Photosensitive Emulsion Research Articles

Integration of NDT to Assess Composite Contemporary Artworks Made on Photosensitized Cement

Non-destructive techniques (NDT) have enhanced their usefulness in the field of cultural heritage protection and have become valuable tools for the investigation of composing materials, as well as for the detection of alteration and degradation of various structures. In the current study, non-destructive techniques, based on digital photography processing and analysis (digital photography-Vis/UVF, portable digital optical microscopy, colorimetry, infrared thermography), are used for the examination of three composite contemporary artworks created on photosensitized cement. This approach was applied to a series of composite works (photosensitized cement surfaces) in order to understand the craftmanship of the artist, document the materials used and assess the overall condition of the artworks. The techniques and methods applied can be used as a benchmark for the study of similarly complex artworks and for conservation and restoration planning. This comparative study has shown that, although the three artworks under examination are composed of alike materials (cement mortar, plaster, photosensitive emulsion), they exhibit distinct condition states, which can be attributed to variations in the artist technique and application, as well as to their exposure to different environmental conditions.

Carbene insertion reactions for the construction of C [sbnd] C and C − heteroatom bonds using surface modified Silica microspheres as catalysts

Silica microspheres (SMs) feature non-toxic and high chemical stability, which have a wide range of applications in sensors, photosensitive emulsion and medicine. However, applying SMs as catalysts for synthesis of fine chemicals in organic and medical chemistry field has few been reported before. In this work, SMs were efficiently synthesized through hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction of ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in an alkaline system, and the surface modified SMs catalysts were successfully prepared by the impregnation method. The surface modified SMs catalyzed X − H (X = C, O, N, S) and C C bonds insertion reactions from various diazo compounds with acyclic and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, arylamines and thiophenols were reported, giving the corresponding products in moderate to excellent yields. The modified species played the key role in the reactions and were identified as the catalytic active species. HRTEM and XRD revealed that the modified species are highly dispersed on the modified SMs surface.

스크린 제판의 표준화에 관한 연구 - 이형지를 중심으로 한 인쇄시 -

In this study, we attempt to standardize each process in screen printing. Everything cannot be standardized based on the device and material of screen printing in an experimental environment (temperature: 23–25°C and humidity: 50–60%). The purpose of the experiment is to determine the data for each variable and obtain an optimal print through stabilization according to the screen mesh strap and exposure amount according to the thickness of the photosensitive emulsion. Screen printing is considerably difficult to standardize owing to the wide variety of substrates used. In this study, the release paper that is closest to the most widely used synthetic resin was used as the print.

Characterization of contemporary artworks made on photosensitized canvas by means of optical microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy techniques

Contemporary artists experimented with a wide range of techniques as it is photography, combined with other materials so as to create images on various surfaces. Nikos Kessanlis (1930–2004), an eminent Greek artist, used photographic and mechanical techniques, involving the application of a photosensitive emulsion on different supports for his artistic creations. This photomechanical technique is called alternative printing.The present study examines a series made by Kessanlis in 1999–2000, composed of eleven panels of photosensitized canvases with the scope to identify the materials used by the artist (canvas, primer, photographic emulsion, protective layer), to understand the artist’s technique and to document the panels overall condition. The series is examined using non-invasive techniques (portable digital optical microscope) and analysis of micro-samples by–micro-Raman spectrometry.Micro-Raman analysis results identified the support, as canvas made by cotton and jute, the primer layer as a combination of titanium white and calcium carbonate and finally the photosensitized layer, as a gelatin silver chloride emulsion. Also further compounds are detected such is silver sulfide, related to the photosensitized emulsion deterioration and soot and lignin, related to the impure environment (air flow inside the metro station) where the series are on display for the last twenty years (Athens metro station).Finally, measurements of air temperature and relative humidity are also performed for a short period near the panels so as to evaluate the environmental conditions of the area. The results have shown extreme daily fluctuations of both factors, characterized by “cycling” that could be related to mechanical and chemical deterioration factors affecting the artwork condition.

