Design Of Photonic Crystal Fiber Research Articles

Design of high sensitive hybrid honeycomb photonic crystal fiber for sensing C8H8O3/AsCl3/C8H10 analyte

Design of high sensitive hybrid honeycomb photonic crystal fiber for sensing C8H8O3/AsCl3/C8H10 analyte

Performance comparison and analysis of D-type single and dual-core PCF-SPR sensors

Surface plasmon resonance sensors, based on photonic crystal fibers, have demonstrated immense potential in various application fields, owing to their structural design flexibility, operability, and superior sensing capabilities. Despite the potential, the design of photonic crystal fibers with various structures has been a challenging task, due to manufacturing constraints. Thus, this paper aims to explore the design rules of photonic crystal fibers based on surface plasmon resonance, by proposing and designing four photonic crystal fiber sensors with distinct structures. The study investigates the influence of single-core, double-core, and large and small air holes on the sensor’s performance, through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, data acquisition, and analysis. Through our research, we have discovered that by altering the size of pores surrounding the fiber core, as well as the fiber core’s single-mode and dual-mode configurations, we were able to increase the sensitivity of the sensor from its lowest value of 266 nm RIU−1 to as high as 2066 nm RIU−1, an improvement of nearly eightfold. The findings suggest that the sensor with double-core air hole structure exhibits relatively better performance. This analysis is expected to aid in the design of high-performance photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance sensors.

Design and Simulation of Air-Core Polymeric Photonic Crystal Fiber by Investigating the Reduction of Confinement Losses in the Terahertz (THz) Range

Design and Simulation of Air-Core Polymeric Photonic Crystal Fiber by Investigating the Reduction of Confinement Losses in the Terahertz (THz) Range

Design and Study of a Novel Regular Decagon Multilayer Photonic Crystal Fiber

This study introduces a unique regular decagon multilayer photonic crystal fiber and investigates its design and properties. Through extensive utilization of COMSOL Multiphysics optical module, the fiber's optical characteristics were thoroughly examined. The simulation outcomes indicate that, within the wavelength range of 1000-1500 nm, the photonic crystal fiber exhibits an effective mode field area ranging from 2.33*10-11 to 2.55*10-11 m2, a nonlinear coefficient between 4.96*10-3 and 8.08*10-3 s³/(kg·m³), a dispersion spanning from 1.46 to 1.54, and a loss varying from 3.76*10-3 to 1.29*10-2. This research presents novel approaches and concepts for the calculation, optimization, and design of photonic crystal fibers, ultimately fostering advancements in optical communication, optical sensing, and related domains. Furthermore, it bears significant implications for the practical implementation of innovative photonic crystal fibers in optical sensing and detection applications.

Design and numerical analysis of a novel photonic crystal fiber based chemicals sensor in the THz regime

We presented a decagonal cladding and hexahedron core-based photonic crystal fiber (PCF) to sense chemicals in the terahertz frequency (THz). Circular air holes (CAHs) in the cladding region make up the proposed sensor. A wide variety of frequencies were evaluated to analyze the sensor's performance in terms of sensitivity, confinement loss, and effective material loss respectively. We designed and quantitatively analyzed the optical properties of our proposed hexahedron-based PCF sensor using the finite element method (FEM). Square-shaped air hole length, strut, and core size have also been researched to improve the performance of the proposed sensor's sensing components and fabrication tolerance. At ideal conditions, the suggested PCF sensor has a maximum relative sensitivity of 94.65%, confinement loss of 6.01 × 10−8 cm−1, effective material loss (EML) of 9.16 × 10−4 cm−1, and effective mode area (EMA) of 1.35 × 10−7 m2. We are confident that the suggested sensor's optimized geometrical structure will be manufacturing-friendly, as well as the sensor's contribution to practical uses. Furthermore, our proposed PCF fiber will be ideal in the terahertz (THz) regions for various optical communication applications and medicinal signals.

