs) using a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) or photo-stimulable phosphor plate (PSP) sensors. A total of 24 dry half-mandibles were divided into two groups with clear (n = 16) and unclear (n = 8) MCs. The retro-alveolar parallel technique was performed in the six-molar region of the mandibles using direct and indirect digital intra-oral sensors. Six combinations of tube voltage (kV) (60 kV, 66 kV, and 70 kV) and tube current (mA) (2 mA, 5 mA, and 8 mA) were applied, and 144 images of each group were obtained with each CMOS and PSP sensor. Images were processed using Image J software. To evaluate diagnostic accuracy, two square images of the first-molar region were obtained from each image, one with the MC inside and the other without the MC (a total of 576 images were observed). Three radiologists diagnosed the presence or absence of MCs. The diagnostic accuracy of each exposure parameter was compared with the area under the curve (Az) in receiver-operating characteristic analysis. The Az values for clear MCs were higher than those for unclear MCs (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences when the tube current was modified. For unclear MCs, the Az increased when higher tube voltages were used, showing a significant difference using the PSP sensor (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference for clear MCs. Lower exposure parameters should be used for clear MCs, while higher tube voltage values should be used for unclear MCs.

Radiopacity of resin-based CAD/CAM blocks assessed by areal grayscale pixel value measurement.

This study assessed radiopacity of resin-based computer-aided-design/computer-aided-manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials by areal grayscale pixel value measurement. Radiopacities of six resin-based CAD/CAM block materials and resin composite were evaluated and compared to that of enamel and dentin. Specimens of 1-mm thickness were placed on photostimulable phosphor plate and irradiated with digital x-ray unit. On the radiographic image, regions of interests were determined for each specimen and areal grayscale pixel values were measured. Elemental analysis was performed with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) on field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images of the specimens. Data were analyzed statistically (α = 0.05). Radiopacity values of the restorative materials were significantly different from each other (P < 0.05). Radiopacity values of two resin-based CAD/CAM materials were significantly lower than that of dentin (P < 0.05). All tested restorative materials contain zirconium, three materials contain barium, and only resin composite contains lanthanum. Four CAD/CAM materials with higher amounts of zirconia or barium (>18%) had radiopacity values significantly higher than the dentin; while two materials with lower amounts of zirconia (<4%) and/or no-barium, had radiopacity values significantly lower than the dentin. EDS analysis suggests materials containing elements with higher atom numbers such as zirconia and barium could exhibit higher radiopacity.

Investigating the Effect of Different Metal Sheets on Reducing Radiation Behind Intraoral Digital Phosphor Plates During Intraoral Radiography using Gray Value

Purpose: To assess the efficacy of metal sheets with different thicknesses on reducing the radiation behind the photostimulable phosphor plate (PSP) during intraoral periapical examinations. Materials and Methods: In this study, a phantom head was used to investigate the effect of using metal sheets of aluminum, stainless steel, and copper with three thicknesses of 0.5, 0.75 and 1mm on reducing the radiation behind PSP. Images were acquired at 66 kVp 8 mA, and 0.16 s using the long-cone paralleling technique. The images were saved and exported to DICOM format without any post-processing. Then, they were transferred to an image processing software (Mimics, Materialize, Leuven, Belgium), and their mean gray values (MGV) were determined. The acquired data were statically analyzed for accessing the significant difference in groups means using ANOVA, and the means of groups were compared using Tukey’s test procedure. Results: The MGV of the second PSP differed significantly from those PSPs slotted with various metals (p&lt;0.001). The MGV for lead and stainless steel at 0.5 mm thickness was insignificant (p = 0.852), but differed significantly from other metals. The MGV for PSPs with 0.75 mm stainless steel and 1 mm copper slots were varied significantly from those of all other PSP and metals. The 1 mm copper group was significantly different from all other groups (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Using the mean gray value of the PSP, the use of various metal sheets of different thicknesses could effectively reduce the radiation behind the PSPs during periapical radiographs.

