Photography Industry Research Articles

Competition and the Politics of War: The Global Photography Industry, c. 1910–60

How did the politics of war affect competition in the global photography industry c. 1910–1960? This article presents the development of the photography industry from the First World War to the start of the Cold War through a comparative, contextualized analysis of major companies in the United States, Germany and Japan. This analysis demonstrates that war and post-war policies are integral to understand the modern photography industry. By the First World War, Kodak (US) was a first mover in photographic film, while Germany dominated in chemicals and optics. After the Second World War, the vast US market was opened to West Germany and Japan in order to build them up as key allies. Post-war policies allowed Japan to compete globally. Meanwhile, the first mover, Kodak, benefited from Big Science. Success in the photography industry, while not a direct military outcome, was deeply affected by conflict, its impact and post-war policies.

A typology of technological change: Technological paradigm theory with validation and generalization from case studies

Shifts in technological paradigms simultaneously disrupt existing industrial organization and raise opportunities for entrepreneurial companies. However, research on technological innovation centers the development of new technological solutions, while largely neglecting changes in customer problems or needs. This paper develops a typology for use as an analytical framework covering technological innovations and variations in market demand. The typology is then applied to the photographic industry, specifically the development of digital imaging technologies which disrupted existing film material and chemistry technologies in a paradigm shift from analog film to digital cameras. Taking a systematic view of product technologies, the typology identifies seven types of technological changes during the photography industry's process of digitalization. Case studies show that disruption of incumbent competencies can be attributed to the interactive effects of technological innovations and variations to market demand. Adaptive strategies corresponding to the identified types of technological changes are reported and discussed. The proposed typology is designed as a generic framework and is validated using an additional set of case studies from the media industrial sector.

INNOVATION APPROACHES FOR OLD PRODUCTS REVITALISATION AFTER TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE: THE RISE OF TECHNOLOGY REVERSE

Incumbent companies sometimes innovate and attempt to revitalise old technology-based products, in decline after technological change, by improvements of their technical performance and/or extensions of their lifetime into the market. The name of this innovation approach is "sailing ship effect," the acceleration of innovation in the old technology in response to the threat from the new. However, in theory firms could achieve revitalisation even by an alternative innovation approach based on the development of completely new products. The article reports an illustrative case study: the innovation approach of some of the main incumbent organisations in photography industry after the emergence of digital cameras. In this case, incumbent companies developed and launched film scanners, new technology-based products aimed at supporting users of old analog cameras after the rise of digital imaging. The article contributes to the extant literature about innovation approaches for old products' revitalisation by analysing how established firms can achieve this goal with completely new technological products. The approach of technology reverse is proposed.

Sites of "Disconnectedness": The Port City of Yokohama, Souvenir Photography, and its Audience

Photography and East Asian ports formed an inextricably tight relationship during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Initially launched by Western photographers, photography in East Asian treaty ports captured exotic customs and landscapes of East Asia and was an indispensable part of the newly emerging culture of port cities. In Japan, the tourist photography industry was established in the mid-nineteenth century at treaty ports and flourished as an ever growing industry until the beginning of the twentieth century. Catering exclusively to the non-Japanese audience in the West, this photographic industry cultivated a parallel image culture to the indigenous photography scene with its distinctive iconographic repertoire and its particular visual aesthetics. Conditioned by transport technologies, the profile of the foreign clientele of this image industry was never monolithic, and experienced a radical shift in the course of its history, especially since the rise of the globetrotter tourism in the early 1870s. This very fact invites us to question how tourist photography as a commercial commodity responded to its changing circumstances and how the industry’s reaction was reflected in its visual imagination. My analysis focuses on clarifying the complex web of movements of people (photographers, customers of photographic images) in port cities and visual products (photography) within the context of the port city tourist industry, showing how this dynamic was embodied in the intricate strategy of its photographic imaginations. By taking the tourist photography industry in Yokohama as an example, this paper illustrates how it was launched as a business emblematic of nineteenth-century European and American entrepreneurship in East Asia, and how it developed a unique image culture that spread from the port city of Yokohama to Europe, the US, and Australia. It also looks into its visual language and illuminate how this commercial image industry consciously related its geographical, historical, economic, and cultural specificity to its visual products. By doing so, I aim to demonstrate that photography, in this regard, proves to be a cultural artifact mirroring complex interconnections taking place in the nineteenth-century port city of Yokohama.