Impact of process parameters on printing resolution and dielectric properties of LTCC substrate

Purpose The low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) microfluidic-microwave devices fabrication requires careful consideration of two main factors: the accuracy of deposition of conductive paths and the modification needed to the standard process of the LTCC technology. Neither of them are well-described in the literature. Design/methodology/approach The first part of this paper deals with the individual impact of screen parameters such as aperture, photosensitive emulsion thickness and mounting angle on the precision of the screen-printed conductive paths fabrication. For the quantitative analysis purposes, the design of experiment method with Taguchi orthogonal array and analysis of variance was used. The second part contains the characterization of the complex permittivity measured for different values of LTCC substrates lamination pressure. Findings It can be concluded, that the combination of aperture, equal to 24 µm, emulsion thickness 20 µm and mounting angle 22.5° ensures the highest quality of printed conductive metallization. Furthermore, the obtained results indicate, that the modification of the lamination pressure does not affect significantly the dielectric parameters of the LTCC substrates. Originality/value This paper shows two aspects of the fabrication of the microfluidic-microwave LTCC devices. First, the resolution of the applied metallization is critical in manufacturing high-frequency structures. The obtained experimental results have shown that optimal screen parameters, in terms of conductive pattern quality, can be found. Second, the received outcomes indicate that the changes in the lamination pressure do not affect significantly the electrical parameters of the substrate. Hence, this effect does not need to be taken into account.

Radiografía Industrial: comparación entre el método tradicional y digital empleando rayos X

Hoy día, la radiografía industrial es uno de los métodos más utilizados en el control no destructivo de diferentes procesos de fabricación de piezas o componentes industriales. Este se basa en la interacción de ondas electromagnéticas de alta energía (rayos X o gamma) con la materia. Esta radiación de alto poder de penetración puede originarse en un equipo eléctrico o en un radioisótopo, tiene la capacidad de atravesar el material y dejar una impresión del objeto estudiado. La gran ventaja de éste método en comparación con otros, radica en la posibilidad de dejar un registro permanente o imagen real de la pieza u objeto analizado, pudiéndose observar cualquier anomalía o discontinuidad presente y permitiendo guardar dicha imagen para estudios posteriores. La técnica tradicional de radiografiado consiste en la interacción de la radiación con la materia, obteniéndose una imagen permanente del objeto en estudio a través de la exposición de una película radiográfica fabricada de un material polimérico (acetato) recubierto por una emulsión fotosensible, sometiendo posteriormente dicha placa a un proceso de revelado empleando químicos especiales que hacen que la imagen capturada sea visible al inspector. En la actualidad se ha venido reemplazado la película radiográfica por un dispositivo electrónico llamado “caset” el cual tiene la misma función de capturar la imagen del objeto, pero sin la necesidad de pasar por el proceso químico de revelado y con una mejora sustancial en la definición de la imagen final obtenida. Además, presenta la posibilidad de modificar dicha imagen lograda. En el presente trabajo se realiza una comparación entre la radiografía tradicional y la digital constituida por un emisor de pulsos de rayos X y una pantalla electrónica, ambas técnicas empleadas para inspeccionar diversos componentes y así determinar las ventajas de utilizar una u otra.

ALPHA SPACE - WHERE PLANTS FLY BEYOND THE VERTICAL GARDEN

FROM PHOTOGRAPHY TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS In 1996, my interests as a passionate gardener and photo-based artist, that both dated from the 1970s, collided when I made the connection that plants are actually a form of photography; (photography from the Greek - meaning light drawing). Both photography and plants use the magical, mysterious ingredient that is LIGHT and the essential force that drives life on the planet. In fact, the largest photosensitive emulsion we know of is the planet earth. I draw inspiration and endless fascination from the awareness that the earth rotates in space and orbits the sun at a precise distance for the sun's radiation to affect the elegant process of photosynthesis through the myriad of plants that have evolved and grow on the planet. The earth is a three dimensional living photograph. The atmosphere and biosphere are also key factors that mediate the harshness of radiation bombarding the earth and nurture life on the planet that we know and depend upon. The process is an amazing th...