Effect of image acquisition parameters on the radiopacity of bulk-fill and nanocomposite resins

This study evaluated the radiopacity of 2 bulk-fill resins (SonicFill and Filtek Bulk Fill) and a nanocomposite (Filtek Z350 XT) resin compared with enamel, dentin, and aluminum as measured with different exposure parameters. Resin disks were radiographed together with a 1-mm human tooth section and an aluminum stepwedge, at exposure times of 0.2 and 0.32 s, and source-image (S-I) distances of 30 and 40 cm, using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and photostimulable phosphor systems. Grayscale values were measured using ImageJ software. Paired Student t tests were used to compare the effect of the receptor on grayscale values for each material. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effects of receptor, exposure parameters, and the resins on radiopacity. All resins exhibited greater radiopacity scores than enamel and were significantly different from each other. Filtek Z350 produced the lowest radiopacity values, whereas SonicFill produced the highest. The radiopacity values were higher on images acquired with CMOS receptors. Receptor type, exposure time, S-I distance, and material, as well as many interactions of these parameters, affected the radiopacity of the resins. The tested resins complied with ISO 4049. Exposure parameters and digital receptors affected their radiopacity.

Comparison of intraoral digital radiography and cone-beam computed tomography in the measurement of periodontal bone defects.

Periodontal disease has a high prevalence in many countries. Thus, the early detection of periodontal disease is important in order to obtain the most appropriate treatment plan to prevent tooth loss, and subsequently, to maintain the patient's general health. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and intraoral parallel digital radiography in measuring the dimensions of periodontal bone defects. In this in vitro study, 236 periodontal bone defects were artificially created in dry human mandibles using a burr. Defects included horizontal, one-, two-, and three-wall defects, craters, dehiscences, and fenestrations. Intraoral digital radiographs were obtained using the parallel technique with photostimulable phosphor plates (PSP) and CBCT scans were performed. Two calibrated observers evaluated the images and measured the dimensions of the defects. Clinical probing was performed and considered as the gold standard. The measurements of digital radiography and CBCT were compared to those achieved by probing to evaluate their accuracy. Cone-beam computed tomography had a significantly stronger correlation with the gold standard than intraoral parallel digital imaging. In the total assessment of the periodontal defects, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated at 0.93 for CBCT-probe and at 0.78 for PSP-probe (p < 0.05). The accuracy of CBCT was superior to that of intraoral digital radiography for measuring horizontal, one-, two-, and three-wall defects, craters, dehiscences, and fenestrations.

A RADIOLOGIA ODONTOLÓGICA DIGITAL NO ESQUADRÃO DE SAÚDE DE FLORIANÓPOLIS: RELATO DE CASO

O presente artigo relata como foi implementada a Radiologia Digital na Seção de Odontologia do Esquadrão de Saúde de Florianópolis (ES-FL). O objetivo foi a necessidade de modernização dos equipamentos de radiodiagnóstico odontológico existentes, tornando-os digitais. Para tanto, foram analisadas as opções de sistemas digitais existentes e as vantagens dos sistemas CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) e PSP (Photostimulable Phosphor Plate), considerando-se, além de seus aspectos técnicos, também os aspectos de biossegurança, de sustentabilidade e jurídicos. Após análise dos dados e comparação dos preços encontrados por intermédio de processo licitatório, optou-se pelo sistema PSP, que apresentava maior vantajosidade. Constatou-se que a implantação da Radiologia Digital no ES-FL trouxe inúmeras vantagens aos pacientes e profissionais da instituição, tais como a diminuição na dose de exposição do paciente, a possibilidade de manipulação das imagens para aprimorar o diagnóstico, a facilidade de comunicação com os pacientes e entre profissionais, além do impacto ambiental positivo, atendimento célere aos pacientes e radioproteção ao usuário, ao profissional e à equipe.

