Photoperiod Research Articles

점농어 Lateolabrax maculatus의 성 성숙에 미치는 광주기의 영향

To investigate effect of on sexual maturation in spotted seabass, Lateolabrax maculatus the sexual maturation, photoperiods were established to natural photoperiod, 9L:15D, 11L:13D, 13L:11D and 15L:9D. After rearing for 90 days from August 11 to November 10, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hormones were analyzed. In the female, GSI was in the natural photoperiod, in 9L:15D, while the GSI of male was in the natural photoperiod, in 9L:15D and in 15L:9D and the lowest in 15L:9D, respectively. The blood estradiol (E2) of female was in the natural photoperiod, and the highest value of in 9L:15D. The male was similar to the female with in the natural photo period and in 9L:15D. The testosterone (T) of male was in the natural photoperiod, but the hightest value of in 9L:15D. These results provide basic information from sexual maturation of spotted seabass.

Population parameters of Tetranychus turkestani (Acari: Prostigmata: Tetranychidae) on fourteen melon genotypes

The antixenosis effects of Galia, CMD-158, CMC-132, CMI-157, CMI-167, CMI-175, Ananasi, Yellow Canary, Samsoori, Honey Dew, Bargney, CM-170, Khaghani and Garmsari, and the life table parameters of T. turkestani on CMC-132, CMI-167, Ananasi, Samsoori, Honey Dew and Bargney, were examined at 28 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10 % RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 L:D. In free-choice assay, the lowest preferences by adults were observed on CMI-167, Samsoori and Ananasi opposed to Honey Dew and Bargney were preferred the highest by adults of T. turkestani . The longest developmental times for both sexes were observed on CMC-132 and Ananasi, while the shortest developmental times were obtained on Honey Dew, Samsoori for females. The lowest total fecundity was observed on CMC-132 whereas the maximum was on Honey Dew. In addition, the highest value of intrinsic rate of increase ( r m ), net reproductive rate ( R 0 ), finite rate of increase ( l ) of T. turkestani were observed on the Honey Dew. The Weibull and Enkegaard models were used to fit survivorship ( l x ) and age specific fecundity ( m x ) data, respectively. The comparison and cluster analysis of biological parameters of T. turkestani on different melon genotypes demonstrated that CMC-132, Ananasi and CMI-167 were the most resistant genotypes to this pest.

Vernalization, gibberellic acid and photo period are important signals of yield formation in timothy (Phleum pratense)

Timothy (Phleum pratense) is a widely grown perennial forage grass in the Nordic region. The canopy consists of three tiller types, of which the stem forming vegetative elongating (ELONG) tiller and generative (GEN) tillers contribute the most to dry matter yield. In this study, the regulation of tiller formation by vernalization, day length (DL) [12 h, short day length (SD); 16 h, long day length (LD)] and gibberellic acid (GA) was investigated in two timothy cultivars. Vernalization resulted in a shift of ELONG to GEN tillers. No vernalization was required for the development of ELONG tillers but SD strictly arrested stem elongation. Vernalization is an important regulator of tiller development but it seemed to be upstream regulated by DL. LD was essential for floral transition and could not be substituted by GA and/or vernalization treatments. Genotypic variation was found in the development of GEN tillers. The ability to produce GEN tillers was associated with significant upregulation of PpVRN3. PpVRN1 expression peaked at the time of vegetative/generative transition, and PpVRN3 after the transfer to LD, suggesting them to have similar functions with cereal vernalization genes. PpVRN1 alone was not sufficient to activate flowering, and upregulation of PpVRN3 possibly together with PpPpd1 was required. Although vernalization downregulated PpMADS10, this gene did not act as a clear flowering repressor. Our results show that flowering signals alter the tiller composition, so they have important effects on yield formation of timothy.

