Photographic Industry Research Articles

Synthesis and Functionalization of 5‐Substituted Tetrazoles

AbstractTetrazoles are synthetic heterocycles with numerous applications in organic chemistry, coordination chemistry, the photographic industry, explosives, and, in particular, medicinal chemistry. In organic chemistry, 5‐substituted tetrazoles are used as advantageous intermediates in the synthesis of other heterocycles and as activators in oligonucleotide synthesis. In drug design, 5‐monosubstituted tetrazoles are the most important tetrazole derivatives because they represent non‐classical bioisosteres of carboxylic acids, with similar acidities but higher lipophilicities and metabolic resistance. In this review we focus on the preparation and further functionalization of these heterocycles. Firstly, the role of 5‐substituted tetrazoles in medicinal chemistry is described, including examples of their effects on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and metabolism of the associated drugs. Then, the main synthetic approaches to 5‐substituted tetrazoles – consisting of methods based on acidic media/proton catalysis, Lewis acids, and organometallic or organosilicon azides – are presented, from the early procedures to the most recent ones, with special attention paid to the reaction mechanisms. Functionalization of 5‐substituted tetrazoles is a challenging task because it usually leads to the formation of two isomers, 1,5‐ and 2,5‐disubstituted tetrazoles, in various ratios. In this overview, reactions with high or unusual regioselectivities are described, with comments on the possible mechanisms. Microwave‐assisted approaches to the synthesis and functionalization of 5‐substituted tetrazoles are also included.

Isolation and Molecular Characterisation of Alkaline Protease Producing Bacillus thuringiensis

Proteases are of particular interest because of their action on insoluble keratin substrates and generally on a broad range of protein substrates. Proteases are one of the most important groups of industrial enzymes used in detergent, protein, brewing, meat, photographic, leather, dairy, pharmaceutical and food industry. In the present study, the organism isolated from the protein rich soil sample was identified by biochemical and molecular characterisation as Bacillus thuringiensis and further optimum conditions for alkaline protease synthesis were determined. The growth conditions for B. thuringiensis was optimised by inoculating into yeast extract casein medium at different pH and incubating at different temperatures. The maximum protease production occurred at pH 8 and at 37 °C. B. thuringiensis showed proteolytic activity at various culture conditions. Optimum conditions for the protease activity were found to be 47 °C and pH 8. In the later stage, the blood removing action of crude and partially purified protease was found to be effective within 25 min in the presence of commercial detergents indicating the possible use of this enzyme in detergent industry. Enzyme also showed good activity against hair substrate keratin and can be used for dehairing.

Synthesis, Magnetic Properties and Catalytic Activity of Hierarchical Cobalt Microflowers

A simple one pot synthesis method for the silver catalyzed growth of pure hexagonal close packed cobalt by the reduction of cobalt salt using hydrazine hydrate in the presence of triethanolamine (TEA), diethanolamine (DEA) and ethylene glycol (EG) as capping agents at 90 degrees C within 10 min has been reported. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the product prepared in the presence of capping agents show the formation of the well defined porous flowery architecture originating from the interlinked 2D wavy nanoflakes. When the same reaction is performed in the absence of any capping agent, the agglomeration of the flakes of cobalt with irregular spherical morphology is observed. The effect of the reaction conditions on the size and the shape of the products have also been studied. Vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) shows, that the products are ferromagnetic in nature irrespective of the capping agents used and possess high value of coercivity, when prepared in the absence of any capping agent. These cobalt microflowers have also been proved as an alternative to the other available expensive catalysts (Au, Ag, Pt) in the room temperature production of p-aminophenol for its applications in pharmaceutical, photographic and plastic industries.

