Photon Flux Ratio Research Articles

O i Line Emission in the Quasar PG 1116+215

Abstract By observing the near-infrared spectrum of the quasar PG 1116$+$215 at $z = 0.176$ and combining with the HST/FOS spectrum, we obtained the relative strengths of three permitted O i lines ($\lambda$1304, $\lambda$8446, and $\lambda$11287) in a quasar for the first time. The photon flux ratios of the O i lines of the quasar were compared with those previously measured in a Seyfert 1 and six narrow-line Seyfert 1 s. No significant differences were found in the O i line flux ratios between the quasar and the other Seyferts, suggesting that the gas density in the O i and Fe ii line-emitting regions in the quasar is of the same order as those in low-luminosity AGNs. It was also found that the line width of O i$\lambda$11287 is significantly narrower than that of Ly$\alpha$, which is consistent with O i and Fe ii emission occurring in the partly ionized regions at the outermost portion of the broad-line region where velocities are small.

Identification of molecular carbon sources in the JET divertor by means of emission spectroscopy

Strong light emission from the C2 Swan band and the CD Gerö band has been observed during strike-point sweeps in the corner region of the inner MKII SRP divertor of JET. The light emission could be correlated to the decomposition of probably soft hydrocarbon layers at the corner entrance. The C2/CD photon-flux ratio indicates a preferred emission of C2 and thus of C2Dy particles. The layer has been removed within one H-mode discharge, where the strike point was fixed at the corner. In the consecutive discharges no enhanced light emission from C2 and CD could be observed and the C2/CD photon-flux ratio drops significantly. The spectroscopic observations are in line with measurements on the quartz microbalance (QMB). A similar layer in the outer divertor could not be identified from the spectroscopy.

光強度および赤色光／遠赤色光比の違いがコマツナの硝酸イオン濃度および硝酸還元酵素活性に及ぼす影響

光強度および赤色光／遠赤色光比の違いがコマツナの硝酸イオン濃度および硝酸還元酵素活性に及ぼす影響

Searching for radiative pumping lines of OH masers: II. The 53.3 $mu;m absorption line towards 1612 MHz OH maser sources*1

This is the second paper in a series aiming at searching for infrared pumping lines for galactic 1612 MHz OH masers. Our paper I is devoted to the 34.6 μm absorption lines in ISO SWS spectra towards a large sample of galactic OH/IR sources. This paper analyzes the 53.3 μm line in the ISO LWS spectra towards a similar sample of OH/IR sources. A search with position radius of 1 arcmin in ISO Data Archive (IDA) results in 137 LWS spectra covering 53.3 μm associated with 47 galactic OH/IR sources and 4 ones associated with megamasers Arp 220 and NGC 253. (These two magamasers are included for comparison purpose only.) Ten of these galactic OH/IR sources are found to show and another 5 ones tentatively show the 53.3 μm absorption while another 7 sources (our group U1 and U2 sources) highly probably do not show this line. The source class is found to be correlated with the type of spectral profile: red supergiants (RSGs) and AGB stars tend to show strong blue-shifted filling emission in their 53.3 μm absorption line profiles while H II regions tend to show a weak red-shifted filling emission in the line profile. GC sources and megamasers mainly show symmetrical profile in the line core while megamasers tend to show an additional absorption tail on the blue side of the line profile. It is argued that the filling emission might be the manifestation of an unresolved half emission half absorption profile of the 53.3 μm doublet which might be produced by the transitions among the two levels: 2Π1/2(J=3/2) and 2Π1/2(J=5/2) and their closely related levels. The 53.3 to 34.6 μm equivalent width (EW) ratio is close to unity for RSGs but much larger than unity for GC sources and megamasers while H II regions only show the 53.3 μm line. The pump rate defined as maser to IR photon flux ratio is approximately 5% for RSGs. The pump rates of GC sources are three order of magnitude smaller. Both the large 53.3 to 34.6 μm EW ratio and the small pump rate of the GC OH masers reflect that the two detected `pumping lines' in these sources are actually of interstellar origin. The pump rate of Arp 220 is 32% – much larger than that of RSGs, which indicates that the contribution of other pumping mechanisms to this megamaser is important. A handful of non-detections of the 34.6 or 53.3 μm line or both can be explained partly by the genuinely weakness of the OH masers and partly by some other mechanisms weakening the IR pumping lines, such as clumpy OH shell or limb filling emission.