Memaksimalkan Fotografi untuk Desain Web

Article aims at looking clearly about the development of photography industry in the Internet world in general and in web design ini specific. Article discussed how the development of the needs of photography since the early beginning of web 1.0 to the advanced development of downloading process. Without limitation, there will be guarantee that there are lots of web designer having free mind to design different and intriguing web page.

Innovation for old products, corporate strategy, and technology reverse

Purpose of the study . The main aim of this article is to discuss the main implications of technology reverse for corporate strategy of firms. In particular, the article analyses of this approach can lead to competitive advantage in specific niches or segments of the old technology-based market. Methodology . In order to support the discussion, the paper reports a summary of the implementation of this approach in the photography industry by the development of film scanners after the emergence of digital cameras (Schiavone, 2013a; Schiavone, 2013b). Findings . The main finding of the study is that the technology reverse can be a successful innovation approach for corporate strategy of firms as long these organisations are able to match and integrate old and new technology and satisfy effectively the needs of old technology customers. Research limits . A stronger empirical research (e.g. by a multiple case-study approach) is needed in order to assess better the validity, the boundaries and core concepts of the innovation approach here discussed. Practical implications . Managers willing to adopt technology reverse have to inscribe as best as possible this approach within the corporate innovations’ portfolio. To this end, a key managerial task is to find a proper balancing of the organisational resources between the various types of innovation approaches (attempting or not to revitalise old products) carried out by the firm. Originality of the study . The paper contributes to literature by describing the impact and implications of a new approach for the innovation of old technology-based products on the corporate strategy of firms.

A survey on automatic techniques for enhancement and analysis of digital photography

Abstract The fast growth in the consumer digital photography industry during the past decade has led to the acquisition and storage of large personal and public digital collections containing photos with different quality levels and redundancy, among other aspects. This naturally increased the difficulty in selecting or modifying those photos. Within the above context, this survey focuses on systematically reviewing the state-of-art on techniques for the enhancement and analysis of digital photos. Nevertheless, it is not within the scope of this survey to review image quality metrics for evaluating degradation due to compression, digital sensor noise, and affine issues. Assuming the photos have good quality in those aspects, this review is centered on techniques that might be useful to automate the task of selecting photos from large collections or to enhance the visual aspect of imperfect photos by using some perceptual measure.

Images, ideologies, and commodities: the French colonial postcard industry in Morocco

At the height of French overseas activity, the invention of the picture postcard established a new type of commodity to be mass‐produced and distributed throughout the metropole and the colonies. In addition to the many pro‐colonial postcards circulated by the photography industry, postcard producers created a variety of images and accompanying captions that included ambiguous and anti‐colonial messages. Postcards demonstrating the violence inherent in the colonial project corresponded with the growth in anti‐colonial movements in the Arab world and Europe and contributed to the expanding feelings of uncertainty over the civilizing mission. Photographers such as Marcelin Flandrin acted as entrepreneurs more concerned with profits than the message they conveyed and produced images that both supported and questioned the French presence in Morocco. At the same time, officials in the French government attempted to censor those photographs and postcards that did not correspond with their official narrative of pacification and civilization.