Efficient decolorization/degradation of aqueous azo dyes using buffered H2O2 oxidation catalyzed by a dosage below ppm level of chloroperoxidase

The decolorization/degradation of aqueous azo dyes generated by textile photography industries are a main issue in wastewater treatment. Despite many significant efforts and numerous systems have been exploited, the problem is still unsolved due to intrinsically low activity or use of non-convenient chemical reagents. Biodegradation appears to be one of the most efficient ways, however, the initial step of biotransformation usually involves a reductive cleavage of the azo bond, which under anaerobic conditions leads to the formation of aromatic amines known to be carcinogenic. This study shows that applying an oxidative process of H2O2 catalyzed by chloroperoxidase (CPO) for decolorization/degradation of aqueous azo dyes (Orange G and Sunset Yellow) in buffer solution is a very efficient system. The effect of initial pH, dosage of enzyme, H2O2 concentration, reaction temperature and time, and suitable initial dye concentration on the decolorization efficiency were investigated in detail and optimized accordingly. At optimum reaction condition, the decolorization efficiency of Orange G reached 98.72% in 5min, and 77.25% in 10min for Sunset Yellow. The dosage of CPO was below ppm level. This enzymatic reaction is an ideal potential alternative for application on decolorization/degradation of aqueous azo dyes.Furthermore, the elucidation of degradation pathways is of special interest considering healthy and environmental priorities. In this work, LC–MS was used to determine the structures of intermediates arising from Orange G by CPO–H2O2 oxidation. Eight transformation products were identified and two types of cleavage were proposed for the degradation pathway.

Acute Thallium Poisoning: Series of Ten Cases

Thallium is a heavy metal used in cement, optical items, jewelry, electronic, and photographic industries. Thallium is colorless, water-soluble, and tasteless; therefore, it often passes unnoticed. It is extremely poisonous, and the lethal dose is estimated to be 10–15 mg/kg [1]. Thallium is excreted in breast milk and can cross the placental barrier [2]. Despite fetal complications ranging from severe toxicity and permanent deficit to normal development, the only consistent effect was increased risk of prematurity and low birth weight [3]. Acute thallium poisoning is usually due to ingestion of the salts, while chronic toxicity usually occurs by means of inhalation or skin absorption mostly secondary to chronic occupational exposure. In 2008, two Iraqi families of 11 members developed symptoms after consuming variable amounts of cake that was prepared by a local bakery. The source and the way of thallium contamination of the cake were unknown. The family members were admitted to a local hospital and were suspected to have thallium poisoning based on their clinical presentation. The Poison Laboratory in Baghdad detected thallium in specimens taken from the patients and the contaminated cake. The patients were transferred to the Specialty Hospital in Amman, Jordan once the diagnosis was established because the antidote was not available in Iraq. The duration between poisoning and arrival to the specialty hospital in Jordan was 5–7 days. One patient died in Iraq before being referred to our hospital, and therefore, was not included in the study. The purpose of this series is to report the signs, symptoms, and laboratory abnormalities caused by thallium toxicity, and to describe the clinical course, management, and the outcome of the illness. The hospital’s ethical committee approves reporting this case series, and the consents were collected from the patients and their guardians.

Operative limits of curtain coating due to edges

Multilayer curtain coating has been used for more than 50 years in photographic industry for large volume production. The leading experts in multilayer curtain coating technology of the photographic industry have looked in detail at a high number of operative limits, in order to assure the efficiency, productivity and quality of their production. The study of the coating window gives the basic knowledge needed to establish the specifications for a multilayer curtain plant. The knowledge of possible coating defects is the second step required to successfully use a multilayer curtain coating line. The use of a coating line for a wide range of products, having a large spectrum of rheology properties and coating thicknesses, is very often the case. Often the edges and their design are neglected or were forgotten. Even if long term experiences did show that edge effects strongly influence the productivity of such a coating line by creating quality problems and inducing running stop's, the knowledge on edge effects are often poor. Theory on edge profile of curtain coating is summarized and methods to analyse edge issues in production are presented. An example of real industrial edge issue in production is highlighted.