Searching for radiative pumping lines of OH masers: II. The 53.3 μm absorption line towards 1612 MHz OH maser sources

This is the second paper in a series aiming at searching for infrared pumping lines for galactic 1612 MHz OH masers. Our paper I is devoted to the 34.6 μm absorption lines in ISO SWS spectra towards a large sample of galactic OH/IR sources. This paper analyzes the 53.3 μm line in the ISO LWS spectra towards a similar sample of OH/IR sources. A search with position radius of 1 arcmin in ISO Data Archive (IDA) results in 137 LWS spectra covering 53.3 μm associated with 47 galactic OH/IR sources and 4 ones associated with megamasers Arp 220 and NGC 253. (These two magamasers are included for comparison purpose only.) Ten of these galactic OH/IR sources are found to show and another 5 ones tentatively show the 53.3 μm absorption while another 7 sources (our group U1 and U2 sources) highly probably do not show this line. The source class is found to be correlated with the type of spectral profile: red supergiants (RSGs) and AGB stars tend to show strong blue-shifted filling emission in their 53.3 μm absorption line profiles while H II regions tend to show a weak red-shifted filling emission in the line profile. GC sources and megamasers mainly show symmetrical profile in the line core while megamasers tend to show an additional absorption tail on the blue side of the line profile. It is argued that the filling emission might be the manifestation of an unresolved half emission half absorption profile of the 53.3 μm doublet which might be produced by the transitions among the two levels: 2 Π 1/2(J=3/2) and 2 Π 1/2(J=5/2) and their closely related levels. The 53.3 to 34.6 μm equivalent width (EW) ratio is close to unity for RSGs but much larger than unity for GC sources and megamasers while H II regions only show the 53.3 μm line. The pump rate defined as maser to IR photon flux ratio is approximately 5% for RSGs. The pump rates of GC sources are three order of magnitude smaller. Both the large 53.3 to 34.6 μm EW ratio and the small pump rate of the GC OH masers reflect that the two detected `pumping lines' in these sources are actually of interstellar origin. The pump rate of Arp 220 is 32% – much larger than that of RSGs, which indicates that the contribution of other pumping mechanisms to this megamaser is important. A handful of non-detections of the 34.6 or 53.3 μm line or both can be explained partly by the genuinely weakness of the OH masers and partly by some other mechanisms weakening the IR pumping lines, such as clumpy OH shell or limb filling emission.

Routes of photocatalytic destruction of chemical warfare agent simulants

Selected imitants of chemical warfare agents such as dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), diethyl phosphoramidate (DEPA), pinacolyl methylphosphonate (PMP), butylaminoethanethiol (BAET) were subjected to photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic treatment in aqueous suspensions of TiO2. Complete conversion of the same mass of imitants to inorganic products was obtained within 600 min for DMMP, DEPA, PMP, but required a longer time for BAET. Sonolysis accelerated photodegradation of DMMP. No degradation was observed without ultraviolet illumination. Final products of degradation were PO43−, CO2 for DMMP and PMP, PO43−, NO3− (25%), NH4+ (75%), CO2 for DEPA, and SO42−, NH4+, CO2 for BAET. The number of main detected intermediate products increases in the order DMMP (7), DEPA (9), PMP (21), and exceeds 34 for BAET. Degradation of DMMP mainly proceeds through consecutive oxidation of methoxy groups and then the methyl group. Dimethyl hydroxymethylphosphonate and dimethylphosphate testify to the parallel oxidation of the methyl group. Destruction of DEPA mainly starts with cleavage of the P–NH2 bond to form diethyl phosphate, which transforms further into ethyl phosphate. Oxidation of α and β carbons of ethoxy groups to form ethylphosphonoamidate, hydroxyethyl ethylphosphonoamidate and other products also contributes to the destruction. Photocatalytic degradation of PMP mainly starts with oxidation of the pinacolyl fragment, methylphosphonic acid and acetone being the major products. Oxidation of BAET begins with dark dimerization to disulfide, which undergoes oxidation of sulfur forming sulfinic and sulfonic acids as well as oxidation of carbons to form butanal, aminobutane, etc., and cyclic products such as 2-propylthiazole. A scheme of degradation was proposed for DMMP and DEPA, and starting routes for PMP and BAET. Quantum efficiencies of complete mineralization calculated as reaction rate to photon flux ratio approximate 10−3%.