Dynamic or Static Capabilities? Process Management Practices and Response to Technological Change*

Whether and how organizations adapt to changes in their environments has been a prominent theme in organization and strategy research. Within this research, there is controversy about whether organizational routines hamper or facilitate adaptation. Organizational routines give rise to inertia but are also the vehicles for change in recent work on dynamic capabilities. This rising interest in routines in research coincides with an increase in management practices focused on organizational routines and processes. This study explores how the increasing use of process management practices affected organizational response to a major technological change through new product developments. The empirical setting is the photography industry over a decade, during the shift from silver‐halide chemistry to digital technology. The advent and rise of practices associated with the new ISO 9000 certification program in the 1990s coincided with increasing technological substitution in photography, allowing for assessing how increasing attention to routines through ISO 9000 practices over time affected ongoing responsiveness to the technological change. The study further compares the effects for the incumbent firms in the existing technology with nonincumbent firms entering from elsewhere. Relying on longitudinal panel data models as well as hazard models, findings show that greater process management practices dampened response to new generations of digital technology, but this effect differed for incumbents and nonincumbents. Increasing use of process management practices over time had a greater negative effect on incumbents' response to the rapid technological change. The study contributes to research in technological change by highlighting specific management practices that may create disconnects between firms' capabilities and changing environments and disadvantage incumbents in the face of radical technological change. This research also contributes to literature on organizational routines and capabilities. Studying the effects of increasing ISO 9000 practices undertaken in firms provides an opportunity to gauge the effects of systematic routinization of organizational activities and their effects on adaptation. This research also contributes to management practice. The promise of process management is to help firms adapt to changing environments, and, as such, managers facing technological change may adopt process management practices as a response to uncertainty and change. But managers must more fully understand the potential benefits and risks of process management to ensure these practices are used in the appropriate contexts.

Stock Images, Filler Content and the Ambiguous Corporate Message

Stock Images, Filler Content and the Ambiguous Corporate Message

Putting Local Knowledge to Work in International Markets: The Valuable Role of the Impartial Third Party Negotiator

The objective of this paper is to analyze how deep familiarity with an industry can be made essential for successful globalization. The main actor analyzed in this paper, Kinji Moriyama, was a photography 'maniac' who used proven negotiation and diplomatic skills to help smooth the path to mutually-beneficial globalization of the photography industry over the post-WWII. Moriyama's deep knowledge of the photography industry won him the confidence of industry leaders. Later, Moriyama was appointed director of a third-party non-governmental organization, the JCII, charged with inspecting exported photography goods. Over the years, he put his negotiation and diplomacy skills to use in efforts to expand exports to the United States and European markets. In this paper, extensive data on the photography industry is employed to develop a theoretical framework from the negotiation, strategy and management literature. The key finding is that local knowledge of the industry, in this case Moriyama's deep familiarity with the industry, was fundamental to the smooth growth and globalization of the industry. The main lesson for management is that skilled - and impartial - allies can play a vital role in helping to avoid costly disputes thereby providing benefits to many.

The Effect of Innovation and Technological Change on Information Flows, Authority and Industry Associations in Japan

How did innovation and technological change affect information flows and the degree of legitimacy afforded authorities such as industry associations? In this paper, six cases from the photography industry are analyzed over time. The findings indicate first that changes in innovation affected information flows and the degree of legitimacy afforded authorities such as industry associations. Second, in response to changes spurred by technological innovation, the legitimacy of authority that was lost could be regained.

Digital restoration of defocused images in the wavelet domain.

Many cameras nowadays are equipped with an autofocus mechanism that attempts to take pictures at the best possible focus. However, there are situations in which the pictures are still out of focus, such as when the photographer has mistakenly focused at a wrong position or when the focusing region consists of objects of different depths and therefore confuses the autofocus system. With a digital camera, we can attempt to use digital image-restoration techniques to bring the pictures back into focus. We design an algorithm that restores the image by digitally enhancing the corresponding frequency bands. We employ the restoration in the wavelet domain so that this restoration scheme can be compliant with JPEG 2000, which is positioned to succeed JPEG as the next image-compression standard and has the potential to be widely adopted by the digital photography industry owing to its many advanced features.