Altitudinal Diversity of Forensic Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Western Ghats (Maharashtra)

Western Ghats is one of the 18 hot spots of the world for biodiversity conservation and protection. Increasing human activities and tourism in forestry and changing life style of humans lead more difficult to solve criminal cases. Blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are important components of decomposition process of wild and human bodies in forest ecosystems. Biotic and abiotic factors of environment have direct impact on population dynamics of flora and fauna of forensic importance. The blow flies use carrion as a resource for propagation of their own progeny. Therefore, altitudinal diversity of forensic blow flies in Western Ghats has been reported. A total of 19 species of blow flies belonging to the genera Chrysomya, Lucilia and Calliphora have been reported. The genus Lucilia and Chrysomya were abundant at low altitude than higher altitudes of Western Ghats. In general, blow fly diversity decreased with increase of altitudes and qualitative faunal diversity of blow flies were different at different study spots. The outcome of faunal turn over analysis clearly indicated that assemblage at 545 m and 585 m share almost 71.42% of their fauna in common. Also elevation of 900 m shares 70.70% of its assemblage with 585 m. Similarly, assemblage at 42 m and 22 m share about 40% of their fauna in common. The life cycle under laboratory (27 ± 1oC, 70-80%, 12 hours photo period) ranged from 9-11 days in the species, C. erythrocephala and L. sericata.

First report of leaf blight of physic nut caused by Curvularia clavata in India.

Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is an important commercial bio-diesel plant. In a survey carried out during 2011 in Tamil Nadu (India), physic nuts plants were observed exhibiting leaf yellowing, chlorotic or necrotic spots and greyish-brown spots, predominantly on leaf margin. Infected leaf portions cut into small fragments (1 cm2) were surface-sterilized in 0.1% mercuric chloride for 30 sec, washed three times in sterile distilled water, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium containing streptomycin sulphate, and incubated at room temperature (28±2°C) for five days. Ten single-spore isolates of a fungus recovered from infected tissues were maintained on PDA slants. Pathogenicity was tested by artificially inoculating (pinprick method) the leaves of 45-day-old glasshouse-grown host plants with a spore suspension (5x105 spores ml-1) (Rao et al., 1991). Inoculated plants were maintained in glasshouse at 25-28°C, RH above 90%, and 12 h photoperiod. Symptoms similar to those observed in the field were detected two weeks post inoculation and the fungus was consistently reisolated from leaf lesions. Conidia were clavate, 3-septate, straight or occasionally slightly curved, with base cell pale brown, while the other cells were brown to dark brown, 17-29 (23) μm long, 7.2-12 (8) μm thick in the broadest part, sometimes truncate at the base. The fungus was identified as Curvularia clavata and confirmed by the Agarkar Mycological Research Institute, Pune, India (NFCCI 2673). C. clavata infects monocot and dicot plants causing an array of symptoms including leaf spot and leaf blight (Chen et al., 2013). To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf blight caused by C. clavata on physic nut in India.

In vitro regeneration and transformation studies on Pelargonium graveolens (geranium) - an important medicinal and aromatic plant

Development of improved protocols for the regeneration of Pelargonium graveolens is important for their commercial utilization. Callus was induced from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with auxins and combinations of auxins and cytokinins. Micropropagation of nodal bud explants was achieved using medium supplemented with cytokinins. The regenerated explants were acclimatized and the transformation potential of geranium was demonstrated using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Maximum proliferation was obtained in medium supplemented with combinations of 20 µM indole butyric acid (IBA) + 10 µM kinetin (KIN), 20 µM IBA + 10 µM benzyl amino purine (BAP) and 20 µM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) + 10 µM KIN. Plantlets were regenerated when callus was given a photoperiod of 16 h light and 8 h dark conditions at 25°C. After being transferred to greenhouse conditions, the plantlets were successfully acclimatized and transferred to the field condition. The study has established an efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration and transformation of P. graveolens as an alternative method for vegetative propagation. Key words: Callus, geranium, in vitro regeneration, transformation.

SEED GERMINATION BEHAVIOUR OF THREE ALPINE SPECIES FROM ULUDAĞ MOUNT,TURKEY

In this study, the germination requirements of three species from alpine belt of Uludag Mount; Gypsophila olympica Boiss., Matthiola montana Boiss. and Silene rhynchocarpa Boiss. We tested the germination under (20 °C) dark, (20 °C) continuous light, and photoperiod 20/10 °C (12/12h) with distilled water. Different germination behaviour was found for these three species from closely related habitat conditions. G. olympica showed similar germination percentages in dark, light and photoperiod, and germinated faster in light (3.9 days). S. rhyncocarpa germinated 100 % at all the three conditions but faster in dark with 2.0 days. M. montana seeds were found to require light for germination. The germination was 27.2 % at dark, whereas the seeds were germinated 90 % under photoperiod. The results can be useful for both in situ and ex situ conservation of these plant species. Normal 0 21 false false false TR X-NONE X-NONE