ストックの主枝の生長と開花に及ぼす赤色光または遠赤色光と赤色光／遠赤色光比の影響

The effects of red light and far-red light on the main shoot elongation and flowering of long-day plant stock [Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br.] were compared. During the day, plants were covered with the films which convert light quality of sunlight into different red/far-red photon flux ratio, whereas at night the plants were irradiated with compact self-ballasted fluorescent lamps of red or far-red light. Plants exposed to high red/far-red photon flux ratio during the day and red light at night, flowered late and developed short internodes, whereas the opposite occurred on plants grown under low red/far-red photon flux film during the day and irradiated with far-red light at night, i.e., flowering was advanced and internodes were elongated. The same findings were obtained regardless of planting date. However, the contrast between the two lighting conditions was especially apparent between autumn-sown, winter-cultivated plants, and summer-sown, autumn-cultivated plants because temperatures are colder during the winter flowering period. In this experiment, spring-sown, summer-grown plants had shorter internodes and more leaves ; anthesis was advanced compared with plants sown at other times of the year. This finding will contribute to the efficient production of long-day flowering plant because advancing flowering by far-red light improves the utilization of the horticultural facilities by hastening crop turnover and reducing heating costs in winter.

How substantial are ultraviolet-B supplementation inaccuracies in experimental square-wave delivery systems?

Square-wave (SQW) ultraviolet-B (UV-B: 280–315 nm) radiation supplementation systems continue to be used in outdoor experimental locations due to the economically restrictive installation and maintenance costs, and technical expertise required to effectively operate more advanced modulated (MOD) delivery systems. However, continued yet contentious criticisms of SQW delivery systems risk creating prejudices as to the validity of plant responses measured in these with potentially negative repercussions on future UV-B experimentation. Consequently, we quantified the magnitude of UV-B supplementation inaccuracies in our typical outdoor step-wise SQW delivery system using 7-year records of computer-modeled and instrument-measured solar UV-B irradiances and synchronous measurements of total solar (300–3000 nm) radiation and daily sunshine duration. Both broad- and narrow-band instrument measurements confirmed that our step-wise SQW delivery system rendered larger total daily supplemental UV-B exposures (time-integrated UV-B irradiances) than a MOD delivery system on only substantially overcast days (25% or less daily sunshine duration). These larger supplemental UV-B exposures were augmented with increased magnitude of the added artificial UV-B supplement. However, their ranges did not exceed those in a MOD delivery system by more than 10% for added UV-B supplements of realistic magnitude (30% or less above background), except on virtually completely overcast days (5% or less daily sunshine duration). Also, our step-wise SQW delivery system rendered higher photon flux ratios of UV-B/total solar radiation than a MOD delivery system on only substantially overcast days, the ranges of which were also augmented with increased magnitude of the added artificial UV-B supplement. However, these features were restricted to high solar angles, since with reduced solar angle these higher photon flux ratios also included progressively less overcast days. Nevertheless, ranges of photon flux ratio increases were well below reported thresholds inhibiting to plant growth at all solar angles for the added artificial UV-B supplements of realistic magnitude, except on virtually completely overcast days. Results point to an under-estimation of clear-sky UV-B irradiance by the computer-encoded semi-empirical model commonly utilized to predict background and supplemental UV-B irradiances for SQW delivery systems. They confirm the superiority of MOD delivery systems in providing more realistic conditions of UV-B increases but likewise demonstrate little justification on balance for branding results derived from all field-based SQW delivery systems as exaggerated where sensible irradiation protocols and realistic UV-B supplements are applied.