Swedish Inventor Sven Berglund's Little-Known Achievements in the Development of Motion Picture Optical Sound Recording

Swedish Inventor Sven Berglund's Little-Known Achievements in the Development of Motion Picture Optical Sound Recording Robert J. Heiber (bio) On June 26, 2009, archivists at the Deutsches Film Museum (DFM) in Frankfurt found a lonely reel of cellulose nitrate base optical sound film. Labeled "Berglund VI Tonaufnahmen 1922," the 750-foot reel of 35mm nitrate film was in a can of film from the Filzinger Archive. The seemingly insignificant find turned out to be a rare artifact of Swedish inventor Sven Berglund and his colleague Wolfgang Filzinger from the early years of sound motion picture experimentation. Though Berglund is not a familiar name to most researchers and archivists, the documentation of his accomplishments confirms that synchronized sound motion picture production and exhibition was feasible in 1921. The recovery of this reel, which was lent by the DFM to the Swedish Film Institute, provided tangible evidence for the effectiveness of Berglund's optical sound recorder. At the beginning of the 1920s, technology was rapidly evolving in the motion picture industry. Though sound for motion pictures was scorned by a good portion of the production and exhibition community, a small but dedicated group of technologists persevered and forever changed an art form and commercial product. The key contributors in the history of motion picture sound—Lee de Forest, Theodore Case, E. I. Sponable, E. C. Wente, (Axel) Peterson and (Arnold) Poulsen, Eugene Lauste, and the team at Tri-Ergon—are well known to scholars, archivists, and researchers. However, Sven Berglund, a Swedish engineer, is not a name that many would immediately associate with the development of optical sound technology. Berglund was born on July 20, 1881, in Stockholm. His father, Archadius, was a military engineer who edited the second edition of The Book of Inventions (1898-1907), a worldwide compendium of registered current inventions. Berglund followed his father's scientific path by attending the Technical University of Berlin-Charlottenburg in 1901. Working in the photographic industry in Berlin after graduation, Berglund experimented with optically recording acoustical sound waves onto photographic plates. 1 By 1911, Berglund had perfected a system to record optical sound onto a continuous piece of nonperfed 35mm film. His original invention can be found in the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany. Working with Goerzen Optical Co., a German manufacturer of motion picture cameras and lenses, he attracted investors interested in developing a system for synchronizing sound for motion pictures. The venture, called Fotoaerofon, was one of a number of companies Berglund would form to raise capital for his motion picture sound system. During the early years of motion picture development, patents and licenses controlled the manufacturing of cameras and projectors, creating profitable monopolies for their owners. Technical innovators also understood that bringing a viable sound system to motion pictures would be another opportunity to cash in on the fledgling industry. Thus Berglund once said that "an inventor devotes at least as much time to raise money for his research, as he spends on the research work." 2 World War I interrupted Berglund's work in [End Page 76] Germany, and he returned home to Stockholm. When it was evident that the war would rage on for years, Berglund made a daring trip back to Goerzen in Berlin to pack up his equipment and ship it to Sweden to continue his research. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Sven Berglund in his laboratory at Lidingö. Originally published in the magazine The Film (1919). The cornerstone of Berglund's acoustical optical recording system was the ability to have sound waves modulate light so that the sound energy could be recorded photographically on black-and-white film. This is essentially the same technology that is used for motion picture optical sound tracks today. Converting sound waves to modulating light was not his original idea—Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter pioneered this work in the 1880s with their invention of the photophone; however, by harnessing this phenomenon, Berglund could record sounds farther away from the recording funnel. This advantage is gained by the fact that light has no mass. Berglund's system therefore required much less acoustical energy than the traditional stylus-cutting method employed on...

Levels of cobalt and silver in water sources in a mining area in Ghana

The study reported herein looked at the quality of drinking water sources (underground water and river water) from a mining community in Ghana. The water samples were treated in the laboratory by acid digestionand the concentration of silver and cobalt were analysed with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results of the analysis indicated that all the water sources of Bogoso-Domase analyzed had levels of silver andcobalt above US-EPA limit 0.01 mg/L of silver and 0.079 mg/L of cobalt. The high mean concentration of cobalt in the underground and the river water sources may have been responsible for a deep blue colour changeof the water whenever it got into contact with tannin in plant, hence affecting the cooking of certain foodstuffs such as cassava and plantain. However, these metals are seldomly discussed when it comes to those metals of concern of mining pollution. This calls for extensive research into the lesser known metals in the mining environment which might equally pose health problems since some of the studies on their cancer effect onpeople are inconclusive. Keywords; Biomagnifies, photographic industry, Telluride, Argyria, Tannin, Dumase, Bogoso.