Prey stages preference of different stages of Typhlodromus bagdasarjani (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on rose

Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the most injurious tetranychid mites on greenhouse roses. Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein & Arutunjan is a generalist indigenous phytoseiid mite with a wide distribution in Iran and frequently reported from plants infested by tetranychids. In this research, the preference of protonymph, deutonymph and adult of T. bagdasarjani on different stages of T. urticae was studied under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1°C, 75 ± 5% RH and 16L: 8D h. of photoperiod). The experiment was carried out on rose leaf square (blarodje variety). The preference index for each predator stage was calculated with Manly’s β index. Comparison of the mean preference index for protonymph (F = 135.61; df = 3, 84; P < 0.0001), deutonymph (F = 264.71; df = 3, 83; P < 0.0001) and female (F = 173.52; df = 4, 119; P < 0.0001) of the predator showed that all stages significantly preferred T. urticae eggs followed by prey larvae and protonymphs. Due to the our results can be suggested that T. urticae eggs are more profitable prey stage for T. bagdasarjani than other stages with regard to both nutritional benefit and handling time.

Citrus leprosis virus C infects Arabidopsis thaliana, the model for plant-pathogen interactions

Caused by Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) (genus Cilevirus) and vectored by Brevipalpus phoenicis Geijskes, leprosis is one of the main diseases of the Brazilian citrus industry. Although this disease was reported decades ago, the mechanisms involved in plant- virus interaction are still largely unknown. Since Arabidopsis thaliana has emerged as the major experimental model for essentially all aspects of plant biology, we tested the ability of CiLV-C to infect this model plant, evaluating the response of 12 ecotypes: Bur-0, Kas-1, Van- 0, Bay-0, C-24, Col-0, Ts-1, Tsu-1, Bla-2, Kon, Sha and Nfa-8. Four-week-old plants grown under 16 h photoperiod and 22°C were infested with two viruliferous or non viruliferous mites, or were not exposed to mites. Each treatment had twelve replicates of each ecotype. Localized necrotic lesions in green and senescent leaves and localized green lesions in senescent leaves appeared after 5-10 days only in plants infested with viruliferous mites. Thin-sectioned symptomatic tissues contained short bacilliform particles and viroplasm similar to those found in citrus. RT-PCR assays using primers that amplify part of the CiLV- C movement protein gene (Locali et al., 2003) yielded amplicons from all symptomatic plants, which were sequenced, proving identical to those obtained from the naturally infected CiLV-C source. CiLV-C was able to infect all of the tested A. thaliana ecotypes with reactions that identified three resistance level groups: more susceptible (Bur-0, Kas-1, Van-0, Bay-0, and C-24), intermediate (Col-0, Ts-1, and Tsu-1) and more resistant (Bla-2, Kon, Sha, and Nfa-8). Besides extending the range of CiLV-C hosts to a member of the family Brassicaceae, the use of A. thaliana in further studies will provide the opportunity for uncovering mechanisms involved in host-virus interaction.

Effect of the photoperiod and food on productivity of two native cladocerans(Moina sp. and Diaphanosoma sp.) of the colombian orinoquia

Los cladoceros, se consideran una opcion para la larvicultura de peces, debido a su tamano pequeno, rapido desarrollo, alta tasa de multiplicacion, facilidad de cultivo, alto conte- nido de enzimas digestivas y facilidad de manipular su valor nutricional; sin embargo, no existen tecnologias para su cultivo masivo, que permitan reducir costos, por concepto de alimento en la produccion de larvas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del fotoperiodo y tipo de alimento sobre el crecimiento de Moina sp. y Diaphanosoma sp., cultivados en recipientes de 3L, a una densidad de 10 ind.L-1. Se evaluaron tres periodos de luz: 0, 12 y 24 h y tres tipo de alimento: suspension de algas (Chlorella vulgaris - 1 x 105cel.mL-1); suspension de levaduras (Saccharomyces cerevisiae - 1 x 105cel.mL-1) y mezcla (50:50) de las dos. La densidad de la poblacion, se determino cada tres dias, a partir de una muestra de 500mL, utilizando la camara Bogorov y estereoscopio (50X). Se calculo la tasa especifica de crecimiento (k), rendimiento (r), tiempo de duplicacion (TD), densidad maxima y densidad final del cultivo. Moina sp. mostro los mejores resultados, cuando se cultivo con fotoperiodo de 12 horas de luz y se alimento con la mezcla de microalga y levadura, mientras que Diaphanosoma sp. crecio con 0 y 12 horas de luz, independientemente del tipo de alimento utilizado; no obstante, la mayor tasa de crecimiento se observo con la mezcla de microalga y levadura