Detection of Rapidly Varying H 2 Emissions in Jupiter's Aurora from the Galileo Orbiter

H 2 band emissions in Jupiter's northern auroral region at 1240 Å were highly variable on time scales of a few seconds in Galileo ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) recorded data from November 5, 1996 (7:25:29 to 7:34:30 spacecraft event time (SCET)) during orbit Callisto-3 (C3). Emission at 1611 Å varied in phase with 1240 Å emission, but was much weaker. The 1240 and 1611 Å variability are evidence that the precipitating particles have a highly variable flux. The estimated 1611 Å/1240 Å photon flux ratio of 1.82±0.07 (after background subtraction) is consistent with auroral penetration of a slant column depth in CH 4 of (3.5±0.2)×10 16 cm −2. UVS observed both the main auroral arc and the polar cap region on the day side. The slit-averaged brightness at 1240 and 1611 Å increased by almost a factor of 2 on two occasions with durations (full-width at half-maximum) of order 100 s. A similar observation of the south polar aurora near the dawn terminator during Galileo orbit Ganymede-8 on May 6, 1997 (13:16:32 to 13:32:42 SCET) found both the 1240 and 1611 Å emissions to be more steady and gradually increasing. The variable 1240 and 1611 Å emissions seen on orbit C3 may be similar to variable polar cap “flares” reported in recent Hubble Space Telescope (HST) ultraviolet images of Jupiter from the new Space Telescope imaging spectrograph.

THE ANALYTICAL MODEL OF SRS IN SINGLE-MODE SILICA FIBER IN DENSITY WAVELENGTH DI VISION MULTIPLEXED OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Assuming that the Raman gain profile of silica is a linear function, the authors have given analytic solutions of N-channel stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) st eady-state coupling wave equation. Considering the SRS cross coupling among the N-channels, the analytic solutions are applicable to systems with arbitrary chan nel separation and input light power. Theory shows, that the ratio of photon flu xes between arbitrary two channels is a base-e exponential function of the effct ive fibre length, the total input photon fluxes, and the Raman gain coefficient between the two channels. Finally, the analytic solution is compared with the nu merical one, both are in good agreement with each other.

Effects of Blue Light and Red Light on Kidney Bean Plants Grown under Combined Radiation from Narrow-Band Light Sources.

Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were grown at different levels of blue and red light under broad-spectrum radiation over 12 d. Using four kinds of narrow-band fluorescent lamps, blue or red light was increased at the same levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (100μmol m-2 s-1) and red to far-red photon flux ratio (R: FR; 1.1) . Increases in both blue and red light caused increases in total dry matter, but also quite different dry matter distribution. Increasing blue light did not have a significant influence on leaf area but caused a large decrease in stem length. On the other hand, increasing red light caused both increases in leaf area and a small, but consistent, increase in stem length. The data suggest that increases in total dry matter are due to increases in dry matter production per unit leaf area in the case of increasing blue light, and on the other hand, due to increases in leaf area in the case of increasing red light. Besides the growth response caused by R : FR, the results indicate that increases in blue light cause great inhibition of stem extension and thickening of leaf, while increases in red light at constant R : FR accelerates both stem extension and leaf expansion without modifying leaf thickness.

分光特性の異なるランプでの長日処理がブドウ「ピオーネ」の新梢生長に及ぼす影響

The effect of long-day treatment with five lamps of different spectral characteristics on shoot growth of one-year-old own-rooted 'Pione' grapevines was investigated. Photon flux density (PFD) in each wavelength of physiologically active radiation (300-800 nm), red light (R, 600-700 nm), and far-red light (FR, 700-800 nm) emitted from the following five lamps : silica, blue-light, white-light, homolux (for plant growing) and red-light were determined. All lamps were lit just before sunset and daylength was prolonged to 16 hr for 11 weeks as from mid- August. Shoot elongation, number of nodes and leaf area per shoot, were significantly larger in vines exposed to lamps of homolux, red-light and silica as compared to the control vines, which were grown under natural daylength. Shoot growth of vines exposed to the white-light lamp was intermediate between those exposed to homolux and natural daylength, whereas in vines exposed to the blue-light lamp grew almost as well as the control vines. PFD (μmol·m-2·s-1) within the wavelength of red light of homolux, red-light and silica lamps were 0.157, 0.506 and 0.703, respectively. Nevertheless, these 3 lamps promoted shoot growth. PFD of red light emitted from the white-light and homolux lamps was almost the same, but white-light lamp had no peak at 660nm. R/FR (600-700 nm/700-800 nm) photon flux ratios also differed among the lamps, ranging from 0.50 to 19.46. Based on the results, the relationship between shoot growth of grapevines and spectral characteristics of each lamp is discussed in Japanese.