OPTIMIZATION OF CONDITIONS OFLEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDESNRRL B-640 FOR PRODUCTION OF A DEXTRANSUCRASE AND ITS ASSAY

ABSTRACT The optimum culture conditions for dextransucrase production from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-640 were investigated. The dextransucrase production was studied in the temperature range, 22 to 30C under shaking and static flask conditions. The optimum temperature for dextransucrase production was 25C. The shaking flask culture gave higher enzyme activity by 20% than the static flask culture. The dextransucrase activity of L. mesenteroides NRRL B-640 was compared with L. mesenteroides NRRL B-512F. The results showed that the maximum dextransucrase activity achieved by L. mesenteroides NRRL B-640 at 25C under shaking flask culture, was 15% higher than that the enzyme activity given by L. mesenteroides NRRL B-512F grown at 23C under the static flask culture. The dextransucrase elaborated by L. mesenteroides NRRL B-640 displayed a maximum enzyme activity when assayed in the temperature range of 30 to 35C and at pH of 5.4. The enzyme was stable with in the 10–500 mM concentrations of sodium acetate buffer. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Dextransucrase synthesizes dextran that has several commercial applications in both its native and modified forms. Flocculation agent in waste-water treatment, blood volume expander, stabilizer in ice cream and a cryo-protective agent for cells are a few of dextran applications in its native form. It can serve as stabilizer in photographic, cosmetics and agriculture-based industries with generation of charged derivatives of dextran. Dextransucrases are reported to generate varieties of gluco-oligosaccharides that serve as prebiotics. Dextransucrases are reported in the glycoconjugation of several peptides for the development of vaccines, contraceptives and antibiotics. Dextran conjugates with iron and fluorophores are used in the clinical applications. Dextran hydrogels are used in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications such as contact lenses and in drug delivery. Looking at the wide applications of dextransucrase and growing demand there is a need for exploration of new strains for production of efficient and pure dextransucrase, producing better quality and yield of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The results of optimized conditions attain importance for large-scale production of dextransucrase.

Numerical simulation of coil–helix transition processes of gelatin

Gelatin is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and photographic industries due to the coil–helix transition, whereas the structural inhomogeneity considerably affects its essential properties closely connecting with the industrial applications. The spatially structural inhomogeneity of the gelatin caused by the uneven and unstable temperature field is analyzed by the finite element method during the cooling-induced coil–helix transition process. The helix conversion and the crosslinking density as functions of time and spatial grid are calculated by the incremental method. A length distribution density function is introduced to describe the continuous length distributions of two kinds of triple helices. The results show that the crosslinking density and the length distribution of triple helices are dependent on the thermal histories. And the spatially structural inhomogeneity is more distinct when the initial gelatin concentration and the convective heat transfer coefficient increase. The present work is helpful for optimizing the fabrication conditions of gelatin.

In Memoriam

In 1905 Lord Kelvin (1824–1907) was awarded the second John Fritz Medal for a lifetime of outstanding achievements in science and technology. I sketch Kelvin’s life,education,and work in thermodynamics, electrical technology, and instrumentation, and his role in the laying of the Atlantic cable. I then turn to Kelvin’s four visits to America, in 1876 on the centenary of the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America; in 1884 when he gave his famous Baltimore Lectures at The Johns Hopkins University; in 1897 when he visited Niagara Falls for the third time and advised George Westinghouse (1846–1914) on how to develop its enormous water power for the generation of electricity; and in 1902 when he advised George Eastman (1854–1932) on the development of the photographic industry.