Life table parameters of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae), on the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in laboratory condition

The life table parameters of Neoseiulus californicus (Athias-Henriot), a generalist predator of spider mites and small insects were investigated in laboratory condition at two constant temperatures: 20 and 25°C, 60 ± 5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L:D). The European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), an important pest of apple orchards in Iran, was used as prey (all stages). The duration of the immature stages ranged varied from 7.52 to 5.12 days, at 20 and 25°C, respectively. The net reproductive rate ( R 0 ) increased with increasing temperature from 20.84 female offspring to 31.46 female offspring at 20–25°C, respectively. The values of the intrinsic rate of increase ( r m ) and finite rate of increase (λ) were obtained to be highest at 25°C (0. 237 day –1 and 1.26 day –1 , respectively), which was greater that those estimated at 20°C (0.161 day –1 and 1.17 day –1 , respectively). The mean generation time ( T ) decreased with increasing temperature from 18.86 days to 14.45 days at 20–25°C, respectively. In conclusion, results showed that N. californicus would be able to develop at temperatures range of 20–25°C feeding on P. ulmi and has the suitable potential to control it.

Demographic parameters of Neoseiulus barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) fed on Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Thrips tabaci Lindeman is a serious pest of cucumber and onion in field and greenhouse conditions in Iran. Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes is an indigenous biological control agent in west of Iran on cucumber and maize that preys on spider mites and T. tabaci and can prevent the outbreak of them. In this study, the demographic parameters of the Iranian population of N. barkeri were determined using 1 st instar larvae of T. tabaci as prey under laboratory conditions at 30±1°C,65±5% RH and photoperiod 8:16 h (D:L). The results showed that N. barkeri successfully developed on 1 st instars larvae of T. tabaci . The developmental times for egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and all immature stages were 1.37, 1.03, 1.54, 1.71 and 5.68 days, respectively. Also, 96.66% of eggs hatched and the survival rate for the movable immature stages were 100%. Total prey consumption by protonymphs, deutonymphs and adult female was 2.70, 3.57 and 75.85 individuals, respectively. Adult longevity of the male was recorded as 14.36 days while the females lived longer (20.17 days). The female ratio was 0.62%. The intrinsic rate of increase ( r m ) and the net reproductive rate ( R 0 ) were 0.252 day -1 and 18.70 female offspring, respectively. Our results showed that N. barkeri could be considered as a biological agent for the control of T. tabaci on cucumber. Expanding knowledge on the biological parameters of this predatory mite can help to increase the use of this indigenous biological agent for the control of T. tabaci on cucumber.

Daily energy expenditure in the pouched mouse (Saccostomus campestris Peters 1896)

ABSTRACT Previous studies of the pouched mouse (Saccostomus campestris) have revealed that during reproduction there is no increase in food consumption, although resting energy demands, measured by respirometry, increase substantially. One explanation for this anomalous situation is that these mice may routinely use torpor to compensate their energy budgets. We measured the daily energy expenditure of eleven individual pouched mice over three consecutive days using the doubly-labelled water technique. The mice were housed in cages where they had free access to food and water, at an average temperature of 26.5 °C, and exposed to a natural photoperiod (February Pretoria). There was a large day-to-day variation in energy expenditure within each individual. The coefficient of variation in daily energy demand averaged 24.5%. By comparing the correlation of estimates for consecutive and nonconsecutive days we established that this variation was not a consequence of errors in the isotopic technique. The scaling ...