Write Once, Read Forever (WORF): Low-energy storage in perpetuity of high-density, multi-state data

Successful archiving of data requires a storage medium capable of persisting for times measured in centuries, and providing an absolute trust in supportable and permanent hardware. While all media decay, data on magnetic media, solid-state drives and conventional optical disks must be cyclically refreshed over relatively short time frames, requiring energy and labor resources. We propose a "Write-Once, Read Forever" (WORF) module specifically engineered for long-term preservation of digital data. It uses a novel high-density data storage medium based on silver halide, which has been demonstrated to last for more than a century under normal ambient environmental conditions. Once data is written to WORF, energy is needed only for reading—no periodic refresh is necessary, and data is both immutable and truly permanent. Human readable text and images are embedded in the WORF module adjacent to the digital data. This text and imagery contains metainformation about the media's content, and instructions for decoding for future generations. WORF digital data is stored as microscopic, metallic interference gratings (representing wavelengths or "colors") embedded in a modern, super-resolution, dye-free, photosensitive emulsion. Wavelengths encode multiple states per data region; current spectroscopic technology makes 400 states per 2 micron diameter data region feasible. Multi-state data architecture within each domain enhances data integrity, error-checking, and accelerates writing and reading for the entire media module.

Nopal Cactus (Opuntia Ficus-Indica) as a Holographic Material

The nopal cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) releases a substance through its mucilage, which comes from the degradation of pectic substances and chlorophyll. Combined in a polyvinyl alcohol matrix, this substance can be used as a recording medium. The resulting extract material has excellent photosensitizer properties, is easy to handle, has a low cost, and low toxicity. This material has the property of self-developing, and it can be used in holographic applications. The polyvinyl alcohol and extract from the nopal cactus was deposited by a gravity technique on a glass substrate, which dried to form a photosensitive emulsion. We show experimental results on a holographic grating using this material, written by a He-Cd laser (442 nm). We obtained diffraction gratings by transmission with a diffraction efficiency of approximately 32.3% to first order.

Revisit to the photocrosslinking behavior of PVA‐SbQ as a water‐soluble photopolymer with anomalously low contents of quaterized stilbazol side chains

AbstractThe photocrosslinking behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) substituted with 0.1, 0.3, 1.3, and 4.0 mol % of styrylpyridinium (SbQ) (PVA‐SbQs) side chains was reinvestigated. Even‐order derivative spectra of films of PVAs loaded with 0.1 and 0.3 mol % of SbQ revealed the presence of subpeaks owing to vibrational transitions, whereas PVA bearing 1.3 and 4.0 mol % of SbQ displayed a new blue‐shifted band (H‐band) at 328 nm due to H‐aggregation. Changes in derivative spectra disclosed the rapid disappearance of the H‐band of PVA‐SbQs under UV irradiation within exposure doses of 10 mJ cm−2. On the other hand, the films of the PVA‐SbQs were insolubilized upon UV irradiation at exposure doses of 2 and 3 mJ cm−2, respectively, leading to the conclusion that the high photosensitivity comes from the photodimerization of H‐aggregate as a ground‐state dimer. Fluorescence measurements implied the presence of J‐aggregate at 386 nm, but the involvement of the J‐aggregation in photocrosslinking was excluded because of its negligible fraction. A photosensitive emulsion of poly(vinyl acetate) emulsified with PVA‐SbQ exhibited similar changes in higher‐order derivative spectra in film and applied to fabricate a stencil for screen printing with aid of an LED‐emitting 375 nm light. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012

Signal intensities of radiolabeled cRNA probes used alone or in combination with non-isotopic in situ hybridization histochemistry

This study addressed the question of whether radioactive hybridization signal intensities are reduced in combined isotopic and non-isotopic double in situ hybridization (DISH) compared with those in single in situ hybridization (ISH). Non-isotopic digoxigenin (Dig)-labeled hybrids were detected using an alkaline phosphatase (AP) enzymatic reaction which results in nitroblue tetrazolium chloride (NBT)/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP)-salt precipitation that could shield S 35-radiation from penetrating to the surface. Sections were plastic coated of with 2% parlodion to prevent a chemical reaction between AP and developer during processing of the photosensitive emulsion, which could further reduce radioactive hybridization signal detection by autoradiography. We used DISH with a hybridization cocktail of radioactive S 35- and Dig-labeled GAD67 cRNA probes. In order to avoid competition for the same complementary sequence, the probes were directed towards different sequences of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) mRNA, resulting in co-detection of isotopic and non-isotopic hybrids in close to 100% of GAD67 positive cells. Quantitation of autoradiograms showed that there was no reduction of autoradiographic signal intensity from S 35-labeled hybrids in the presence of Dig-labeled hybrids. Plastic coating of single or dual hybridized sections did not reduce the radioactive signal intensity. When mRNAs for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits were detected with subunit specific S 35-labeled cRNA probes in GAD67 hippocampal interneurons the total numbers of nAChR subunit expressing cells remained the same in single or double hybridized sections even for low abundant mRNAs. Together, these results indicate that combined radioactive and non-radioactive DISH does not interfere with the detection of the radiation signal from the S 35-labeled hybrids, and neither specificity nor sensitivity is compromised.