The oxidation of thiosulfates with copper sulfate. Application to an industrial fixing bath

This paper presents the transformation of thiosulfate using Cu(II) salts, such as copper sulfate, at pH between 4 and 5. The nature and kinetics of this process were determined. In the experimental conditions employed, the reaction between thiosulfates and Cu(II) ions produces a precipitate of CuS and the remaining sulfur is oxidized to sulfate, according to the following stoichiometry: 1 mol thiosulfate reacts with 1 mol Cu 2+ and 3 mol H 2O, generating 1 mol copper(II), 1 mol sulfate and 2 mol H 3O +. In the kinetic study, the apparent reaction order was ≈ 0 with respect to H 3O + concentration, in the interval 1.0 · 10 − 4 –1.0 · 10 − 5 M H 3O +; of order 0.4 with respect to Cu 2+ in the interval 0.21–0.85 g L − 1 Cu 2+; and of order 0 with respect to S 2O 3 2− in the interval 0.88–2 g L −1 S 2O 3 2−. The apparent activation energy was 98 kJ mol − 1 in the interval 15–40 °C. On the basis of this behavior an empirical mathematical model was established, that fits well with the experimental results. The thiosulfate transformation process using copper(II) sulfate was applied to an industrial fixing bath that proceeded from the photographic industry; after this, the resulting effluent contained less than 10 mg L − 1 of thiosulfates.

Analysis of Primary Degradation and Decolourization of Dyes in Water by an H2O2/UV Advanced Oxidation Process

AbstractSynthetic dyes are extensively used in textile dyeing, paper printing, colour photography, pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics and other industries. In spite of their diversity there are a certain number of properties common to many dye compounds, such as aromatic constitution, chromophore groups and others. Similarly to other dyes and due to the formation of colour intermediates, in the case of Rhodamine 6G colour capacity is maintained in the initial steps of dye degradation. For this reason in the degradation of a dye it is necessary to distinguish between two processes that take place simultaneously: dye removal and decolourization. This study was conducted by using a water solution of 50 mg/L of Rhodamine 6G (Rh-6G), as a model of a dye wastewater, in the hydrogen peroxide/UV system. The kinetic model proposed in this paper for the removing of Rh- 6G is a sequential first-order reaction. This model describes acceptably the changes in two kinds of compound for a wide interval of H

Kodak Versus Fuji (C): A Section 301 Petition: Government Action

This series of cases (see also the A and B cases, UVA-BP-0370 and UVABP-0372) examines Eastman Kodak's section 301 petition against Fuji Film Company of Japan and the Japanese government, Fuji's response, and the U.S. trade representative's role in the dispute. The cases are a vehicle for discussing key aspects of United States trade policy, the World Trade Organization, and the nature of global competition in the photographic film industry.

Incremental innovation: fourth color layer technology by Fujifilm

Due to globalization, corporations had to adapt themselves to a new reality, generating, thus, a situation of continuous improvement, so as to be able to maintain their position in the marketplace. Therefore, it’s necessary to analyze the real importance of both radical and incremental innovations within organizations. In this sense, the present article approaches “key” concepts in relation to innovation and its consequences regarding competitiveness of companies or industries. The method used was the study of the Fujifilm corporation case. The technological innovation in the photographic material industry was evaluated, as well as the effective changes which this new technology brought to the corporation. This study is based on a theoretical frame of reference and interviews made through a semi-structured questionnaire. The main conclusions indicate that the most effective form Fuji lm found to remain competitive was investing on research and development, on continuous improvement process and on incremental innovation of the fourth color layer technology, which utilizes the concept of light reproduction, in a similar way as the human vision perceives an image.