Design of dispersion-flattened photonic crystal fiber with 800 nm wide low-dispersion band

We propose a new design for a dispersion-flattened photonic crystal fiber with 800 nm wide low-dispersion band by employing the imaginary-distance beam propagation method and the transparent boundary condition using BeamPROP simulation software. The chromatic dispersion of the fiber is −1.4 to 4.8 ps/nm·km in an 800 nm wavelength range of 1.1–1.9 μm. The effective mode area at a wavelength of 1.55 μm is 12.2 μm2 and the fiber can be easily joined to conventional nonlinear optical fiber with a small core. The calculated effective index is extremely linear via the wavelength, and the decision coefficient with an approximately straight function is 0.999996, this means the waveguide dispersion of the proposed PCF completely compensates for the material dispersion curves.

Nearly Zero Ultra-Flattened Dispersion in Octagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber

The low confinement losses, relatively high nonlinearity, and wideband ultra-flattened chromatic dispersion are the crucial properties of the PCFs. Thus, in this research, a comprehensive study has been conducted to design a novel Octagonal PCF (Photonic Crystal Fiber) microstructure with an ultra-flattened dispersion profile through a vast range of optical communication band wavelengths with a large negative dispersion of nearly 0.6635 ps/nm/km at 1550 nm. This PCF design and simulative study have been made by using COMSOL multi-physics. The guiding features of the fiber have been analyzed numerically to solve the Maxwell equation of electromagnetic field by using the full vector finite element method with cylindrically perfect to match layer for strongly absorb the outgoing waves from the computational region. Moreover, Octagonal rings in the cladding region provide better confinement and flattened dispersion in O-band (1260 nm-1360 nm) and C-band (1530 nm-1565 nm) in comparison to honeycomb or hexagonal lattice structures. Our proposed model has a nearly zero ultra-flattened dispersion of ± 0.3028 ps/nm/km in a 1290 nm to 1620 nm with wavelength range (320 nm flat band) and low confinement loss is less than 10-7 dB/km in the entire band of interest. Furthermore, this research has been presented a 7.2 μm2 effective area which is smaller than other reported fibers at 1550 nm wavelength.

Unsafe food additive sensing through octagonal-core photonic crystal fibre sensor

To detect food additives, a simple photonic crystal fibre design based on an octagonal hole and hollow circular cladding holes in two layers has been introduced. The numerical study of the design is conducted by simulation in the COMSOL Multiphysics software with the infiltrated test analytes: saccharin, sorbitol, and butyl acetate, operating in the wavelength variation from 1.6 to 4.0 μm. The performance of the proposed sensor is determined by analysing the principal optical parameters: effective refractive index, power fraction, relative sensitivity, confinement loss, chromatic dispersion, propagation constant, V-parameter, spot size, and beam divergence. At the optimal wavelength of 2.0 μm, the sensor design depicts high relative sensitivities of 98.06% for saccharin, 97.05% for sorbitol, 95.81% for butyl acetate, and 3.82 × 10−23 dBm−1 for saccharin, 3.44 × 10−22 dBm−1 for sorbitol, and 1.81 × 10−21 dBm−1 for butyl acetate for confinement loss, which is extremely low. Hence, the proposed food additive sensor is suitable for actual sensing applications based on these obtained results.

Design of Single-Polarized Single-mode Photonic Crystal Fiber Without Air Holes in the Cladding

This study proposes a novel single-polarized single-mode (SPSM) photonic crystal fiber (PCF) without air holes in the cladding, and the silicon nitride holes and air holes in the core of the PCF are staggered. Based on the full vector finite element method, the birefringence characteristics with different hole sizes have been discussed in detail, and a SPSM-PCF is achieved through optimizing the core structure. Moreover, the extinction ratio, effective refractive index, dispersion, confinement loss and nonlinearity of the PCF are analyzed. Simulation results show that the PCF can obtain a high birefringence value of 2.142 × 10−3 , a large negative dispersion of −2750 ps/(nm · km), a low confinement loss of 1.57 × 10−7dB/m and a high nonlinear coefficient of 90.5W−1 · km−1 at the wavelength of 1.55 μm. In this paper, the proposed structure has the properties of high birefringence and high negative dispersion, which can be used in fiber laser, optical fiber sensing, dispersion compensation and other fields.