INFLORESCENCE INDUCTION AND INITIATION IN HEDERA HELIX

ABSTRACT At 16°C Hedera helix L. is an obligatory short-long day (SLD) plant as regards inflorescence initiation (12-h photoperiod for short days (SD). 16-h photoperiod for long days (LD)). The presence of a developing terminal inflorescence (for at least 24 days after initiation) can substitute for SD and allow inflorescence initiation on a pruning-induced branch of a flowering shoot under LD only. The temperature at which exposure to LD occurs is critical, such that the inflorescence initiation response obtained is saturating at 16°C, only very marginal at 21°C, and absent at 24°C. A partial evocation (a prefloral stage) tends to occur under environmental conditions in which inflorescence initiation and development do not occur. At 16°C this is expressed as a production of bracts (scales), a change in apical meristem morphology, and an activation of the axillary meristems near the apical one. At the end of this process, the partially evoked meristem can either reduce in size or entirely cease its activi...

INFLUENCES ON SEED GERMINABILITY: PHENOTYPIC MATERNAL EFFECTS DURING SEED MATURATION

Survival of annual plants, and desert annuals in particular, seems to be dependent on three mechanisms: (1) seed dispersal or topochoric behavior for determining suitable microhabitats; (2) germination at the right time; (3) germination of only part of the seeds at one time, even under optimal conditions (heteroblasty). Environmental factors that determine seed germinability, such as day length and temperature, seed position in the capsule, in the dispersal unit, in the inflorescences and in different inflorescences of the same plant are discussed. These factors affect heteroblasty even during the last days of seed maturation. In plants of different taxa the photoperiodic induction that influences germination is absorbed by the leaves or even by the post-harvested fruit and is transferred to the seeds. Flowers along the same branch produce seeds that differ in their germinability according to the day length during the last few days of their maturation.

EFFECTS OF INDUCTION LEVEL ON MORPHOGENETIC ASPECTS OF ONSET OF SUMMER DORMANCY AND FLOWERING IN HORDEUM BULBOSUM L.

ABSTRACT Hordeum bulbosum is a vernalizable, facultative long-day plant that enters summer dormancy after flowering in spring. Onset of dormancy is characterized by development of a bulb with several dormant regeneration buds, and is closely linked with onset of reproductive development. This has been demonstrated quantitatively by the similarity between the responses of both processes to the combined effects of different levels of thermoinduction and photoinduction. In fully thermoinduced plants, only photoperiods longer than 10 h accelerated apex development, diminished the final number of leaves and spikelet-bearing nodes and resulted in earlier onset of dormancy. A strong positive interaction was observed between the effects of thermo- and photoinduction on the phenomena associated with onset of dormancy and initiation of flowering. The number of reproductive nodes was reduced by raising the level of either factor. Duration of the reproductive phase became shorter as photoinduction was increased, but ...

First report of Gibberella avenacea causing wet apple core rot in Italy.

Gibberella avenacea R.J. Cook, [syn. Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc.] is a widely distributed plant pathogen and the causal agent of wet apple core rot (wACR), a disease that develops inside the fruits and remains undetected until they are eaten (Sorensen et al., 2009). In 2012, wACR symptoms were observed in apples cv. Golden Delicious from a southern Italian orchard. Diseased carpel tissues were colonized by a white mycelium, whereas the surrounding mesocarp tissues showed a light-brown wet rot. Single spore cultures were grown on PDA slants and carnation leaf agar (CLA) plates. On PDA slants, after 14 days at alternating day/night temperatures of 25/20°C and a 12 h photoperiod, the fungus formed abundant floccose white mycelium with pale orange sporodochia and released a greyish-rose pigment in the agar. Macroconidia formed on CLA were 40-80!3.5-4 "m, slightly falcate, thin-walled, usually 5 septate, with a tapering apical cell. Microconidia and chlamydospores were absent. Based on these morphological characters the fungus was identified as G. avenacea. For molecular confirmation, DNA was extracted from the fungal mycelium (Sanzani et al., 2012), its internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2, including the 5.8S gene, were amplified using the universal primers ITS5/ITS4 (White et al., 1990) and sequenced (GenBank KC342826). BLAST analysis of the 424 bp amplicon showed 100% identity with other G. avenacea/F. avenaceum ITS sequences from database. This is the first report of G. avenacea as causal agent of wACR in Italy. G. avenacea infections constitute an economical problem for growers and a safety issue due to the potential production of mycotoxins such as moniliformin and enniatins (Sorensen et al., 2009).