Continuous-Flow Microextration Coupled with HPLC for the Determination of 4-Chloroaniline in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Aromatic amines are widely used as intermediates in the dye, photographic, pharmaceutical and pesticide industries, and as antioxidants in the polymer industry. Because of their toxicity (Shonali and Richard 1990), several of them have been listed on the priority blacklist released by US Environmental Protection Agency in 1970s. Among several types of methods for degrading aromatic amines, biodegradation is one of the most important methods. So far, many species of bacteria have been isolated to biodegrade aromatic amines (Schnell et al. 1989). Accordingly, it is necessary that a simple and sensitive method be founded to determine the residue of aromatic amines in biological samples. HPLC with UV detection is often applied for the analysis of aromatic amines (Lewin et al. 1997). It is essential that an enrichment step be conducted to achieve low detection limit prior to analysis. Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are conventional pretreatment methods (Smith et al. 2003). However, the procedure of LLE is time-consuming and requires large quantity of toxic solvent that can be harmful to the environment. SPE requires less solvent, but the presence of particulate matter in the sample often results in plugging of the cartridge. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), which is a rapid and solvent-free extraction, has been widely used for detecting aromatic amines (Wang et al. 2004; Yan and Jen 2003). However, the main drawback of SPME is that the fiber is expensive yet with a limited lifetime. Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) is an extremely simple, low-cost and virtually solvent-free sample-preparation technique. Now LPME has developed several different forms, for example static and dynamic LPME, hollow-fiber membrane LPME, headspace LPME, and continuous-flow microextraction (CFME). Among these, CFME is a relatively novel LPME method, first reported by Liu and Lee (2000). It possesses such advantages as low cost, simplicity of pretreatment process, little usage of organic solvent and amity to environment. Much research has been carried out so far on microextraction of aromatic amines from water samples (Zhao et al. 2002). However, little information is available on it from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii samples. Therefore, the objective of this research was to use CFME-HPLC technique for analysis of 4-chloroaniline (4-CA) in C. reinhardtii cells. The effects of different factors on CFME efficiencies were also investigated and these factors included the kind of extraction solvent, solvent drop volume, sample flow rate, extraction time and addition amount of salt. To evaluate its real application effect, the optimal method was used to determine 4-CA in C. reinhardtii cells and tap water samples.

Utilization of Fish Processing By-Products in the Gelatin Industry

Since the bovine spongiform encephalopathy crisis, there has been a growing interest for finding an alternative source of raw materials for gelatin production. Gelatin produced from fish processing by-products is a potential alternative to mammalian gelatin. Fish processing generates solid wastes that can be as high as 50–80% of the original raw material. These wastes are an excellent raw material for preparation of high protein foods. About 30% of the wastes consists of skin and bone with a high collagen content. Fish gelatin can be obtained by hydrolysis of collagen the principal protein found in skin and bone. Fish skin and bone gelatin can be prepared with bloom strength similar to that obtained from mammalian sources. Fish gelatin has numerous applications, particularly, in the food, pharmaceutical, and photographic industries due to its unique chemical and physical properties. This review presents how fish processing by-products can be utilized in the manufacture of gelatin.

"Preferred Color Reproduction" in Printing and Photographic Industry

"Preferred Color Reproduction" in Printing and Photographic Industry

Digital image capture — Filmless camera technology and techniques

The digital imaging revolution continues apace, affecting the whole spectrum of the photographic industry. In many part of the world digital cameras now outsell conventional film cameras, and many of the disadvantages associated with digital image capture in the very recent past1.2 have been nulified.

Types or Costumes? Refraining Early Yokohama Photography

In the final decades of the nineteenth century, Yokohama emerged as the centre of a flourishing, highly competitive photographic industry responsible for the production and exportation of thousands of albums of Japan around the world. One of the earliest and most influential figures to establish a studio in the port was the famous war photographer Felice Beato. Following the titles purportedly assigned to his albums, historians have usually referred to hand-coloured genre photographs of Japan as native types. This article investigates the terminology applied to such photographs in advertisements, frontispieces, reviews and other primary sources of the period, arguing that the costume was the more common label applied to such work. The author contends that these terms are not synonymous, but are inflected by nineteenth-century discourses of tourism (the costume) and ethnography (the type), and as such require greater critical deliberation in this growing field of scholarship.