Real-time in vivo dosimetry system based on an optical fiber-coupled microsized photostimulable phosphor for stereotactic body radiation therapy.

To develop an in vivo dosimeter system for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) that can perform accurate and precise real-time measurements, using a microsized amount of a photostimulable phosphor (PSP), BaFBr:Eu2+ . The sensitive volume of the PSP was 1.26×10-5 cm3 . The dosimeter system was designed to apply photostimulation to the PSP after the decay of noise signals, in synchronization with the photon beam pulse of a linear accelerator (LINAC), to eliminate the noise signals completely using a time separation technique. The noise signals included stem signals, and radioluminescence signals generated by the PSP. In addition, the dosimeter system was built on a storage-type dosimeter that could read out a signal after an arbitrary preset number of photon beam pulses were incident. First, the noise and photostimulated luminescence (PSL) signal decay times were measured. Subsequently, we confirmed that the PSL signals could be exclusively read out within the photon beam pulse interval. Finally, using a water phantom, the basic characteristics of the dosimeter system were demonstrated under SBRT conditions, and the feasibility for clinical application was investigated. The reproducibility, dose linearity, dose-rate dependence, temperature dependence, and angular dependence were evaluated. The feasibility was confirmed by measurements at various dose gradients and using a representative treatment plan for a metastatic liver tumor. A clinical plan was created with a two-arc beam volumetric modulated arc therapy using a 10MV flattening filter-free photon beam. For the water phantom measurements, the clinical plan was compiled into a plan with a fixed gantry angle of 0°. To evaluate the energy dependence during SBRT, the percent depth dose (PDD) was measured and compared with those calculated via Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. All the PSL signals could be read out while eliminating the noise signals within the minimum pulse interval of the LINAC. Stable real-time measurements could be performed with a time resolution of 56ms (i.e., number of pulses=20). The dose linearity was good in the dose range of 0.01-100Gy. The measurements agreed within 1% at dose rates of 40-2400cGy/min. The temperature and angular dependence were also acceptable since these dependencies had only a negligible effect on the measurements in SBRT. At a dose gradient of 2.21Gy/mm, the measured dose agreed with that calculated using a treatment planning system (TPS) within the measurement uncertainties due to the probe position. For measurements using a representative treatment plan, the measured dose agreed with that calculated using the TPS within 0.5% at the center of the beam axis. The PDD measurements agreed with the MC calculations to within 1% for field sizes <5×5cm2 . The in vivo dosimeter system developed using BaFBr:Eu2+ is capable of real-time, accurate, and precise measurement under SBRT conditions. The probe is smaller than a conventional dosimeter, has excellent spatial resolution, and can be valuable in SBRT with a steep dose distribution over a small field. The developed PSP dosimeter system appears to be suitable for in vivo SBRT dosimetry.

Design and characterization of Eu2+-doped Ba4Si6O16 photostimulated phosphor for optical information storage

Novel persistent luminescence (PersL) phosphors are emerging as potential candidates for up-to-data information storage devices owing to its large memory capacity, low cost, and rewritable capability. In this study, a novel photostimulated luminescence (PSL) phosphor was successfully developed through co-doping Eu2+ and La3+ ions in Ba4Si6O16 (BSO) host. Firstly, the crystal structure, photoluminescence (PL), and PL excitation (PLE) of BSO:xEu2+ were studied systematically. Under the UV light source irradiation, the as-prepared BSO:0.02Eu2+ sample exhibits the best PersL decay property. Secondly, by applying the strategy of trap depth engineering, outstanding PersL performance is observed when La3+ ions were introduced into BSO:0.02Eu2+ as well. Moreover, the trap distribution and dynamics of electron motion in BSO: Eu2+, La3+ are characterized using methods of thermoluminescence spectra. Finally, verified by 980/808 nm photostimulation, BSO: Eu2+, La3+ shows promising application in optical information systems with a good optical storage capacity. In addition, based on the analysis of experiment and theoretical calculation results, a tentative energy level schematic is proposed to illustrate the mechanism of PersL and PSL in BSO:0.02Eu2+, La3+.

