Photograph Of Person Research Articles

Individual differences in fear and autonomic reactions to affective stimulation.

ABSTRACTKlorman et al. (1975) found that mutilation‐fearful persons reacted with heart rate speeding to mutilation slides and to neutral stimuli. The within‐subject design of that study suggested that these paradoxical reactions to neutral slides may have been due to subjects' anticipation of phobic materials. In the present work, 84 female subjects, categorized by a standardized questionnaire as high or low in fear of mutilation, viewed one of three types of slides: 1) mutilated bodies; 2) persons and objects in incongruous or humorous poses; or 3) standard photographs of persons, objects, and landscapes. Mutilation materials evoked cardiac acceleration and high subjective tension in fearful subjects vs bradycardia and moderate tension in low‐fear subjects. Neutral and incongruous slides prompted similar reactions from both fear groups: heart rate deceleration and low tension. Low‐fear subjects shown mutilation slides tended to exceed the groups receiving nonaversive stimulation in magnitude of cardiac deceleration. Extensive analyses of respiratory activity showed that these differential heart rate reactions were not attributable to breathing. Mutilation stimuli evoked greater skin conductance responses than nonaversive slides, but there were no electrodermal differences as a function of fear relevance. The lawful relationship uncovered in the present research between cardiac reactions and individual differences in fear supports our suggestion that anticipation may have played a role in our earlier work.

Expression of Owner-Owned Relationships among Holophrastic 14- to 32-Month-Old Children

RODGON, MARIS MONITZ, and RASHMAN, SUE E. Expression of Owner-Owned Relationships among Holophrastic 14to 32-Month-Old Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1976, 47, 1219-1222. 24 children age 14 to 32 months were shown a series of photographs of familiar and unfamiliar objects and persons in order to determine the frequency of owner naming and other expressions of possession. Only 7 subjects correctly named the owner of a pictured familiar object. Owner naming occurred mainly in response to pictures of the child's parent's possessions. 'Other indicators of possession were used, but by different children or in different situations. Children who used any indicator of possession were more successful on an object permanence task than were those who did not. Object naming was a much more frequent phenomenon than owner naming, but owner namers tended not to name objects whose owners were unknown to them.

JUDGMENTS OF CHRONOLOGICAL AGE: ADULT AGE AND SEX DIFFERENCES1

ABSTRACTSamples of college‐age and elderly males and females made chronological age estimates from head‐and‐shoulder photographs of stimulus persons of both sexes and of widely varying ages. These estimates were found to vary as a function of the age and sex of the judge and the stimulus person. For both male and female photo sets, older Ss and male Ss manifested less variance than younger Ss and female Ss in judging age. These differences were partially attributable to a strong tendency for older Ss and male Ss to offer higher age estimates for the younger stimulus persons. No consistent age and sex differences were observed for chronological age estimates of the older stimulus persons. However, an inflection area was obtained (for photos approximately 25 to 35 years of age) beyond which the higher age estimates of older and male Ss ceased to hold. Gaps in the distribution of age judgments provided by older and younger Ss offered clues to the possible cognitive mechanisms at work. Relevance of the research to principles of social judgment is discussed.

The effects of interpersonal affect on errors made when reconstructing a stimulus display

Replacement distance errors made while reconstructing a stimulus display were examined as a function of the affective relationship existing between the stimuli As expected photographs of persons highly liked were placed closer to a photo of self than were photographs of persons not highly liked Stimulus pairs of highly liked persons were also placed closer than pairs involving one person high and one low in liking. There was some suggestion that female stimuli result in more proximate placement than male stimuli.

News Interpretation in the Junior High School

How can we, in the few months ahead, give to the pupils who are in junior high school techniques and suggestions that will aid them to gain the most from their reading of the newspapers and their listening to the radio? If pupils can be given definite training in the interpretation of news as it is portrayed in various forms in newspapers and can have guidance in listening to news over the radio, they will develop habits which will prove advantageous in daily living. In the writer's classes a study of the following methods of disseminating news has been effective: the news article; the photograph of a person; the radio; the picture of an event; the map, graph, diagram, and chart; and the cartoon. Any of these may be chosen for first consideration by the class.

Natives of South Australia

THE seventh expedition, organised by the Board for Anthropological Research of the University of Adelaide, in conjunction with the South Australian Museum, has just returned from Ernabella, situated at the eastern end of the Musgrave Ranges and not far distant from the reserve for aborigines in the north-west of South Australia. Much of the expense incurred was defrayed from a fund received from the Rockefeller Foundation and administered by the Australian National Research Council. For two months previously, Dr. C. Hackett and Mr. N. B. Tindale had travelled on camels through the Musgrave Ranges and on to the Mann Ranges, studying the habits of the aborigines and following them in their daily pursuits. These two joined the main party in August, when an intensive survey of nearly a hundred natives, most of them as yet untouched by civilisation, was undertaken. Standard measurements, fifty-three in number, were made on each of 61 individuals by Drs. H. Gray and C. Hackett. Full-face and profile photographs of these same persons and a number of special photographs were secured, and about 2,000 feet of cinematograph films, portraying ceremonies and incidents in the daily life of the natives, were exposed.