Usability as a Hidden Dimension of Quality

As the products which innovated usability have succeeded in the market, the usability of products is now considered as a new dimension of product design. This paper deals with the following questions: How has usability been embedded in the design and development of products? In the usability context, why have some breakthrough products succeeded commercially and others failed? What should be learned from the successes and the failures? For the purpose of discussing these questions, the photography industry was examined and the results were used as an illustration of the important points.

Japanese High Technology Investments in East Asia: The Case of the Photography Industry

Pacific FocusVolume 14, Issue 1 p. 159-183 Japanese High Technology Investments in East Asia: The Case of the Photography Industry Patricia A. Nelson, Patricia A. NelsonSearch for more papers by this author Patricia A. Nelson, Patricia A. NelsonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 02 October 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1976-5118.1999.tb00227.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume14, Issue1March 1999Pages 159-183 RelatedInformation

Characterization of colloidal materials by cryo-TEM

Many researchers develop products and processes that depend upon colloidal materials. Rheological and other important material parameters are influenced by the morphology of the colloid. The photography industry uses many such colloids including silver halide sols, photographic coupler sols and emulsions surfactants, and gelatin solutions and gels. High-resolution direct electron images of these systems in their native states permit photographic scientists to understand how changes in formulation produce changes in microstructure and, ultimately, to understand the photographic performance of the system.We prepare thin biconcave liquid films spanning the holes in a perforated carbon film supported by an electron microscope grid (see Fig 1). To prevent changes in composition of the colloid caused by evaporation, the films are prepared in an environmental chamber and are propelled through a trap door into a container of liquid ethane. The specimen is cooled at a rate sufficient to prevent crystallization of water. When maintained below -150 °C, these specimens are stable and compatible with the high vacuuary of the electron microscope.

Precious metals: The fundamental determinants of their price behaviour

This paper analyses the fundamental factors that determine price developments in the markets for gold, silver and platinum. The distinguishing features characterizing each of the metals are brought out. The factors analysed include: the central role of South Africa and the USSR in the mine supply of gold and platinum; the overwhelming importance of the photography industry and catalytic automobile converters in the demand for silver and platinum; and the use of precious metals for investment and hoarding. In the case of gold, the inventory owners wield a far greater influence than any other factors that affect that market.

Declining Quality of B&W Infrared Aerial Photography -- And What to Do about It

Abstract Adoption by the aerial photography industry of automated electronic dodging and printing techniques, associated with a shift to low-contrast negatives to suit photogrammetric applications, has seriously impaired the tonal contrast essential to medium-scale black and white infrared forest photography. In comparisons of various types of 1:15, 840 coverage of a representative forested area, experienced interpreters agreed that tonal quality of photography conventionally provided in Minnesota could be improved by using a Zeiss C filter, holding film exposure slightly below normal, processing to a contrasty negative, and printing on medium contrast paper.

Promosi jasa berbasis daring oleh elsphotography sub melalui instagram

Interactive media allows a reciprocal flow of information that allows users to participate and modify the contents of the information at that moment (Real time). This interactive ability is also owned by social networks like Facebook, Instagram and other social networks, this is what makes online media superior. Instagram is so quick to adapt to the development of this popular technology that is an added value for Instagram that is complete with chat features and active user status to be a facility that can turn on this social networking site. Instagram is also accessed via mobile or tablet, therefore Instagram is utilized as a very effective and very efficient marketing communication medium. Elsphotographysub is one of the photo shooters who use Instagram as a marketing communication service. Various strategies have been carried out to maintain the existence of competition in the photography industry which is currently in view of the market which is very potential in an effort to promote services widely. Although not too large, but Elsphotographysub has been well known by this audience as evidenced by the achievement of 1,311 Instagram users who have followed the Elsphotographysub diagram as of January 23, 2020 and for some people who have used Elsphotographysub services.
 Keywords: elsphotographysub; instagram; services; marketing.