Influence of Covering Material and Shading on the Spectral Distribution of Light in Greenhouses

The solar photon flux distribution was measured in the range from 400 to 1100 nm under a twin-span glasshouse and under the same glasshouse with blanked roof, external shading net and internal aluminized shade-screen. Measurements were also carried out under a twin-span polyethylene greenhouse, a multi-span greenhouse with fibreglass and a polyethylene tunnel. For each greenhouse configuration, the measured solar photon flux spectra were used to calculate the solar transmission for the photosynthetically active radiation waveband (PAR), from 400 to 700 nm, the near infrared waveband (NIR), from 700 to 1100 nm, and the whole waveband (TOTAL), from 400 to 1100 nm. Other parameters having a physiological interest were also determined: the broadband PAR to TOTAL photon flux ratio and PAR to NIR photon flux ratio; and the morphogenesis-related parameters, such as the red to far red photon flux ratio, the phytochrome equilibrium, the relative cycling rate, the blue to red photon flux ratio and the blue to far red photon flux ratio. The results provided a better insight on the quantitative and qualitative properties of the light environment under each greenhouse configuration. Some significant differences in the values of blue light quality related parameters were found between greenhouses. Minor changes were observed on the PAR:TOTAL and PAR:NIR photon flux ratios, but indicated that glass and blanking tend to enrich the PAR content of the transmitted light, while the two plastic cover materials have the opposite effect, enriching the NIR content. These results stressed the need for a more precise characterization of modifications in light quality induced by greenhouse materials or shading devices as plant photosynthetic and photomorphogenetic responses may be significantly influenced by these modifications.

赤色光／遠赤色光光量子比の変更により生長促進および抑制されたキュウリ苗の水分状態

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings were subjected to altered red/far-red photon flux ratio to investigate how it affected their growth and water status. Stem elongation of seedlings was hastened when exposed to the 0.73 of red/far-red photon flux ratio but it was inhibited when the ratio was 1.88. The growth-induced water potential between the regions of elongation and maturation of the seedlings grown under the ratio of 0.73 was 0.09 MPa. However, the growth-induced water potential was 0.03 MPa when seedlings were grown under ratio 1.88.

Solar energy conversion using dye-sensitised liquid|liquid interfaces

A novel approach to solar energy conversion is presented on the basis of photoinduced heterogeneous electron transfer at polarised interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions. Preliminary studies at the water|1,2-dichloroethane interface sensitised by water-soluble zinc porphyrin heterodimers exhibited conversion efficiencies around 0.1%, corresponding to a photocurrent to absorbed photon flux ratio close to unity. The conversion efficiency is increased in the presence of redox couples acting as supersensitiser in the aqueous phase. The characteristic power relationship for these interfaces is also presented, and the possibility of solar cells where no solid electrodes are directly involved in the photogeneration and transport of charge carriers is envisaged.

HIGH-RESOLUTION OPTICAL SPECTRA OF THE HEAD OF THE COMET C/1996 B2 (HYAKUTAKE)

ABSTRACT On 23 and 27 March 1996, we obtained high-resolution (R ≃ 26,000) échelle spectra by manually guiding on the head of Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake). The two spectra cover different but slightly overlapping sets of 9 disjoint 70-Å regions of the green, yellow, and red. The continuum signal-to-noise ratio is in the range 40--100 per spectral resolution element. We used line lists from the standard astronomical literature to identify lines of [O I], Na I, C2, NH2, CN, and H2O+, we unsuccessfully sought evidence for CO+, and we obtained upper limits on HCO line strengths. In addition, we used laboratory data to make new identifications, by wavelength coincidence only, of lines of NH2. For the lines that remain unidentified, we have listed measured wavelengths and relative fluxes, in order to aid future efforts at identification. Our spectra include the green and one of the red lines of [O I], and the indicated photon flux ratio of λ 5577 / (λ 6300 + λ 6364) is in the range 0.12 to 0.16, consistent with formation of the excited O atoms from photodissociation of H2O.