Rosin (colophony) holograms sensitized with ammonium dichromate®

Abstract We report a photosensitive emulsion by mixing ammonium dichromate with rosin resin diluted in isopropyl alcohol. This material can be easily elaborated. A phase grating in this material was recorded using an argon-ion laser at λ = 457 nm, shows a moderate diffraction efficiency. This material is capable of a high resolution when we record some diffraction gratings, observing the order of 2000 l/mm (grooves). A characteristic of the developed process is its simplicity that it takes approximately 25 s. It describes a hypothesis with respect to some mechanisms of photosensitivity in emulsions.

Characterization of bromocresol green and resin as holographic film

We present a film composed by bromocresol green (BCG) dye and resin mixed with isopropyl alcohol as photosensitive emulsion. In this film, we have recorded phase gratings with the emission line λ = 457 nm of an argon laser. The characterization of this film indicates us a diffraction efficiency of 2.27%; and its simple fabrication and low cost make this film an attractive option for holographic elements.

MONOCYTE CELL RECEPTORS FOR INSULIN: QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION BY RADIOAUTOGRAPHY

Insulin resistance has been found to correlate well with binding to target tissues, and circulating monocyte receptors present an accurate mirror of receptors in other tissues such as liver, muscle and adipocytes. Studies on children are severely limited by the amount of blood necessary for each assay, between 80 and 150 ml, and virtually no information is available regarding insulin receptors in children. We have developed an auto-radiographic method which requires only a few ml blood for a complete assay. Our method consists of incubation of leukocytes with insulin labeled to high specific activity with 1-125. An aliquot of the reaction mixture is transferred to microscope slides which are coated with a photosensitive emulsion. After staining, the silver grains associated with 15 to 25 monocytes are counted. A good parallelism was found between the autoradiographic and standard methods. Binding in the presence of 5 nanograms 1-125 insulin, S.A. 100-150 uCi/ug, averaged 4.32% ± SE 0.55 in 7 experiments. Following addition of 1, 10 and 100 ng insulin per ml the values were 3.3 ± 0.68, 1.96 ± 0.42 and 1.06 ± 0.36. Grain counts per monocyte at these four concentrations of insulin were 3.48 ± 0.48, 1.77 ± 0.37 and 1.46 ± 0.26. The method appears to be a valid method for estimation of binding of insulin to circulating monocytes. It should now be possible to determine insulin binding in normal and abnormal states in infancy and childhood.