Design and numerical analysis of a circular SPR based PCF biosensor for aqueous environments

This paper presents the design and numerical analysis of a circular photonic crystal fiber (PCF) biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for aqueous environments. The proposed biosensor has a geometrical design that uses the cladding at the fiber's exterior to simplify the gold and analyte deposition process. The sensing characteristics and performances of the proposed biosensor are fully investigated with the finite element method. The investigation indicates that the plasmonic material's thickness affects the biosensor's performance. The results of the proposed biosensor demonstrate a wide refractive index range of 1.30 to 1.44, with the highest wavelength or spectral sensitivity as 21,000 nm/RIU and the highest resolution as 9.09×10−6 RIU. The proposed biosensor has a straightforward geometric profile. The proposed biosensor is stable and suited for aqueous surroundings and wide-range detection applications.

Highly sensitive V-shaped SPR PCF biosensor for cancer detection

In this paper, a novel design of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is introduced and analyzed for cancer cell detection. The full vectorial finite element method (FVFEM) is used throughout the numerical analysis of the suggested biosensor. The reported PCF has a V-shaped surface that is coated with ZrN as a plasmonic material. A coupling occurs between the core guided mode and surface plasmon mode SPM which depends on the studied analyte. Such a coupling is improved by using the suggested V-shape geometry which increases the sensor sensitivity.The geometrical parameters are optimized to achieve high sensor sensitivity. The proposed biosensor has high optical sensitivity of 6214.28, 3800, and 5008.33 nm/RIU, for quasi-transverse magnetic (TM), and 6000 nm/RIU, 4400 nm/RIU, and 5333.3 nm/RIU, for quasi-transverse magnetic (TE), for breast, basal, and cervical cancer cells, respectively. The reported optical sensor can pave the way for efficient and simple technique for cancer detection with low cost and high sensitivity instead of surgical and chemical techniques.

Design of elliptical photonic crystal fiber (E-PCF) for the transmission of 116 OAM channels across the S, C, L and U bands

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes over photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have shown great capability in unleashing the available data rates in optical communication systems. In this paper, we propose and numerically design a novel elliptical photonic crystal fiber (E-PCF) using assisted Germania-doped silica as a material background and elliptical air holes. Using a systematic scanning methodology, we adjusted the E-PCF key parameters with the aim to explore appropriate designs that support large number of OAM channels featuring low confinement loss (CL). Numerical simulations using finite element method (FEM) show the supports of large number of independent/separate OAM channels (116 OAM with Δneff≥ 10−4). A detailed numerical modal analysis has been carried out over the S + C + L + U communication bands show that the designed E-PCF handles robust OAM modes. This includes low chromatic dispersion (CD = 92 ps/km/nm), low differential group delay (<60 ps/km), high effective mode area (max Aeff = 124 µm2), low nonlinearity coefficient (γ < 2.6 /W/m) and low confinement loss (Max CL = 2.07 × 10−4 dB/m). The obtained results and the comparisons with those recently reported in literature shows that the designed E-PCF could find applications in next-generation optical communication systems that uses OAM modes as data carriers.

Dispersion-Oriented Inverse Design of Photonic-Crystal Fiber for Four-Wave Mixing Application

In this paper, we demonstrate the application of a deep learning neural network (DNN) in the dispersion-oriented inverse design of photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) for the fine-tuning of four-wave mixing (FWM). The empirical formula of PCF dispersion is applied instead of numerical simulation to generate a large dataset of phase-matching curves of various PCF designs, which significantly improves the accuracy of the DNN prediction. The accuracies of DNNs’ predicted PCF structure parameters are all above 95%. The simulations of the DNN-predicted PCFs structure demonstrate that the FWM wavelength has an average numerical mean square error (MAE) of 1.92 nm from the design target. With the help of DNN, we designed and fabricated a specific PCF for wavelength conversion via FWM from 1064 nm to 770 nm for biomedical imaging applications. Pumped by a microchip laser at 1064 nm, the signal wavelength is measured at 770.2 nm.