Predation preference of Neoseiulus californicus and Typhlodromus bagdasarjani on heterospecific phytoseiid and Scolothrips longicornis in presence and absence of Tetranychus urticae

Predation preference of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein & Arutunjan on Scolothrips longicornis Priesner and heterospecific phytoseiid was determined on cucumber leaf discs in presence and absence of Tetranychus urticae Koch . The experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions at 25˚C, 65% RH and a photoperiod of 16h light: 8h dark. The first and second instar of the thrips and larval stages of the phytoseiids were selected as intraguild preys. In the first experiment, the first or second instar larvae of the thrips and heterospecific larval phytoseiid (regarded as predator species) were offered to an adult female of phytoseiid. The females of N. californicus and T. bagdasarjani significantly preferred to prey upon the first instar larvae of the thrips (1.82 and 1.41 larvae per day, respectively) compared with phytoseiids (0.78 and 0.53 larva per day, respectively). Consumption of the two mentioned phytoseiid species on second instar larvae of the thrips (0.96 and 0.60 larva per day, respectively) and the phytoseiid (0.91 and 0.62 larva per day, respectively) were not significantly different. The females of both phytoseiid species were able to oviposit continuously when fed on the thrips and phytoseiid preys. In the second experiment, when T. urticae , the phytoseiid and thrips were offered simultaneously, both phytoseiid species could prey upon all three species but T. urticae was significantly consumed more (5.52 T. urticae per day by N. californicus and 4.46 T.urticae per day by T. bagdsarjani ). Since these two predators belong to the type III phytoseiids, it seems that both species were able to survive in absence of T. urticae and tend to prey more on first instar larvae of the thrips compared with the heterospecific phytoseiid.

The effects of some botanical insecticides and pymetrozine on life table parameters of silver leaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The objective of this research was to assess the effects of extracts of two medicinal plant species: Allium sativum (Linn) and Calotropis procera (Aiton), and a formulation containing azadirachtin on life table parameters of silver leaf whitefly (SLW), Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), grown on greenhouse tomato plants. The effects were compared to that of pymetrozine, a synthetic insecticide. Bioassays were carried out in a greenhouse under controlled conditions of 27 ? 2?C, R.H. of 55 ? 5% and 16:8 h (L:D) photo period. All treatments significantly affected the survivorship and fertility of SLW female adults, reducing the net reproduction rate, mean generation time and intrinsic rate of increase of this insect. The net reproductive rate [R0] values for the populations treated with garlic extract, milkweed extract, pymetrozine, azadirachtin, control for extracts (ethanol + distilled water) and control for pesticides (distilled water) were 23.58, 19.32, 10.78, 8.23, 49.66, 57.55; the intrinsic rate of increases [rm] were 0.134, 0.139, 0.110, 0.090, 0.177, 0.178; the mean generation times [T] were 23.49, 21.23, 21.66, 23.50, 22.06, 22.69; the doubling times [DT] were 5.14, 4.95, 6.27, 7.56, 3.91, 3.87, and the finite rates of increase [?] were 1.144, 1.149, 1.116, 1.094, 1.193, 1.195, respectively. Azadirachtin had the highest effect on the life table parameters of SLW. Our findings indicated that, although herbal extracts were not effective as much as the chemical insecticides, they can be effective in pest control. Therefore, they are suitable choices for replacing chemical insecticides and for alternative use with azadirachtin in SLW IPM program.

Effect of Different Photo Periods on the Biological Parameters of Chrysoperla carnea under Laboratory Conditions

Many insects are known to give response in adaptive way for seasonal changes in day lengths. Photoperiod control’s many developmental responses and allows insects to survive periods of unfavorable environmental conditions. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different photoperiod lengths on biological parameters of green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea. Four different photoperiod regimes were selected with varying lengths of light/dark hours (8/16, 10/14, 24/0 and 0/24) at a constant 26±2°C temperature with 70 % RH (relative humidity) in the laboratory. Photoperiod regimes affected the development of C. carnea from egg to adult. In complete darkness (L: 0 D: 24), minimum egg laying, hatching, larval survival and adult emergence were recorded. Incubation period for eggs, larval period and pupal duration were also significantly longer in complete darkness as compared to other treatments 8L: 16D and 10L: 14D. Whereas, the treatment with complete light hours (L: 24, D: 0) resulted in maximum egg laying hatching, larval survival and adult emergence. The incubation period for eggs, larval and pupal duration significantly shortened as compared to other treatments.Sex ratios skewed towards female when full light hours were provided for development.