４波長域発光形蛍光ランプがヒマワリ実生の気孔特性，蒸散速度，光合成速度におよぼす影響

Sunflower seedlings (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Russian Mammoth) were grown under two different lamps of a 4-band fluorescent lamp with a red/far-red photon flux ratio (R/FR) of 1.10 and a 3-band fluorescent lamp with a R/FR of 12.5. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was kept at 160μmol m-2 s-1 in both treatments. The stomatal density and stomatal aperture were measured with a microscope after 6 days of treatment. After 7 days of treatment, the stomatal conductance was measured with a porometer. Then the transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate were also measured under a metalhalide lamp, when PPFD was kept at 300 μmol m-2 s-1. Compared with the 3-band fluorescent lamp, the plants grown under the 4-band fluorescent lamp increased in top fresh weight, top dry weight and shoot length for the sunflower. The stomatal density and stomatal aperture increased for plants grown under the 4-band fluorescent lamp. The stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate of the plants grown under the 4-band fluorescent lamp were greater than under the 3-band. In this study, we found that FR radiation affected the features of the stomata, and as a result, increased the transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate.

自然光の赤色光／遠赤色光光量子束比を変化させる植物成長制御被覆材の開発 （２） ヒマワリおよびキャベツ実生の伸長および成長におよぼす効果

Three growth cabinets were constructed using the following PMMA (poly-methyl methacrylate) as covering materials: 1) Red light (R) interceptor (R-intercepting dyestuff added) . 2) Normal (no dyestuff added) . 3) Far-red light (FR) interceptor (FR-intercepting dyestuff added) . R/FR (600-700/700-800 nm) photon flux ratios in R-intercepted, normal (control) and FR-intercepted cabinets were 0.53, 1.16 and 1.50 respectively. The seedlings of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Russian Mammoth) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. cv. Suehiro Kanran) were cultivated in the cabinets under the same conditions of PPFD and other environmental factors. For both kinds of plants, elongation of the seedlings were significantly promoted in the R-intercepted cabinet, and inhibited in the FR-intercepted cabinet, compared with the seedling in the normal cabinet. Slight changes were also observed in other morphological characteristics. After ten days of treatment in their respective cabinets, the sunflower seedlings were transplanted into a natural greenhouse, and it was shown that they gradually recovered to the same growth state as under the control treatment. The experimental result suggested that these covering materials would be effective in controlling plant elongation in greenhouse cultivation for many kinds of crops.

自然光の赤色光／遠赤色光光量子束比を変化させる植物成長制御用被覆材の開発 （１） 被覆材の設計

自然光の赤色光／遠赤色光光量子束比を変化させる植物成長制御用被覆材の開発 （１） 被覆材の設計

Infrared photodetector with electromagnetic carrier depletion

A method is presented for thermal noise reduction in a near room-temperature intrinsic IR photodetector. The method is based on suppression of the Auger generation-recombination processes using the electro-magnetic carrier depletion (EMCD) of a narrow gap semiconductor. The device is a lightly doped narrow gap semiconductor flake with a high backside surface recombination velocity, supplied with electrical contact band and placed in a magnetic field. Due to the action of the Lorentz force most of the device depletes charge carriers, which results in suppression of the Auger generation and recombination processes. As a result, the I-V characteristic becomes nonlinear, exhibiting regions of high positive and negative resistance. Thermal noise can be dramatically reduced, leading to a substantial improvement in performance. The ultimate detection may be determined either by background radiation or by Shockley-Read generation, depending on the ratio of the background photon flux to the recombination center concentration. Near-BLIP performance is predicted for 10.6-μm (Hg, Cd) Te devices, prepared from high-quality materials and operated at 225-250 K.