Investigating the cross core octagonal photonic crystal fiber with high birefringence: A design and analysis study

In optical communication systems, the quality of transmitted signals can be compromised by random birefringence, which is caused by irregularities in the core-cladding boundaries. To eliminate this problem, high birefringence can be introduced through an asymmetrical fiber structure. Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are an ideal solution due to their high intrinsic index contrast and design flexibility, which allows for high birefringence to be achieved. This paper introduces a new PCF design that takes advantage of these features to provide a higher modal birefringence compared to conventional fibers. The design is a cross-core octagonal-shaped fiber, and its performance is evaluated in terms of birefringence and beat length. The results indicate that the proposed fiber provides a birefringence range of 1.3E-3 to 1.6E-3 for a transmission wavelength range of 1.4 μm to 1.8 μm (S, C, and L Bands) and a minimum beat length range of 1.02 mm to 1.12 mm. This fiber design enables long-haul fiber communication without polarization mode dispersion, even under conditions of external perturbation.

Low-loss flexible terahertz photonic crystal fiber

This paper presents a hybrid porous-core flexible photonic crystal fiber (PCF), which has the potential for low-loss guidance of broadband terahertz (THz) waves at low THz bands. Here, the cyclic olefin polymer TOPAS is used for the main material to increase the flexibility of PCF. The central hybrid porous-core area contains a circular and hexagonal design, which reduces the loss of PCF. Simulation results show that the proposed fiber has a very low confinement loss of 3.47 × 10 − 6 dB / cm at 500 GHz operating frequency. The bending loss at a bending radius of 1 cm is as low as 3.2 × 10 − 4 dB / cm. The negligible modal loss facilitates the flexible application to THz systems. Moreover, the fabrication of the proposed PCF design is compatible with widely used methods and technologies, including stacking and drawing, extrusion and drilling. This newly proposed hybrid design of the porous-core region can be considered as an improved version in the research of THz porous-core waveguides.

Design and analysis of low loss solid-core hexagonal photonic crystal fiber for applications in terahertz regime

An index-guiding novel solid-core photonic crystal fiber (SC-PCF) formed by a hexagonal lattice of circular-shaped air holes arranged in silicon background is realized. By varying the radius ‘r’ of the air holes from 0.1a to 0.5a (where ‘a’ is defined as the lattice constant), the characteristic electromagnetic modes of the low loss Terahertz (THz) fiber were solved through eigenmode analysis using finite element method (FEM). The effective mode area and the nonlinearity of the proposed PCF are calculated for different radii of the air holes and it is found that the effective mode area decreases when the radius of the air holes is increased. On the other hand, the nonlinearity increases for an increase in the air holes radii. At 1 THz, the confinement loss of the proposed fiber is in the order of 10−23 dB/m and transmittance efficiency above 96% has been attained. As 5-G technology emanates, THz wave propagation becomes essential and the designed hexagonal lattice SC-PCF will be useful for the advancement of communication systems, sensing devices and several medical applications.

Design of a novel photonic crystal fiber and numerical analysis of sensitivity for the detection of illegal drugs in terahertz regime