A Study of Caustic Solution-Crude Oil Interfacial Tensions

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study of caustic solution-crude oil interfacial tension measurements on 164 crude oils from 78 fields. Of these crude oils 131 showed marked surface activity against caustic solutions. Surface activity of crude oil against caustic solution correlates with the acid number, gravity, and viscosity. Almost all crude oils with gravities of 20 degrees API or lower produced a caustic solution-crude oil interfacial produced a caustic solution-crude oil interfacial tension less than 0.01 dyne/cm. Of the interfacially active samples, 90 percent reached maximum measurable surface activity at a caustic concentration of close to 0.1 percent by weight. The dissolved solids content of the water bas a marked influence on the surface activity. Sodium chloride in solution reduces the caustic concentration required to give maximum surface activity. Conversely, calcium chloride in solution suppresses surface activity. Introduction The oil-production technology literature contains a number of papers that indicate that the addition of sodium hydroxide to the flood water beneficially affects oil recovery. Although the proposed recovery mechanisms differ in detail, a variable common to almost all is the interfacial tension between caustic solutions and crude oil. A study of the factors influencing caustic solution-crude oil interfacial tensions is fundamental to an understanding of the proposed mechanisms and their optimum utilization. proposed mechanisms and their optimum utilization. We have obtained interfacial tensions against caustic solutions of 164 crudes. These crudes come from all major oil-producing areas in the free world. In addition to determining the correlation of interfacial tension with crude oil properties of acid number, gravity, and viscosity, we have also determined the effect of certain dissolved solids in the water. We define acid number as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acid in one gram of sample. The interfacial tension data were obtained by the pendent-drop method. pendent-drop method. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The caustic solutions used in this study were prepared by adding reagent-grade sodium hydroxide prepared by adding reagent-grade sodium hydroxide to laboratory distilled water. Our standard solutions were made from a 50 percent by weight reagent-grade sodium hydroxide solution. For convenience in relating our laboratory data to possible field application, the data were recorded and plotted in terms of weight percent sodium hydroxide. The pH of the caustic solutions was determined experimentally using a Coming expanded-scale pH meter; and the densities of the caustic solutions were measured experimentally using a Chainomatic Westphal balance. CRUDE OILS The crude oils were protected from the atmosphere and were collected in carefully cleaned glass or, when practicable, in plastic-lined containers. The crude oil samples were free of chemical additives, such as emulsion breakers and corrosion inhibitors. If the oil contained suspended solid material it was dehydrated and filtered. The densities were determined by the Westphal balance; and the viscosities were determined as a function of temperature using a glass capillary viscometer. APPARATUS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The interfacial tension measurements described in this study were made by the pendent-drop method. The pendent-drop method is based on the formation of a drop of liquid on a tip, the drop being slightly smaller than that which will spontaneously detach itself from the tip. The profile of this drop is magnified by projection and can be recorded on a photosensitive emulsion. The interfacial tension is photosensitive emulsion. The interfacial tension is calculated from the dimensions of the drop profile, a knowledge of be densities of the liquid forming. the drop, and the bulk phase surrounding the drop. All interfacial tensions described in this paper were recorded at a temperature of 74 degrees F and at an interface age of 10 seconds. Most systems were studied as a function of temperature; but temperature was found to be a second-order effect, so we selected 74 degrees F in order that all correlations would be at constant temperature. We selected 10 seconds because a study of the time variable showed that most of the decay of interfacial tension with time in these systems had occurred by the end of 10 seconds. SPEJ P. 197

Study of the linearity of response of a holographic photosensitive emulsion

The assessment of the linearity domain of holographic emulsions, and the experimental parameters such as processing conditions, exposure time, and type of illumination, etc, which enable this linearity to be optimized, are discussed. The transmittance is expressed by a quartic. The results are displayed graphically.

Balloon Radioautography in Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Gastric Lesions

I. Introduction THAT various malignant tumors can selectively concentrate phosphorus (utilizing radioactive32P as a label) has been well documented by many authors.1-4In general, in vivo evaluation of32P concentration in neoplastic lesions had been limited to readily accessible tumors which could be counted directly with Geiger-Muller probes. Nakayama4did explore in vivo counting of esophageal and gastric neoplasms with considerable success. In 1960, Ackerman and his associates5described a new radioautographic technique to permit in vivo detection of gastric neoplasms. After the intravenous administration of32P, a rubber balloon coated with a photosensitive emulsion is introduced into the stomach. The degree of darkening of the photosensitive surface of the balloon is a measure of the degree of radioactivity of the stomach. The accuracy of balloon radioautography in the differentiation of benign and malignant gastric lesions in comparison with the accuracy of exfoliative

In vitro and in vivo radioautography in recognition and localization of gastric cancer.

Conclusion1) A technic of in vivo gastric radioautography is described, employing a balloon (condom) coated with a photosensitive emulsion. Its use in recognition of gastric cancer is outlined.2) The method served to identify correctly and uniformly the presence of gastric malignancy. There have been no false negatives. The only false positives observed have been in healing gastric ulcers; the nature of this discrepancy needs to be resolved by a larger experience and continued study of the problem.