X-RAY IMAGING PRACTICES OF GENERAL DENTISTS IN ONTARIO, CANADA

<h3>Background</h3> Imaging practices in dentistry have changed remarkably in the past 30 years with the introduction of digital intraoral and panoramic systems, and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). There is little information about how general dentists practice oral and maxillofacial radiology since the introduction of these new imaging technologies. <h3>Objectives</h3> The aim of this study was to determine what imaging technologies general dentists use in their practices, the clinical scenarios in which these technologies are used, and the influence of the dentists' background and practice environment on their ordering practices. <h3>Study Design</h3> This cross-sectional study involved an email survey of general dentists in Ontario, Canada. <h3>Results</h3> Preliminary results from a pilot study of the survey sent to 34 general dentists in Canada have been collected. Approximately 74% use digital sensors, 24% use photostimulable phosphor plates, and 9% continue to use film. Approximately 79% utilize CBCT, and 20% have a CBCT machine in their practice settings. Imaging prescription for clinical situations varied considerably among dentists. <h3>Discussion</h3> There is widespread adoption of digital imaging technologies. However, imaging practices vary considerably, and some of these practices do not conform to published guidelines. The results of this study will assist in determining the need for changes in dental education, continuing education offerings, and regulatory requirements.

Do image enhancement filters in complementary metal oxide semiconductor and photostimulable phosphor imaging systems improve the detection of fractured endodontic instruments in periapical radiography?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of image enhancement filters on detection of fractured endodontic instruments and on image noise and pixel intensity. In total, 26 mandibular molars (68 root canals), divided into 4 groups (presence/absence of root canal filling, and presence/absence of a fractured endodontic instrument) were radiographed by using a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and a photostimulable phosphor (PSP) system. Images with 4 enhancement filters (Sharpen UM, Edges All, BC Low, and BC High) were compared with nonfiltered images. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (Az), sensitivity, and specificity in detection of fractured instruments were compared for each imaging condition. Means and standard deviations (SD) to measure noise and changes in pixel intensity were calculated. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. There were no significant differences in Az, sensitivity, and specificity values between nonfiltered and filtered images in detection of instruments in root canals without and with root canal filling (P ≥ .360). SD was reduced by filters in CMOS but not PSP radiographs. Sharpen UM caused more changes in the mean values in both systems. Filters did not improve diagnostic performance in detecting instruments. Noise and pixel intensity were affected differently.

The accuracy of periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography in measuring periodontal ligament space: Ex vivo comparative micro-CT study.

Our aim was to measure PDL space width using periapical radiography, CBCT and micro-CT. Dry human mandibular bones (n=36) consisting of 59 molar and 36 premolar teeth were used. Four image sets were obtained as follows: (i) photostimulable phosphor plate (PSP), periapical radiography, (ii) CBCT 0.075mm voxel size, (iii) CBCT 0.2mm voxel size and (iv) micro-CT 0.06mm voxel size. Micro-CT images were considered as the gold standard. Four observers measured the PDL space widths twice. Intra- and interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. Spearman's rho correlation was assessed. PDL space widths ranged between 0.16 and 0.28mm. There was good reliability within and between observers (P<0.01). There was no significant relationship between micro-CT and periapical imaging. (P>0.05). Best observer performance was obtained from CBCT 0.075mm voxel size images followed by CBCT 0.2mm voxel size images.

Comparison of two digital intraoral radiography imaging systems as a function of contrast resolution and exposure time.