In this study, a novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based drug sensor has been introduced. The core and cladding area of the hexagonal fiber structure (H-PCF) has round air holes. We examined the model in the THz regime using the FEM and the COMSOL Multiphysics Software platform. With this updated model, the sensitivity to detect amphetamine (n = 1.518), cocaine (n = 1.5022), and ketamine (n = 1.562) at 1 THz is 89.50%, 90.20%, and 85.50% accordingly. Furthermore, the suggested fiber, operating at 1 THz, generated a vast effective area of Ketamine (n = 1.562), cocaine (n = 1.5022), and amphetamine (n = 1.518) of 1.37 × 10−7 m2, 1.40 × 10−7 m2, 1.39 × 10−7 m2 and relatively low confinement loss of 6.40 × 10−8 dB/m, 7.10 × 10−8 dB/m, 6.20 × 10−8 dB/m and negligible effective material loss of the structure of 0.02 cm−1. After all, we can say that abuse of drugs produces not only short-term effects but also long-term, catastrophic consequences for human health, including the potential for death. Therefore, it is essential to identify illegal drugs with high efficiency and precision. So, this H-PCF structure that we have proposed will be ideal for illegal drug detection.

A study on the optical properties of a novel flower-core photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with CCl4

A novel design of photonic crystal fiber with a flower-core is proposed for the first time to optimize dispersion suitable for broadband supercontinuum generation. The numerical simulation of the propagation of light modes in optical fibers is computed by solving Maxwell's wave equations with the full-vector finite-difference eigenmode method. As a result, near-zero ultra-flat all-normal and anomalous dispersion was achieved with fluctuations of ±0.978 ps/nm.km in the 294 nm wavelength region and ±1.168 ps/nm.km in the 432 nm wavelength region, respectively. Furthermore, the dispersion value at the pump wavelength is about 10 times lower than in previous papers. The combination of CCl4 infiltration into the hollow core and the air hole's size heterogeneity in the cladding also enhances the nonlinear properties of the fibers. The effective mode areas less than 2 µm2 at the pump wavelength can help the supercontinuum spectrum to broaden further towards the red wavelength region. Three fibers with structural parameters Ʌ = 0.8 µm, d1/Ʌ = 0.45, Ʌ = 0.9 µm, d1/Ʌ = 0.5, and Ʌ = 0.9 µm, d1/Ʌ = 0.45 are proposed for supercontinuum generation with low peak power due to the nonlinear coefficients as high as hundreds W−1.km−1. These fibers are a new class of optical fibers, highly efficient laser sources that replace traditional glass-core optical fibers.

Design of photonic crystal fiber with large mode area for flat-top mode generation

We report a large mode area photonic crystal fiber with a flat-top mode field. The optical fiber has a multi-layer square structure with air holes and doped layer. A flat and top-hat-like mode intensity profile is provided through the reasonable design of the doped layer. The modal characteristics including effective mode area, dispersion, bending loss, confinement loss and field profile are investigated. The proposed fiber with a top-hat mode generation has potential applications in laser drilling, laser cleaning, imaging, spectroscopy, and so on.

Ultrabend resistant circular photonic crystal fiber design for cancer diagnosis by Raman spectrometer

One of the ways to diagnose cancer in its early stages, which can lead to timely treatment, is to use Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectrum of a material is created by the interaction of light with the material; it determines the exact characteristics and properties of the material, which can be used to distinguish cancerous cells from healthy ones. However, the intensity of this spectrum is weak, and the optical fibers used in these devices must have very little loss and thus have low sensitivity to bending. This paper proposes a circular photonic crystal fiber with a structure in which the losses in different bending radii are significantly reduced. The modified state of the fiber at the wavelength of 1.55 μm supports the transmission of 10 modes propagated in the core. The loss for the fundamental mode at this wavelength and bending radius of 2 mm equals 3.82 × 10 − 16 dB / m, which is considered a low value. As the bending radius decreases further, low-order modes diminish, which are more sensitive to bending than high-order modes. However, their losses are lower than in high-order modes. The critical bending radius for this fiber, with the loss reaching 0.1 dB / m, is equal to 0.096 mm. This low critical bending radius shows the low sensitivity of the proposed fiber to bending. The fiber was examined in different bending radii and wavelengths, and the parameters of this structure were presented for the lowest bending losses, which can be used in Raman spectrometers as spectrum collecting fibers and improve cancer diagnosis devices with Raman spectrum.