To compare the image quality of two different digital imaging systems; one photostimulable phosphor plate system (PSP) and a direct digital radiography system with CMOS imaging sensor; via evaluating contrast resolution among four different exposure times. Endodontically treated incisor teeth embedded in paraffin blocks are aligned next to a 99.5% Al wedge and exposed for 0.8, 0.1,0.125 and 0.16 seconds using both the CMOS and PSP systems. Using ImageJ software, 5 isometric and isogridded ROI from each root filling area and isometric ROI from the Al stepwedge were calculated. Evaluation of the total of 120 images displayed that PSP system produced significantly higher contrast resolution (P<0.05) in regard to pixel values than the CMOS. The CMOS system was non- responsive to increasing dose (P=0.000). Regarding the EqAl values, no significant difference was determined between groups (P>0.05). The contrast resolution was higher using the PSP system. It can be estimated that, filling material will be more obvious under lower doses using PSP.

The way we were (and how we got here): fifty years of technology changes in dental and maxillofacial radiology.

The history of the last 50 years (1970-2020) of technological changes and progresses for equipment and procedures in dental and maxillofacial radiology is related from the insider perspective of an industrial physicist and technologist who has been instrumental at innovating and developing medical equipment in different parts of the world. The onset and improvement of all major categories of dental and maxillofacial radiographic equipment is presented, from the standpoint of their practical acceptance and impact among common dentists and maxillofacial radiologists: X-ray sources and detectors for intraoral radiography, and panoramic systems, both film-based and digital (including photo-stimulated phosphor plates); and cone beam CT.

The role of software in quality assurance for indirect digital intraoral imaging

The aim of this study was to evaluate inherent image quality and the effects of software changes on image quality by using photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plates. Six new DIGORA Optime PSP plates (Soredex/Orion Corp., Helsinki, Finland) were used to assess inherent image quality and the effect of software settings on image quality. Images of a radiographic phantom were exposed to evaluate dynamic range, spatial resolution, and contrast resolution. Varying sharpness filters and gamma values were adjusted to assess their effects on these parameters. Dynamic range was not affected by software settings. Spatial resolution varied among the raw (i.e., minimally processed) images and increased maximally with application of a sharpness filter of 30. Contrast resolution varied among the plates for the raw images. The gamma value of 0.8 was most consistent at increasing the detection of contrast wells. The findings of our study suggest that the sharpness filter 30 and gamma value of 0.8 may increase the spatial and contrast resolutions of DIGORA Optime PSP images when applied during the scanning process. However, this increase was small. Our results also establish that software manipulation should not be used in an attempt to compensate for data that are not present in the image.

Effect of differences in pixel size on image characteristics of digital intraoral radiographic systems: a physical and visual evaluation.

To quantify and validate the effect of pixel size on a digital intraoral radiographic system according to International Electrotechnical Commission standards through physical and visual evaluations. The digital intraoral radiographic system used was the photostimulable phosphor imaging plate and scanner system. The system had three image capture modes: high-speed (HS), high-resolution (HR), and super high-resolution (SHR) with different pixels. The physical characteristics of the system were evaluated using presampled modulation transfer function (MTF) and the normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS). An aluminum (Al) step phantom with different depths of holes was used to acquire images under various exposure conditions. The average number of perceptible holes from all steps was plotted against each exposure dose. The results were compared to analyze the effects of pixel size on image quality of intraoral radiographs. The MTF was slightly higher with SHR than with HR and HS. The NNPS with SHR showed about a 40% decrease in magnitude compared to HS. The total number of perceptible holes in the Al step phantom was higher with SHR than with HS and HR in all exposure conditions. The MTF and NNPS obtained with different pixel size could be quantified by physical evaluation, and the differences were visually validated with Al step phantom. The SHR mode has the potential to decrease the radiation dose without compromising the image quality.

Diagnostic accuracy of PA Radiography, Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Sensor (CMOS), Photo Stimulable Phosphor Plate Receptor (PSP) and Cone Beam CT in the Detection of Internal Root Resorption; An In Vitro study”

Diagnostic accuracy of PA Radiography, Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Sensor (CMOS), Photo Stimulable Phosphor Plate Receptor (PSP) and Cone Beam CT in the Detection of Internal Root Resorption; An In Vitro study”